Biology:Nephrozoa
| Nephrozoa | |
|---|---|
  | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Subkingdom: | Eumetazoa |
| Clade: | ParaHoxozoa |
| Clade: | Bilateria |
| Clade: | Nephrozoa Jondelius et al., 2002 |
| Phyla | |
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Eubilateria Ax, 1987 | |
Nephrozoa is a major clade of bilaterians, divided into the protostomes and the deuterostomes, containing almost all animal phyla and over a million extant species. Its sister clade is the Xenacoelomorpha. The Ambulacraria (conventionally deuterostomes) are occasionally thought to be sister to the Xenacoelomorpha, forming the Xenambulacraria as basal Deuterostomia, or basal Bilateria invalidating Nephrozoa and Deuterostomia in multiple studies.[1][2][3][4][5] The coelom, the digestive tract and excretory organs (nephridia), and nerve cords developed in the Nephrozoa.[6] It has been argued that, because protonephridia are only found in protostomes, they cannot be considered a synapomorphy of this group. This would make Nephrozoa an improper name, leaving Eubilateria as this clade's name.[7]
Chordates (which include all the vertebrates) are deuterostomes.[8] It seems very likely that the 555 million year old Kimberella was a protostome.[9][10] If so, this means that the protostome and deuterostome lineages must have split sometime before Kimberella appeared — at least 558 million years ago, and hence well before the start of the Cambrian 541 million years ago.[8]
| Bilateria |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
.png){kind=small}
_001.png)
References
- ↑ Philippe, Hervé et al. (2019). "Mitigating Anticipated Effects of Systematic Errors Supports Sister-Group Relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria". Current Biology 29 (11): 1818–1826.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.009. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 31104936.
- ↑ Marlétaz, Ferdinand (2019-06-17). "Zoology: Worming into the Origin of Bilaterians". Current Biology 29 (12): R577–R579. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.006. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 31211978.
- ↑ Kapli, Paschalia; Telford, Maximilian J. (11 Dec 2020). "Topology-dependent asymmetry in systematic errors affects phylogenetic placement of Ctenophora and Xenacoelomorpha". Science Advances 6 (10): eabc5162. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc5162. PMID 33310849.
- ↑ Kapli, Paschalia; Natsidis, Paschalis; Leite, Daniel J.; Fursman, Maximilian; Jeffrie, Nadia; Rahman, Imran A.; Philippe, Hervé; Copley, Richard R. et al. (2021-03-19). "Lack of support for Deuterostomia prompts reinterpretation of the first Bilateria" (in en). Science Advances 7 (12): eabe2741. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abe2741. ISSN 2375-2548. PMID 33741592. Bibcode: 2021SciA....7.2741K.
- ↑ Marlétaz, Ferdinand; Peijnenburg, Katja T.C.A.; Goto, Taichiro; Satoh, Noriyuki; Rokhsar, Daniel S. (2019-01-21). "A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans" (in en). Current Biology 29 (2): 312–318.e3. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042. PMID 30639106.
- ↑ Cannon, Johanna Taylor; Vellutini, Bruno Cossermelli; Smith, Julian; Ronquist, Fredrik; Jondelius, Ulf; Hejnol, Andreas (2016). "Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa". Nature 530 (7588): 89–93. doi:10.1038/nature16520. PMID 26842059. Bibcode: 2016Natur.530...89C. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nrm:diva-1844.
- ↑ "Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla. Third Edition. By Claus Nielsen. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press ISBN: 978-0-19-960602-3 (hc); 978-0-19-960603-0 (pb). 2012.". The Quarterly Review of Biology 87 (3): 258. September 2012. doi:10.1086/666815. ISSN 0033-5770.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Erwin, Douglas H.; Eric H. Davidson (1 July 2002). "The last common bilaterian ancestor". Development 129 (13): 3021–3032. doi:10.1242/dev.129.13.3021. PMID 12070079. https://dev.biologists.org/content/129/13/3021.long.
- ↑ {{{1}}} (2007), "{{{2}}}", in Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia, The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota, Special publications, 286, London: Geological Society, pp. {{{3}}}–{{{4}}}, doi:10.1144/SP286.{{{5}}}, ISBN 9781862392335, OCLC 156823511
- ↑ Butterfield, N.J. (December 2006). "Hooking some stem-group "worms": fossil lophotrochozoans in the Burgess Shale". BioEssays 28 (12): 1161–6. doi:10.1002/bies.20507. PMID 17120226.
Further reading
- Balavoine, G. (17 April 1998). "EVOLUTION: One or Three Cambrian Radiations?". Science 280 (5362): 397–398. doi:10.1126/science.280.5362.397. ISSN 0036-8075. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235232347.
- Bourlat, S; Nielsen, C; Economou, A; Telford, M (October 2008). "Testing the new animal phylogeny: A phylum level molecular analysis of the animal kingdom". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49 (1): 23–31. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.07.008. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 18692145. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23160823.
- Jondelius, Ulf; Ruiz-Trillo, Inaki; Baguna, Jaume; Riutort, Marta (April 2002). "The Nemertodermatida are basal bilaterians and not members of the Platyhelminthes". Zoologica Scripta 31 (2): 201–215. doi:10.1046/j.1463-6409.2002.00090.x. ISSN 0300-3256.
External links
Wikidata ☰ Q3059449 entry
 |  |
