Biology:Mobile phone radiation and health

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The effect of mobile phone radiation on human health is a subject of interest and study worldwide, as a result of the enormous increase in mobile phone usage throughout the world. (As of 2015), there were 7.4 billion subscriptions worldwide, though the actual number of users is lower as many users own more than one mobile phone.[1] Mobile phones use electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range (450–3800 MHz and 24-80GHz in 5G mobile). Other digital wireless systems, such as data communication networks, produce similar radiation.

The World Health Organization states that "A large number of studies have been performed over the last two decades to assess whether mobile phones pose a potential health risk. To date, no adverse health effects have been established as being caused by mobile phone use."[2] In a 2018 statement, the FDA said that "the current safety limits are set to include a 50-fold safety margin from observed effects of radiofrequency energy exposure".[3]

Effects studied

Blood–brain barrier

A 2010 review stated that "The balance of experimental evidence does not support an effect of 'non-thermal' radiofrequency fields" on the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, but noted that research on low frequency effects and effects in humans was sparse.[4] A 2012 study of low-frequency radiation on humans found "no evidence for acute effects of short-term mobile phone radiation on cerebral blood flow".[5][6]

Cancer

There is no strong or consistent evidence that mobile phone use increases the risk of getting brain cancer or other head tumors. The United States National Cancer Institute points out that "Radiofrequency energy, unlike ionizing radiation, does not cause DNA damage that can lead to cancer. Its only consistently observed biological effect in humans is tissue heating. In animal studies, it has not been found to cause cancer or to enhance the cancer-causing effects of known chemical carcinogens." The majority of human studies have failed to find a link between cell phone use and cancer. In 2011 a World Health Organization working group classified cell phone use as "possibly carcinogenic to humans". The CDC states that no scientific evidence definitively answers whether cell phone use causes cancer.[5][7][8]

In a 2018 statement, the FDA said that "the current safety limits are set to include a 50-fold safety margin from observed effects of radiofrequency energy exposure".[3][9]

An analysis of an "eagerly anticipated" study using rats and mice by the National Toxicology Program indicates that due such issues as the inconsistent appearances of "signals for harm" within and across species and the increased chances of false positives due to the multiplicity of tests, the positive results seen are more likely due to random chance. The full results of the study were released in February 2018.[10]

Male fertility

A decline in male sperm quality has been observed over several decades.[11][12][13] Studies on the impact of mobile radiation on male fertility are conflicting, and the effects of the radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) emitted by these devices on the reproductive systems are currently under active debate.[14][15][16][17] A 2012 review concluded that "together, the results of these studies have shown that RF-EMR decreases sperm count and motility and increases oxidative stress".[18][19] A 2017 study of 153 men that attended an academic fertility clinic in Boston, Massachusetts found that self-reported mobile phone use was not related to semen quality, and that carrying a mobile phone in the pants pocket was not related to semen quality.[20]

Electromagnetic hypersensitivity

Some users of mobile phones and similar devices have reported feeling various non-specific symptoms during and after use. Studies have failed to link any of these symptoms to electromagnetic exposure. In addition, EHS is not a recognised medical diagnosis.[21]

Glucose metabolism

According to the National Cancer Institute, two small studies exploring whether and how cell phone radiation affects brain glucose metabolism showed inconsistent results.[5]

Base stations

Cellular Mobile and UHF Antenna Tower with multiple Antennas

Experts consulted by France considered it was mandatory that the main antenna axis should not to be directly in front of a living place at a distance shorter than 100 metres.[22] This recommendation was modified in 2003[23] to say that antennas located within a 100-metre radius of primary schools or childcare facilities should be better integrated into the cityscape and was not included in a 2005 expert report.[24] The Agence française de sécurité sanitaire environnementale (fr) (As of 2009), says that there is no demonstrated short-term effect of electromagnetic fields on health, but that there are open questions for long-term effects, and that it is easy to reduce exposure via technological improvements.[25]

Safety standards and licensing

In order to protect the population living around base stations and users of mobile handsets, governments and regulatory bodies adopt safety standards, which translate to limits on exposure levels below a certain value. There are many proposed national and international standards, but that of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) is the most respected one, and has been adopted so far by more than 80 countries. For radio stations, ICNIRP proposes two safety levels: one for occupational exposure, another one for the general population. Currently there are efforts underway to harmonise the different standards in existence.[26]

Radio base licensing procedures have been established in the majority of urban spaces regulated either at municipal/county, provincial/state or national level. Mobile telephone service providers are, in many regions, required to obtain construction licenses, provide certification of antenna emission levels and assure compliance to ICNIRP standards and/or to other environmental legislation.

Many governmental bodies also require that competing telecommunication companies try to achieve sharing of towers so as to decrease environmental and cosmetic impact. This issue is an influential factor of rejection of installation of new antennas and towers in communities.

The safety standards in the US are set by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The FCC has based its standards primarily on those standards established by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), specifically Subcommittee 4 of the "International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety".

Switzerland has set safety limits lower than the ICNIRP limits for certain "sensitive areas" (classrooms, for example).[27]

Lawsuits

In the US, a small number of personal injury lawsuits have been filed by individuals against cellphone manufacturers (including Motorola,[28] NEC, Siemens, and Nokia) on the basis of allegations of causation of brain cancer and death. In US federal courts, expert testimony relating to science must be first evaluated by a judge, in a Daubert hearing, to be relevant and valid before it is admissible as evidence. In a 2002 case against Motorola, the plaintiffs alleged that the use of wireless handheld telephones could cause brain cancer and that the use of Motorola phones caused one plaintiff's cancer. The judge ruled that no sufficiently reliable and relevant scientific evidence in support of either general or specific causation was proffered by the plaintiffs, accepted a motion to exclude the testimony of the plaintiffs' experts, and denied a motion to exclude the testimony of the defendants' experts.[29]

Two separate cases in Italy, in 2009[30][31] and 2017,[32][33] resulted in pensions being awarded to plaintiffs who had claimed their benign brain tumors were the result of prolonged mobile phone use in professional tasks, for 5–6 hours a day, which they ruled different from non-professional use.

Precautions

Precautionary principle

In 2000, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that the precautionary principle could be voluntarily adopted in this case.[34] It follows the recommendations of the European Community for environmental risks.

According to the WHO, the "precautionary principle" is "a risk management policy applied in circumstances with a high degree of scientific uncertainty, reflecting the need to take action for a potentially serious risk without awaiting the results of scientific research." Other less stringent recommended approaches are prudent avoidance principle and as low as reasonably practicable. Although all of these are problematic in application, due to the widespread use and economic importance of wireless telecommunication systems in modern civilization, there is an increased popularity of such measures in the general public, though also evidence that such approaches may increase concern.[35] They involve recommendations such as the minimization of cellphone usage, the limitation of use by at-risk population (such as children), the adoption of cellphones and microcells with as low as reasonably practicable levels of radiation, the wider use of hands-free and earphone technologies such as Bluetooth headsets, the adoption of maximal standards of exposure, RF field intensity and distance of base stations antennas from human habitations, and so forth.[citation needed] Overall, public information remains a challenge as various health consequences are evoked in the literature and by the media, putting populations under chronic exposure to potentially worrying information.[36]

Precautionary measures and health advisories

In May 2011, the World Health Organisation's International Agency for Research on Cancer announced it was classifying electromagnetic fields from mobile phones and other sources as "possibly carcinogenic to humans" and advised the public to adopt safety measures to reduce exposure, like use of hands-free devices or texting.

Some national radiation advisory authorities, including those of Austria,[37] France,[38] Germany,[39] and Sweden,[40] have recommended measures to minimize exposure to their citizens. Examples of the recommendations are:

  • Use hands-free to decrease the radiation to the head.
  • Keep the mobile phone away from the body.
  • Do not use telephone in a car without an external antenna.

The use of "hands-free" was not recommended by the British Consumers' Association in a statement in November 2000, as they believed that exposure was increased.[41] However, measurements for the (then) UK Department of Trade and Industry[42] and others for the French Agence française de sécurité sanitaire environnementale [fr][43] showed substantial reductions. In 2005, Professor Lawrie Challis and others said clipping a ferrite bead onto hands-free kits stops the radio waves travelling up the wire and into the head.[44]

Several nations have advised moderate use of mobile phones for children.[45] A journal by Gandhi et al. in 2006 states that children receive higher levels of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). When 5- and 10-year olds are compared to adults, they receive about 153% higher SAR levels. Also, with the permittivity of the brain decreasing as one gets older and the higher relative volume of the exposed growing brain in children, radiation penetrates far beyond the mid-brain.[46]

Bogus products

Products have been advertised that claim to shield people from EM radiation from cell phones; in the US the Federal Trade Commission published a warning that "Scam artists follow the headlines to promote products that play off the news – and prey on concerned people.

According to the FTC, there is no scientific proof that so-called shields significantly reduce exposure from electromagnetic emissions. Products that block only the earpiece – or another small portion of the phone – are totally ineffective because the entire phone emits electromagnetic waves. Such shields "may interfere with the phone's signal, cause it to draw even more power to communicate with the base station, and possibly emit more radiation."[47] The FTC has enforced false advertising claims against companies that sell such products.[48]

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2015/mobility-report/ericsson-mobility-report-nov-2015.pdf
  2. ↑ "Electromagnetic fields and public health: mobile phones". WHO. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs193/en/. Retrieved 19 January 2018. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Grady, Denise (2 February 2018). "Cancer Risk From Cellphone Radiation Is Small, Studies Show". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/02/health/cell-phones-cancer.html. Retrieved 9 February 2018. 
  4. ↑ "Electromagnetic fields and the blood-brain barrier". Brain Research Reviews 65 (1): 80–97. 2010. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.06.001. PMID 20550949. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 What has research shown about the possible cancer-causing effects of radiofrequency energy?, United States National Cancer Institute
  6. ↑ Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Kännälä S et al. (2012). "No effects of short-term GSM mobile phone radiation on cerebral blood flow measured using positron emission tomography". Bioelectromagnetics 33 (3): 247–56. doi:10.1002/bem.20702. 
  7. ↑ "Systematic review of wireless phone use and brain cancer and other head tumors". Bioelectromagnetics 33 (3): 187–206. 2012. doi:10.1002/bem.20716. PMID 22021071. 
  8. ↑ "Electromagnetic fields and public health: mobile phones". World Health Organization. October 2014. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs193/en/. Retrieved 2017-01-12. 
  9. ↑ "Press Announcements - Statement from Jeffrey Shuren, M.D., J.D., director of the FDA’s Center for Devices and Radiological Health on the recent National Toxicology Program draft report on radiofrequency energy exposure" (in en). https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm595144.htm. Retrieved 9 February 2018. 
  10. ↑ Labos, Christopher; Foster, Kenneth (2018). "Cell Phone Radiation and Cancer: New NTP Results Inconsistent; Random Chance Likely at Play". Skeptical Inquirer 42 (4): 12-14. 
  11. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jul/29/infertility-crisis-sperm-counts-halved
  12. ↑ http://edition.cnn.com/2017/07/25/health/sperm-counts-declining-study/index.html
  13. ↑ Sengupta Pallav, Dutta Sulagna, Krajewska-Kulak Elzbieta (2016). "The Disappearing Sperms: Analysis of Reports Published Between 1980 and 2015". American Journal of Men's Health 11: 1279–1304. doi:10.1177/1557988316643383. 
  14. ↑ http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/10343
  15. ↑ De Iuliis Geoffry N (2009). "Mobile Phone Radiation Induces Reactive Oxygen Species Production and DNA Damage in Human Spermatozoa In Vitro". PLoS ONE 4: e6446. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006446. 
  16. ↑ http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1677-55382011000400002&script=sci_arttext&tlng=es
  17. ↑ http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/152/6/R263.short
  18. ↑ La Vignera S., Condorelli R. A., Vicari E., D'Agata R., Calogero A. E. (2012). "Effects of the Exposure to Mobile Phones on Male Reproduction: A Review of the Literature". Journal of Andrology 33 (3): 350–356. doi:10.2164/jandrol.111.014373. 
  19. ↑ https://synapse.koreamed.org/DOIx.php?id=10.5534/wjmh.2014.32.1.1
  20. ↑ Lewis Ryan C., Mínguez-Alarcón Lidia, Meeker John D., Williams Paige L., Mezei Gabor, Ford Jennifer B., Hauser Russ (2017). "Self-reported mobile phone use and semen parameters among men from a fertility clinic". Reproductive Toxicology 67: 42–47. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.11.008. 
  21. ↑ Röösli, Martin (June 2008). "Radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure and non-specific symptoms of ill health: A systematic review". Environmental Research 107 (2): 277–287. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2008.02.003. PMID 18359015. 
  22. ↑ http://www.afsset.fr/index.php?pageid=712&parentid=424 page 37
  23. ↑ Téléphonie mobile et santé, Rapport à l'Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire Environnementale, 21 March 2003 at http://www.afsset.fr/index.php?pageid=712&parentid=424
  24. ↑ Téléphonie mobile et santé, Rapport du groupe d’experts, l'Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire Environnementale, April 2005 at http://www.afsset.fr/index.php?pageid=712&parentid=424
  25. ↑ "Radiofréquences : actualisation de l'expertise (2009)", l'Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire Environnementale, April 2005 at http://www.afsset.fr/index.php?pageid=712&parentid=424
  26. ↑ "International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection home page". http://www.icnirp.de. Retrieved 7 January 2008. 
  27. ↑ "Anforderungen nach NISV: Mobilfunkanlagen" (in German). Bundesamt für Umwelt [Swiss Federal Environment Ministry]. 13 March 2009. http://www.bafu.admin.ch/elektrosmog/01100/01105/index.html?lang=de. Retrieved 20 January 2010. 
  28. ↑ Wright v. Motorola, Inc. et al., No95-L-04929
  29. ↑ Christopher Newman, et al. v Motorola, Inc., et al. (United States District Court for the District of Maryland) ("Because no sufficiently reliable and relevant scientific evidence in support of either general or specific causation has been proffered by the plaintiffs, as explained below, the defendants’ motion will be granted and the plaintiffs’ motion will be denied."). Text
  30. ↑ "Tumore e telefonini, il testo della sentenza n.17438 della Cassazione" (in Italian). 19 October 2012. http://www.leggioggi.it/allegati/tumore-e-telefonini-il-testo-della-sentenza-n-17438-della-cassazione/. Retrieved 1 March 2017. 
  31. ↑ "Italy court ruling links mobile phone use to tumour". Reuters. 19 October 2012. https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/19/italy-phones-idUSL5E8LJFFW20121019. 
  32. ↑ "Italian court rules mobile phone use caused brain tumour". The Guardian. 21 April 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/apr/21/italian-court-rules-mobile-phone-use-caused-brain-tumour. 
  33. ↑ "Cancer Linked to Cellphone Use, Italian Court Rules in Landmark Case". Newsweek. 21 March 2017. http://www.newsweek.com/cell-phone-italy-cancer-mobile-phone-brain-tumor-587704. 
  34. ↑ "Electromagnetic Fields and Public Health: Cautionary Policies". World Health Organization Backgrounder. World Health Organization. March 2000. http://www.who.int/docstore/peh-emf/publications/facts_press/EMF-Precaution.htm. Retrieved 1 February 2008. 
  35. ↑ Wiedemann; Thalmann, Andrea; Grutsch, Markus; Schütz, Holger (2006). "The Impacts of Precautionary Measures and the Disclosure of Scientific Uncertainty on EMF Risk Perception and Trust". Journal of Risk Research 9 (4): 361–372. doi:10.1080/13669870600802111. 
  36. ↑ Poumadère M.; Perrin A. (2013). "Risk Assessment of Radiofrequencies and Public Information". Journal of Risk Analysis and Crisis Response 3 (1): 3–12. doi:10.2991/jrarc.2013.3.1.1. 
  37. ↑ "Information: Wie gefährlich sind Handystrahlen wirklich?" (in German). Marktgemeinde Pressbaum. http://www.pressbaum.net/wai_startseite-aktuelles-handy.htm. 
  38. ↑ "Téléphones mobiles : santé et sécurité" (in French). Le ministère de la santé, de la jeunesse et des sports. 2 January 2008. http://www.sante-jeunesse-sports.gouv.fr/actualite-presse/presse-sante/communiques/telephones-mobiles-sante-securite.html. Retrieved 19 January 2008.  Lay article in (in English) making comment at Gitlin, Jonathan M. (3 January 2008). "France: Beware excessive cell phone use?: despite lack of data". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080103-france-beware-excessive-cell-phone-usedespite-lack-of-data.html. Retrieved 19 January 2008. 
  39. ↑ "Precaution regarding electromagnetic fields". Federal Office for Radiation Protection. 7 December 2007. http://www.bfs.de/en/elektro/faq/emf_faq_vorsorge.html. Retrieved 19 January 2008. 
  40. ↑ "Exponering" (in Swedish). Swedish Radiation Protection Authority. February 2006. http://www.ssi.se/ickejoniserande_stralning/Mobiltele/onodig_exponering.html?Menu2=Mobiltelefoni. Retrieved 19 January 2008. 
  41. ↑ "UK consumer group: Hands-free phone kits boost radiation exposure". cnn.com (Cable News Network). 2 November 2000. Archived from the original on 14 March 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060314135643/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/11/02/london.phone/index.html. 
  42. ↑ Manning, MI and Gabriel, CHB, SAR tests on mobile phones used with and without personal hands-free kits, SARtest Report 0083 for the DTI, July 2000 (PDF) at http://straff-x.com/SAR-Hands-Free-Kits-July-2000.pdf
  43. ↑ Téléphonie mobile & santé, Report for l'Agence française de sécurité sanitaire environnementale (Afsse), June 2005 at http://www.afsse.fr/index.php?pageid=671&parentid=619#
  44. ↑ "Bead 'slashes mobile radiation'". BBC News. 25 January 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4203077.stm. Retrieved 17 March 2009. 
  45. ↑ For example, Finland "Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority: Children's mobile phone use should be limited". Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK). 7 January 2009. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100111082827/http://www.stuk.fi/stuk/tiedotteet/en_GB/news_527/. Retrieved 20 January 2010.  and France "Téléphone mobile, DAS et santé" (PDF). Votre enfant et le téléphone mobile [Your child and mobile telephony]. Association Française des Opérateurs Mobiles (AFOM)[French Mobile Phone Operators' Association] et l’Union Nationale des Associations Familiales (UNAF) [National Federation of Family Associations]. 31 January 2007. http://www.sante-sports.gouv.fr/IMG//pdf/AFOM_-_Fiche_4_-_telephone_mobile_DAS_et_sante.pdf. Retrieved 20 January 2010. 
  46. ↑ Gandhi, Om P.; Morgan, L. Lloyd; de Salles, Alvaro Augusto; Han, Yueh-Ying; Herberman, Ronald B.; Davis, Devra Lee (14 October 2011). "Exposure Limits: The underestimation of absorbed cell phone radiation, especially in children". Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 31 (1): 34–51. doi:10.3109/15368378.2011.622827. ISSN 1536-8378. http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/15368378.2011.622827. Retrieved 2015-04-25. 
  47. ↑ "Cell Phone Radiation Scams". Federal Trade Commission. September 2011. https://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0109-cell-phone-radiation-scams. 
  48. ↑ Fair, Lesley (March 1, 2008). "Federal Trade Commission Advertising Enforcement". Federal Trade Commission. pp. 18–19. https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/attachments/training-materials/enforcement.pdf. 

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