Astronomy:List of most massive star clusters
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Short description: Most massive known star clusters
Below are lists of the most massive known star clusters in solar masses (M☉) and sorted in descending order.
Methods for mass estimation
Globular cluster
Globular cluster masses can be determined by observing the proper motion of nearby stars influenced by the cluster[1][2] or by estimating the cluster's relaxation time.[3]
Open clusters
The masses of open star clusters can be estimated by measuring the falloff of radial and tangential velocities of surrounding stars at a particular distance.[4]
List
Globular clusters
| Cluster name | Mass (M☉); (Sun = 1×100) |
Galaxy | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| [BHK2005] 326[lower-alpha 1] | 5.50×107[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4571 5 | 4.68×107[6] | NGC 4571 | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4449 398 | 3.89×107[6] | NGC 4449 | |
| [BHK2005] 311 | 3.63×107[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 53 | 3.63×107[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 5457 1102 | 2.82×107[6] | Pinwheel Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 347 | 2.29×107[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4713 2 | 2.09×107[6] | NGC 4713 | |
| [BHK2005] 76 | 1.62×107[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 14 | 1.58×107[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 5457 3 | 1.38×107[6] | Pinwheel Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 315 | 1.35×107[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 320 | 1.35×107[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 118 | 1.20×107[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 338 | 1.17×107[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| B037-V327 | 1.08+0.17 −0.049×107[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 331 | 1.05×107[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 352 | 1.02×107[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| Mayall II | ≳1×107[8] | Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 2 | 7.76×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| Markarian 71 | 7.24×106[9] | NGC 2366 | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 5457 691 | 6.61×106[6] | Pinwheel Galaxy | |
| B082-G144 | 6.42+0.16 −0.38×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B023-G078 | 6.22+0.03 −0.05×106[10] |
Andromeda Galaxy | Potentially contains an intermediate-mass black hole of 9.1+2.6 −2.8×104 M☉.[10] |
| B127-G185 | 5.31+0.28 −0.40×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4571 4 | 5.25×106[6] | NGC 4571 | |
| [BHK2005] 64 | 5.25×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 206 | 5.13×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 227 | 5.13×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 5457 658 | 4.90×106[6] | Pinwheel Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] DDO 165 16 | 4.79×106[6] | DDO 165 | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 5457 1033 | 4.79×106[6] | Pinwheel Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 210 | 4.57×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 303 | 4.57×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| B151-G205 | 4.36+0.16 −0.20×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| G001-MII | 4.24+0.99 −0.58×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B225-G280 | 4.20+0.32 −0.35×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| ω Centauri | (3.94±0.02)×106[11] | Milky Way | Most massive star cluster in the Milky Way.[11] |
| [DBT2008] NGC 5457 643 | 3.89×106[6] | Pinwheel Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 257 | 3.57×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 5457 1149 | 3.16×106[6] | Pinwheel Galaxy | |
| B129 | 3.12+0.11 −0.13×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B088-G150 | 2.86+0.33 −0.14×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B163-G217 | 2.72+0.11 −0.092×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4713 11 | 2.69×106[6] | NGC 4713 | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 2552 17 | 2.69×106[6] | NGC 2552 | |
| [BHK2005] 374 | 2.69×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 248 | 2.63×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| B042-G104 | 2.62+0.30 −0.15×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 5457 247 | 2.51×106[6] | Pinwheel Galaxy | |
| B338-G076 | 2.49+0.28 −0.46×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 264 | 2.45×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 229 | 2.40×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 258 | 2.40×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4713 100 | 2.34×106[6] | NGC 4713 | |
| B158-G213 | 2.28+0.25 −0.15×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 241 | 2.14×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 301 | 2.14×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 282 | 2.04×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| B103-G165 | 2.02+0.13 −0.17×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 369 | 2.00×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| B193-G244 | 1.96+0.086 −0.065×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4713 63 | 1.95×106[6] | NGC 4713 | |
| [BHK2005] 354 | 1.95×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| B063-G124 | 1.93+0.27 −0.25×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B019-G072 | 1.89+0.26 −0.10×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4485 49 | 1.86×106[6] | NGC 4485 | |
| B171-G222 | 1.84+0.16 −0.083×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B039-G101 | 1.81+0.23 −0.16×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 5457 47 | 1.78×106[6] | Pinwheel Galaxy | |
| HK NGC 2403 221 | 1.75×106[12] | NGC 2403 | |
| [BHK2005] 304 | 1.74×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 93 | 1.70×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 176 | 1.70×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| B306-G029 | 1.67+0.21 −0.11×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 224 | 1.66×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| B218-G272 | 1.64+0.27 −0.18×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B124-NB10 | 1.60+0.52 −0.55×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| MITA140 | 1.57+0.14 −0.15×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4485 453 | 1.55×106[6] | NGC 4485 | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 5457 1029 | 1.55×106[6] | Pinwheel Galaxy | |
| B091D-D058 | 1.54+0.094 −0.11×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 5457 1120 | 1.51×106[6] | Pinwheel Galaxy | |
| B020-G073 | 1.51+0.21 −0.16×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B116-G178 | 1.45+0.16 −0.073×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4713 50 | 1.44×106[6] | NGC 4713 | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4713 9 | 1.44×106[6] | NGC 4713 | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4485 101 | 1.44×106[6] | NGC 4485 | |
| B182-G233 | 1.41+0.20 −0.24×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| Messier 54 | (1.41±0.002)×106[3] | Milky Way | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 5457 120 | 1.38×106[6] | Pinwheel Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 155 | 1.38×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| B094-G156 | 1.38+0.10 −0.11×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4713 27 | 1.35×106[6] | NGC 4713 | |
| B174-G226 | 1.36+0.15 −0.19×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B147-G199 | 1.34+0.038 −0.041×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B055-G116 | 1.32+0.073 −0.085×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B006-G058 | 1.31+0.10 −0.049×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 319 | 1.29×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| B178-G229 | 1.28+0.20 −0.21×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B206-G257 | 1.27+0.21 −0.29×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B068-G130 | 1.26+0.13 −0.10×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B311-G033 | 1.24+0.074 −0.14×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 5457 706 | 1.23×106[6] | Pinwheel Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 172 | 1.23×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| B034-G096 | 1.23+0.21 −0.092×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B012-G064 | 1.23+0.088 −0.14×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| NGC 6441 | (1.23±0.001)×106[3] | Milky Way | |
| B110-G172 | 1.22+0.17 −0.12×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 346 | 1.20×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4656 188 | 1.17×106[6] | Hockey Stick Galaxies | |
| [BHK2005] 231 | 1.17×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| B005-G052 | 1.16+0.22 −0.094×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B051-G114 | 1.15+0.19 −0.10×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B086-G148 | 1.14+0.071 −0.10×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 5457 782 | 1.12×106[6] | Pinwheel Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 212 | 1.12×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| B472-D064 | 1.12+0.14 −0.12×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B312-G035 | 1.12+0.18 −0.18×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B017-G070 | 1.11+0.14 −0.12×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B240-G302 | 1.11+0.17 −0.15×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 5457 596 | 1.10×106[6] | Pinwheel Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 385 | 1.10×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| B072 | 1.08+0.13 −0.083×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B112-G174 | 1.08+0.078 −0.057×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B405-G351 | 1.08+0.20 −0.18×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] IC 3521 1 | 1.07×106[6] | IC 3521 | |
| [BHK2005] 276 | 1.07×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| B373-G305 | 1.07+0.22 −0.10×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B058-G119 | 1.06+0.13 −0.17×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| NGC 6388 | (1.06±0.001)×106[3] | Milky Way | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 5457 228 | 1.05×106[6] | Pinwheel Galaxy | |
| B224-G279 | 1.05+0.11 −0.085×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B096-G158 | 1.04+0.067 −0.061×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B185-G235 | 1.03+0.11 −0.070×106[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 5457 287 | 1.00×106[6] | Pinwheel Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 222 | 1.00×106[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| [RBF2020] NGC 2403 AS053 | 1.00×106[12] | NGC 2403 | |
| NGC 2419 | (9.81±1.42)×105[3] | None[13] | |
| B179-G230 | 9.78+1.33 −1.43×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 173 | 9.77×105[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| NGC 2808 | 9.73+0.04 −0.04×106[14] |
Milky Way | |
| Messier 3 | 9.57×105[15] | Milky Way | |
| B143-G198 | 9.55+0.31 −0.36×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B027-G087 | 9.54+1.35 −1.08×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| MGC1 | 9.54+1.35 −1.08×105[7] |
None[13] | |
| EXT8 | 9.40+0.34 −0.31×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 5457 76 | 9.33×105[6] | Pinwheel Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 268 | 9.33×105[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| B204-G254 | 9.22+0.48 −0.71×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B205-G256 | 9.16+1.74 −1.57×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 5457 709 | 9.12×105[6] | Pinwheel Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4713 24 | 9.12×105[6] | NGC 4713 | |
| [BHK2005] 447 | 9.12×105[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| B045-G108 | 9.06+1.29 −0.60×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B135-G192 | 9.04+0.93 −0.80×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B061-G122 | 8.98+1.26 −0.75×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B131-G189 | 8.85+2.93 −1.32×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B383-G318 | 8.80+1.13 −0.90×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B381-G315 | 8.69+1.34 −0.66×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B212-G263 | 8.62+0.81 −0.68×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B107-G169 | 8.59+1.04 −1.32×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| Messier 5 | 8.57×105[15] | Milky Way | |
| B183-G234 | 8.24+0.88 −0.82×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B384-G319 | 8.21+0.41 −0.60×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4485 136 | 8.13×105[6] | NGC 4485 | |
| NGC 6440 | 8.11×105[15] | Milky Way | |
| B232-G286 | 8.01+0.91 −0.39×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 2552 8 | 7.94×105[6] | NGC 2552 | |
| B122-G181 | 7.88+1.34 −0.72×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B073-G134 | 7.80+0.53 −0.64×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| NGC 5824 | (7.79±0.42)×105[3] | Milky Way | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 5457 100 | 7.76×105[6] | Pinwheel Galaxy | |
| Messier 13 | 7.75×105[15] | Milky Way | |
| B386-G322 | 7.74+2.31 −1.69×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| Messier 14 | (7.74±0.61)×105[3] | Milky Way | |
| B106-G168 | 7.54+0.54 −0.52×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B313-G036 | 7.41+1.34 −1.01×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 5457 1200 | 7.24×105[6] | Pinwheel Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4713 97 | 7.24×105[6] | NGC 4713 | |
| NGC 5286 | 7.13×105[15] | Milky Way | |
| B030-G091 | 7.10+0.32 −0.39×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| ξ Tucanae (47 Tucanae) | 7.10×105[16] | Milky Way | |
| [BHK2005] 232 | 7.08×105[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| Messier 62 | (7.07±0.05)×105[3] | Milky Way | |
| PA53 | 6.93+1.47 −0.81×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 5457 624 | 6.92×105[6] | Pinwheel Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4713 72 | 6.92×105[6] | NGC 4713 | |
| [BHK2005] 456 | 6.92×105[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| B153 | 6.86+5.45 −0.79×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| Messier 19 | (6.80±0.59)×105[3] | Milky Way | |
| Liller 1 | (6.66±1.17)×105[3] | Milky Way | |
| B109-G170 | 6.63+0.71 −0.62×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4713 77 | 6.61×105[6] | NGC 4713 | |
| B514-MCGC4 | 6.52+0.76 −0.58×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B080-G141 | 6.50+1.00 −0.74×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B148-G200 | 6.49+1.14 −0.96×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [BHK2005] 397 | 6.46×105[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| Messier 22 | 6.44×105[15] | Milky Way | |
| NGC 2404 | 6.40×105[12] | NGC 2403 | |
| B370-G300 | 6.40+0.56 −0.81×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4656 96 | 6.31×105[6] | Hockey Stick Galaxies | |
| [BHK2005] 262 | 6.31×105[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| PA16 | 6.27+0.32 −0.29×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| Messier 2 | 6.27+0.09 −0.09×105[14] |
Milky Way | |
| B379-G312 | 6.25+0.69 −0.47×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4449 201 | 6.17×105[6] | NGC 4449 | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4656 217 | 6.17×105[6] | Hockey Stick Galaxies | |
| Messier 15 | 6.14+0.07 −0.07×105[14] |
Milky Way | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4485 221 | 6.03×105[6] | NGC 4485 | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4485 131 | 6.03×105[6] | NGC 4485 | |
| NGC 5986 | 5.99×105[15] | Milky Way | |
| B038-G098 | 5.98+0.72 −0.30×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B078-G140 | 5.94+0.93 −0.50×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B044-G107 | 5.93+0.86 −0.61×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B029-G090 | 5.92+1.57 −0.66×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| G002-MIII | 5.90+0.47 −0.30×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4713 8 | 5.89×105[6] | NGC 4713 | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4656 223 | 5.89×105[6] | Hockey Stick Galaxies | |
| Messier 75 | (5.86±1.24)×105[3] | Milky Way | |
| B180-G231 | 5.83+1.01 −0.68×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B260 | 5.76+1.37 −0.63×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4449 294 | 5.75×105[6] | NGC 4449 | |
| [BHK2005] 121 | 5.75×105[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| B344-G127 | 5.74+0.76 −0.87×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| NGC 6541 | 5.72×105[15] | Milky Way | |
| Terzan 5 | (5.66±0.71)×105[3] | Milky Way | |
| NGC 6139 | 5.66×105[15] | Milky Way | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 5457 418 | 5.62×105[6] | Pinwheel Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4713 79 | 5.62×105[6] | NGC 4713 | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4713 52 | 5.62×105[6] | NGC 4713 | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4656 176 | 5.62×105[6] | Hockey Stick Galaxies | |
| [BHK2005] 438 | 5.62×105[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| B233-G287 | 5.51+0.79 −1.23×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| NGC 6284 | (5.51±1.13)×105[3] | Milky Way | |
| NGC 1851 | 5.51×105[15] | Milky Way | |
| Messier 28 | 5.51×105[15] | Milky Way | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4713 80 | 5.50×105[6] | NGC 4713 | |
| B403-G348 | 5.45+0.82 −0.45×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B098 | 5.38+0.25 −0.30×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 5457 598 | 5.37×105[6] | Pinwheel Galaxy | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4190 2 | 5.37×105[6] | NGC 4190 | |
| NGC 6539 | 5.36×105[15] | Milky Way | |
| NGC 6539 | 5.36×105[15] | Milky Way | |
| B257-V219 | 5.35+1.17 −0.58×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| B001-G039 | 5.34+0.85 −0.48×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| Messier 53 | 5.3+0.1 −0.1×105[14] |
Milky Way | |
| NGC 6517 | 5.26×105[15] | Milky Way | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4571 10 | 5.25×105[6] | NGC 4571 | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4656 197 | 5.25×105[6] | Hockey Stick Galaxies | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4449 401 | 5.13×105[6] | NGC 4449 | |
| B001-G039 | 5.04+0.39 −0.35×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| PA46 | 5.02+0.53 −0.36×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy | |
| Messier 80 | 5.02×105[15] | Milky Way | |
| [DBT2008] NGC 4713 4 | 5.01×105[6] | NGC 4713 | |
| [BHK2005] 221 | 5.01×105[5] | Condor Galaxy | |
| B130-G188 | 5.01+0.42 −0.56×105[7] |
Andromeda Galaxy |
Open clusters
| Cluster name | Mass (M☉); (Sun = 1) |
Galaxy | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| NGC 1569-B | (4.4±1.1)×105[17] | NGC 1569 | |
| NGC 1569-A | (3.3±0.5)×105[18] | NGC 1569 | |
| RMC 136 | 8.7×104[19] | Large Magellanic Cloud | Contains the most massive known star R136a1 at 196+34 −27 M☉.[20] |
| NGC 346 | 5×104[21] | Small Magellanic Cloud | |
| Ara Cluster (Westerlund 1) | 4.4 – 5.7 × 104[22] | Milky Way | |
| Stephenson 2 (RSGC2) | 4×104[23] | Milky Way | |
| RSGC1 | (3±1)×104[23] | Milky Way | |
| RSGC3 | (3±1)×104[23] | Milky Way | |
| NGC 3603 | (1.9±0.6)×104[24] | Milky Way |
See also
References
- ↑ Naumova, E. V.; Ogorodnikov, K. F. (April 1973). "Method of determining the masses of globular clusters". Soviet Astronomy 17: 463. ISSN 0038-5301. Bibcode: 1974SvA....17..463N.
- ↑ Ninkovich, S. (March 1984). "Mass determination for globular clusters on the basis of proper motions.". Astrofizika 20: 150–153. ISSN 0571-7132. Bibcode: 1984Afz....20..283N.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 Baumgardt, H.; Hilke, M. (August 2018). "A catalogue of masses, structural parameters, and velocity dispersion profiles of 112 Milky Way globular clusters". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 478 (2): 1520–1557. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1057. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2018MNRAS.478.1520B. https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/478/2/1520/4990650.
- ↑ Ikhsan, M. I.; Arifyanto, M. I.; Aprilia; Hakim, M. I.; Soegiartini (May 2019). "Mass determination of open clusters using kinematics data". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1231 (1). doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1231/1/012027. ISSN 1742-6596. Bibcode: 2019JPhCS1231a2027I.
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34 5.35 5.36 5.37 5.38 5.39 5.40 5.41 5.42 5.43 5.44 5.45 5.46 5.47 5.48 5.49 5.50 5.51 Bastian, N. (2005). "The star cluster population in the tidal tails of NGC 6872". NASA ADS. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005A%26A...435...65B/abstract. Retrieved 2026-01-08.
- ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.25 6.26 6.27 6.28 6.29 6.30 6.31 6.32 6.33 6.34 6.35 6.36 6.37 6.38 6.39 6.40 6.41 6.42 6.43 6.44 6.45 6.46 6.47 6.48 6.49 6.50 6.51 6.52 6.53 6.54 6.55 6.56 6.57 6.58 6.59 6.60 6.61 6.62 6.63 Dowell, Jayce (2008). "The Initial Cluster Mass Function of Super Star Clusters in Irregular and Spiral Galaxies". NASA ADS. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AJ....135..823D/abstract. Retrieved 2026-01-09.
- ↑ 7.000 7.001 7.002 7.003 7.004 7.005 7.006 7.007 7.008 7.009 7.010 7.011 7.012 7.013 7.014 7.015 7.016 7.017 7.018 7.019 7.020 7.021 7.022 7.023 7.024 7.025 7.026 7.027 7.028 7.029 7.030 7.031 7.032 7.033 7.034 7.035 7.036 7.037 7.038 7.039 7.040 7.041 7.042 7.043 7.044 7.045 7.046 7.047 7.048 7.049 7.050 7.051 7.052 7.053 7.054 7.055 7.056 7.057 7.058 7.059 7.060 7.061 7.062 7.063 7.064 7.065 7.066 7.067 7.068 7.069 7.070 7.071 7.072 7.073 7.074 7.075 7.076 7.077 7.078 7.079 7.080 7.081 7.082 7.083 7.084 7.085 7.086 7.087 7.088 7.089 7.090 7.091 7.092 7.093 7.094 7.095 7.096 7.097 7.098 7.099 7.100 7.101 Usher, Christopher; Caldwell, Nelson; Cabrera-Zivi, Ivan (27 January 2024). "Measuring M31 globular cluster ages and metallicities using both photometry and spectroscopy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 528 (4): 6010–6024. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae282. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2024MNRAS.528.6010U. https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/528/4/6010/7590823.
- ↑ Ma, Jun; de Grijs, Richard; Fan, Zhou; Rey, Soo-Chang; Wu, Zhen-Yu; Zhou, Xu; Wu, Jiang-Hua; Jiang, Zhao-Ji et al. (June 2009). "Old stellar population synthesis: new age and mass estimates for Mayall II = G1". Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 9 (6): 641–652. doi:10.1088/1674-4527/9/6/003. ISSN 1674-4527. Bibcode: 2009RAA.....9..641M. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1674-4527/9/6/003.
- ↑ Melena, Nicholas (2009). "Bright Ultraviolet Regions and Star Formation Characteristics in Nearby Dwarf Galaxies". NASA ADS. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AJ....138.1203M/abstract. Retrieved 2026-01-16.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Pechetti, Renuka; Seth, Anil; Kamann, Sebastian; Caldwell, Nelson; Strader, Jay; den Brok, Mark; Luetzgendorf, Nora; Neumayer, Nadine et al. (11 January 2022). "Detection of a 100,000 M☉ black hole in M31's Most Massive Globular Cluster: A Tidally Stripped Nucleus". The Astrophysical Journal 924 (2): 13. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac339f. ISSN 1538-4357. Bibcode: 2022ApJ...924...48P.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Alvarez Garay, Deimer Antonio; Mucciarelli, Alessio; Bellazzini, Michele; Lardo, Carmela; Ventaura, Paolo (10 January 2024). "MgAl burning chain in ω Centauri". Astronomy & Astrophysics 681: 14. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347834. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2024A&A...681A..54A. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2024/01/aa47834-23/aa47834-23.html.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Yukita, Mihoko (2010). "An X-Ray View of Star Formation in the Central 3 kpc of NGC 2403". NASA ADS. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AJ....139.1066Y/abstract. Retrieved 2026-01-08.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Conroy, Charlie; Loeb, Abraham; Spergel, David (2010). "Evidence Against Dark Matter Halos Surrounding the Globular Clusters MGC1 and NGC 2419". The Astrophysical Journal 741 (2): 72. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/72. Bibcode: 2011ApJ...741...72C.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Dickson, N.; Hénault-Brunet, V.; Baumgardt, H.; Gieles, M.; Smith, P. J. (July 2023). "Multimass modelling of Milky Way globular clusters – I. Implications on their stellar initial mass function above 1 M☉". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 522 (4): 5320–5339. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1254. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2023MNRAS.522.5320D. https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/522/4/5320/7146224.
- ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 Boyles, J.; Lorimer, D. R.; Turk, P. J.; Mnatsakanov, R.; Lynch, R. S.; Ransom, S. M.; Freire, P. C.; Belczynski, K. (3 November 2011). "Young Radio Pulsars in Galactic Globular Clusters". The Astrophysical Journal 742 (1): 12. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/742/1/51. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2011ApJ...742...51B. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/742/1/51.
- ↑ Saeedi, Sara; Liu, Teng; Knies, Jonathan; Sasaki, Manami; Becker, Werner; Bulbul, Esra; Dennerl, Konrad; Freyberg, Michael et al. (18 May 2022). "eROSITA study of the globular cluster 47 Tucanae". Astronomy & Astrophysics 661: 19. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141612. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2022A&A...661A..35S. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2022/05/aa41612-21/aa41612-21.html.
- ↑ Gvozdenko, A.; Larsen, S. S.; Beasley, M. A.; Brodie, J. (21 October 2022). "Chemical composition of the young massive cluster NGC 1569-B". Astronomy & Astrophysics 666: 16. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243415. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2022A&A...666A.159G. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2022/10/aa43415-22/aa43415-22.html.
- ↑ Hunter, Deidre A.; O'Connell, Robert W.; Gallagher, J. S.; Smecker-Hane, Tammy A. (November 2000). "The Star Clusters in the Starburst Irregular Galaxy NGC 1569". The Astronomical Journal 120 (5): 2383–2401. doi:10.1086/316810. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2000AJ....120.2383H. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/316810.
- ↑ Cignoni, M. (1 October 2015). "Hubble Tarantula Treasury Project. II. The Star-formation History of the Starburst Region NGC 2070 in 30 Doradus". The Astrophysical Journal 811 (2): 23. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/811/2/76. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2015ApJ...811...76C. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/811/2/76.
- ↑ Kalari, Venu M.; Horch, Elliott P.; Salinas, Ricardo; Vink, Jorick S.; Andersen, Morten; Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Rubio, Monica (2022). "Resolving the Core of R136 in the Optical". The Astrophysical Journal 935 (2): 162. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac8424. Bibcode: 2022ApJ...935..162K.
- ↑ "Spiralling Stars Provide a Window into the Early Universe". ESA/Hubble. 8 September 2022. https://esahubble.org/news/heic2211/.
- ↑ Andersen, M.; Gennaro, M.; Brandner, W.; Stolte, A.; de Marchi, G.; Meyer, M. R.; Zinnecker, H. (24 May 2017). "Very low-mass stellar content of the young supermassive Galactic star cluster Westerlund 1". Astronomy & Astrophysics 602: 16. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322863. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2017A&A...602A..22A. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2017/06/aa22863-13/aa22863-13.html.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Humphreys, Roberta M.; Helmel, Greta; Jones, Terry J.; Gordon, Michael S. (August 2020). "Exploring the Mass Loss Histories of the Red Supergiants" (in en). The Astronomical Journal 160 (3): 145. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abab15. Bibcode: 2020AJ....160..145H.
- ↑ Pang, Xiaoying; Grebel, Eva K.; Allison, Richard J.; Goodwin, Simon P.; Altmann, Martin; Harbeck, Daniel; Moffat, Anthony F. J.; Drissen, Laurent (10 February 2013). "On the Origin of Mass Segregation in NGC 3603". The Astrophysical Journal 764 (1): 9. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/764/1/73. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2013ApJ...764...73P. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/764/1/73.
- ↑ The article states that the star clusters over 108 are likely multiple clusters, and therefore are not added to the list.
External links
- The young cluster RMC 136a European Southern Observatory
- Mayall II Messier Objects
- Monster Super Star Cluster Discovered In Milky Way ScienceDaily
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