Astronomy:List of nearest giant stars

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This is a list of the nearest giant stars to Earth, located at a distance of up to 100 light-years (31 parsecs) from Earth.

List

Name Distance (ly) Spectral type Stellar radius (R☉) Stellar mass (M☉) Apparent magnitude (V) Notes
Pollux 33.78±0.09[1] K0 III[2] 8.97±0.03[3] 1.91±0.09[4] 1.14[5] 17th brightest star in the night sky and the nearest red giant/red clump.
Arcturus 36.7±0.2[1] K1.5 III Fe−0.5[6] 25.4±0.2[7] 1.08±0.06[7] -0.05[5] Fourth-brightest star in the night sky, and the nearest red-giant branch star to Earth.
Capella A 42.919±0.049[8] G8III[8] 11.98 ± 0.57[8] 2.569±0.007[8] 0.03[9] The nearest yellow giant, together with Capella A. With a magnitude of 0.08,[10] the Capella star system is the 6th-brightest star in the night sky.
Capella B G0III[8] 8.83 ± 0.33[8] 2.483±0.007[8] 0.16[9] The nearest yellow giant, together with Capella B.
Errai (Gamma Cephei A) 44.98±0.09[11] K1III-IVCN1[12] 4.74+0.03
−0.08[13] 		1.27+0.05
−0.07[13] 		3.21[14]
Caph (Beta Cassiopeiae) 54.7±0.3[1] F2 III[15] 3.69 × 3.43[16] 1.91 ± 0.02[16] 2.28 (2.25–2.31)[17] The nearest F-type giant.
Chi Eridani 57.3±0.2[18] G8IIIb CNIV[19] 4.0±0.03[20] 1.58[21] 3.70[22]
Menkent (Theta Centauri) 58.8±0.2[1] K0 III[23] 10.77±0.45[21] 1.27[24] 2.06[25]
Epsilon Reticuli 60.1±0.1[26] K2III-IV[27] 3.18±0.08[28] 1.46±0.01[28] 4.44[25]
Eta Serpentis 60.5±0.2[1] K0III-IV[29] 5.897 ± 0.028[30] 1.7±0.3[31] 3.26[32]
Mothallah (Alpha Trianguli) 63.3±0.3[1] F5III[33] 3.22[34] 1.7[34] 3.42[25]
Tureis (Rho Puppis) 63.5±0.2[1] F5IIkF2IImF5II[35] 3.52±0.07[36] 1.5±0.1[36] 2.78[37] (2.68 – 2.87)[38] The nearest bright giant.
Larawag (Epsilon Scorpii) 63.7±0.3[1] K1 III[39] 12.6[lower-alpha 1] 1.24[41] 2.31[42] (2.24 – 2.35)[43]
Nu2 Canis Majoris 64.4±0.3[44] K1.5III-IVFe1[45] 5.198±0.060[46] 1.439±0.047[46] 3.96[47]
Aldebaran 65.3±1[48] K5+III[49] 45.1 ± 0.1[50] 1.16 ± 0.07[51] 0.86 (0.75 – 0.95)[52] 14th brightest star in the night sky.
Hamal 65.8±0.3[1] K2-IIIbCa-1[53] 15.19±0.10[54] 1.5±0.2[55] 2.00[25] 49th brightest star in the night sky.
Unukalhai (Alpha Serpentis) 74.0±0.3[1] K2IIIbCN1[56] 12.19[57] 1.61[58] 2.623[59]
Aljanah (Epsilon Cygni) 72.7±0.2[1] K0III[60] 11.18[57] 1.103±0.042[61] 2.48[62]
Kaus Borealis (Lambda Sagittarii) 78.2±0.3[1] K1IIIb[63] 12.692±0.181[20] 1.79±0.20[64] 2.82[65]
Cebalrai (Beta Ophiuchi) 81.8±0.3[1] K2IIICN0.5[66] 12.17±0.06[58] 1.75±0.14[67] 2.749[62]
Alioth 82.6±0.4[1] A1III-IVpkB9[68] 4.29+0.19
−0.21[54] 		2.91[69] 1.77[25] 33rd brightest star in the night sky.
Ankaa (Alpha Phoenicis) 85[1] K0.5IIIb[70] 14.7[lower-alpha 2] 2.79 ± 0.14[71] 2.377[59]
Seginus (Gamma Boötis) 86.8±0.3[1] A7 III[72] or A7 IV+(n)[73] 4.65[54] 2.1[74] 3.03[75] (3.02 – 3.07)
Wazn (Beta Columbae) 87.2±0.3[1] K1III_CN+1[76] 11.5[lower-alpha 3] 1.1±0.2[77] 3.105[59]
Gacrux 88.6±0.4[1] M3.5III[78] 73[79] 1.5±0.3[80] 1.64[5] The nearest M-type red giant, and the 25th brightest star in the night sky.
36 G. Doradus 89.1±0.2 K2III-IV[81] 4.76±0.14[64] 1.28±0.03[82] 4.66[81]
Cursa (Beta Eridani) 90±0.9[1] A3 III var[83] or A3 IV[84] 3.14±0.18[3] 2.55[85] 2.796[32]
Delta Muscae 91±1[1] K2 III[23] 8.6[86] 1.5[86] 3.61[87]
Kappa Ophiuchi 91.5±0.5[1] K2III[88] 11[89] 1.19 ± 0.14[77] 3.20[90]
Athebyne (Eta Draconis) 92.1±0.2[1] G8 III[91] 10.46[57]–10.53[58] 2.55±0.26[92] 2.73[93]
37 Librae 94.3±0.6[1] K1III-IV Template:VAL[20] Template:VAL[28] 4.62[94]
Praecipua (46 Leonis Minoris) 94.9±0.6[1] K0+III-IV[95] 8.21±0.05[58] 1.09±0.04[96] 3.83[97] (3.79 – 3.84)[43]
Diphda (Beta Ceti) 96.3±0.5[1] K0 III[98] 17.5±0.9[99] 3.5[100] 2.02[25]
Altais (Delta Draconis) 97.4±0.3[1] G9III[101] 10.52±0.24[28] 1.70±0.18[28] 3.07[25]
Alpha Indi 99.1±0.7[102] K0III-IV[103] 9.89±0.21[64] 2.15±0.13[64] 3.11[25]

See also

Notes and references

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy & Astrophysics 474 (2): 653–664. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2007A&A...474..653V. 
  2. ↑ Morgan, W. W.; Keenan, P. C. (1973-01-01). "Spectral Classification". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 11: 29–50. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.11.090173.000333. ISSN 0066-4146. Bibcode: 1973ARA&A..11...29M. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973ARA&A..11...29M. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Baines, Ellyn K.; Clark, James H.; Kingsley, Bradley I.; Schmitt, Henrique R.; Stone, Jordan M. (2025-05-07). "Vintage NPOI: New and Updated Angular Diameters for 145 Stars" (in en). The Astronomical Journal 169 (6): 293. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/adc930. ISSN 1538-3881.  Note: Full catalogue: [1]
  4. ↑ Hatzes, A. P. et al. (July 2012). "The mass of the planet-hosting giant star β Geminorum determined from its p-mode oscillation spectrum". Astronomy & Astrophysics 543: 9. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219332. A98. Bibcode: 2012A&A...543A..98H. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Ducati, J. R. (2002-01-01). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system.". VizieR Online Data Catalog 2237. Bibcode: 2002yCat.2237....0D. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002yCat.2237....0D. 
  6. ↑ "alf Boo". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=HD+124897. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ramirez, I.; Prieto, C. Allende (2011-12-20). "Fundamental Parameters and Chemical Composition of Arcturus". The Astrophysical Journal 743 (2): 135. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/743/2/135. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2011ApJ...743..135R. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Torres, Guillermo; Claret, Antonio; Pavlovski, Kresimir; Dotter, Aaron (2015-05-27), "Capella (alpha Aurigae) revisited: New binary orbit, physical properties, and evolutionary state", The Astrophysical Journal 807 (1): 26, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/807/1/26, Bibcode: 2015ApJ...807...26T 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Petit, M. (1990-10-01). "Catalogue des etoiles variables ou suspectes dans le voisinage du soleil.". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series 85: 971. ISSN 0365-0138. Bibcode: 1990A&AS...85..971P. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990A&AS...85..971P. 
  10. ↑ Hoffleit, Dorrit; Jaschek, Carlos (1991-01-01). The Bright star catalogue. Bibcode: 1991bsc..book.....H. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991bsc..book.....H. 
  11. ↑ Vallenari, A. et al. (2022). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940  Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
  12. ↑ "Gamma Cephei". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=Gamma+Cephei. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Knudstrup, E.; Lund, M. N.; Andersen, M. Fredslund; Rørsted, J. L.; Hernández, F. Pérez; Grundahl, F.; Pallé, P. L.; Stello, D. et al. (2023-07-01). "Solar-like oscillations in γ Cephei A as seen through SONG and TESS - A seismic study of γ Cephei A" (in en). Astronomy & Astrophysics 675: A197. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346707. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2023A&A...675A.197K. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2023/07/aa46707-23/aa46707-23.html. 
  14. ↑ Hoffleit, D.; Warren, W. H. Jr. (1995-11-01). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Bright Star Catalogue, 5th Revised Ed. (Hoffleit+, 1991)". VizieR Online Data Catalog: V/50. Bibcode: 1995yCat.5050....0H. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995yCat.5050....0H. 
  15. ↑ "beta Cas". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=beta+Cas. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Che, X.; Monnier, J. D.; Zhao, M.; Pedretti, E.; Thureau, N.; Merand, A.; Brummelaar, T. ten; McAlister, H. et al. (2011-05-10). "Colder and Hotter: Interferometric imaging of {\beta} Cassiopeiae and {\alpha} Leonis". The Astrophysical Journal 732 (2): 68. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/732/2/68. ISSN 0004-637X. 
  17. ↑ Kukarkin, B. V.; Kholopov, P. N.; Pskovsky, Y. P.; Efremov, Y. N.; Kukarkina, N. P.; Kurochkin, N. E.; Medvedeva, G. I. (1971-01-01). "The third edition containing information on 20437 variable stars discovered and designated till 1968.". General Catalogue of Variable Stars: 0. Bibcode: 1971GCVS3.C......0K. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971GCVS3.C......0K. 
  18. ↑ Vallenari, A. et al. (2022). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940  Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
  19. ↑ Houk, N. (1978). Michigan catalogue of two-dimensional spectral types for the HD stars. 2. Dept. of Astronomy, University of Michigan. Bibcode: 1978mcts.book.....H. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Rains, Adam D.; Ireland, Michael J.; White, Timothy R.; Casagrande, Luca; Karovicova, I. (2020-04-01). "Precision angular diameters for 16 southern stars with VLTI/PIONIER". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 493 (2): 2377–2394. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa282. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Fuhrmann, K.; Chini, R. (2012). "Multiplicity among F-type Stars". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement 203 (2): 20. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/203/2/30. 30 =. Bibcode: 2012ApJS..203...30F. 
  22. ↑ Mermilliod, J. -C. (1986-01-01). "Compilation of Eggen's UBV data, transformed to UBV (unpublished)". Catalogue of Eggen's UBV Data: 0. Bibcode: 1986EgUBV........0M. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986EgUBV........0M. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Gray, R. O.; Corbally, C. J.; Garrison, R. F.; McFadden, M. T.; Bubar, E. J.; McGahee, C. E.; O'Donoghue, A. A.; Knox, E. R. (July 2006). "Contributions to the Nearby Stars (NStars) Project: Spectroscopy of Stars Earlier than M0 within 40 parsecs: The Southern Sample". The Astronomical Journal 132 (1): 161–170. doi:10.1086/504637. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2006AJ....132..161G. 
  24. ↑ Halbwachs, Jean-Louis; Mayor, Michel; Udry, Stéphane (November 2018). "Multiplicity among solar-type stars IV. The CORAVEL radial velocities and the spectroscopic orbits of nearby K dwarfs". Astronomy & Astrophysics 619: A81. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833377. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2018A&A...619A..81H. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 Johnson, H. L.; Mitchell, R. I.; Iriarte, B.; Wisniewski, W. Z. (1966-01-01). "UBVRIJKL Photometry of the Bright Stars". Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory 4: 99–110. Bibcode: 1966CoLPL...4...99J. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966CoLPL...4...99J. 
  26. ↑ Vallenari, A. et al. (2022). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940  Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
  27. ↑ Farihi, J.; Burleigh, M. R.; Holberg, J. B.; Casewell, S. L.; Barstow, M. A. (November 2011). "Evolutionary constraints on the planet-hosting subgiant ε Reticulum from its white dwarf companion". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 417 (3): 1735–1741. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19354.x. Bibcode: 2011MNRAS.417.1735F. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 Jofré, E. et al. (2015). "Stellar parameters and chemical abundances of 223 evolved stars with and without planets". Astronomy & Astrophysics 574: A50. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424474. A50. Bibcode: 2015A&A...574A..50J. 
  29. ↑ "eta Ser". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=eta+Ser. 
  30. ↑ Mérand, A.; Kervella, P.; Barban, C.; Josselin, E.; ten Brummelaar, T. A.; McAlister, H. A.; Coudé du Foresto, V.; Ridgway, S. T. et al. (2010-07-01). "Interferometric radius and limb darkening of the asteroseismic red giant η Serpentis with the CHARA Array". Astronomy and Astrophysics 517: A64. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912103. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2010A&A...517A..64M. 
  31. ↑ Lagarde, N.; Miglio, A.; Eggenberger, P.; Morel, T.; Montalbán, J.; Mosser, B.; Rodrigues, T. S.; Girardi, L. et al. (August 2015). "Models of red giants in the CoRoT asteroseismology fields combining asteroseismic and spectroscopic constraints". Astronomy & Astrophysics 580: A141. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525856. ISSN 0004-6361. http://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201525856. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Cousins, A. W. J. (1984-01-01). "Standardisation of broad band photometry of equatorial standards.". South African Astronomical Observatory Circular 8: 59–67. Bibcode: 1984SAAOC...8...59C. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984SAAOC...8...59C. 
  33. ↑ "alf Tri". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=alf+Tri. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Fuhrmann, Klaus (February 2008). "Nearby stars of the Galactic disc and halo – IV". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 384 (1): 173–224. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12671.x. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2008MNRAS.384..173F. 
  35. ↑ "rho Pup". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=rho+Pup. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Antoci, V.; Handler, G.; Grundahl, F.; Carrier, F.; Brugamyer, E. J.; Robertson, P.; Kjeldsen, H.; Kok, Y. et al. (2013-10-21). "Searching for solar-like oscillations in the δ Scuti star ρ Puppis" (in en). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 435 (2): 1563–1575. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1397. ISSN 1365-2966. 
  37. ↑ Bookmeyer, B. B.; Fitch, W. S.; Lee, T. A.; Wisniewski, W. Z.; Johnson, H. L. (1977-08-01). "Photoelectric UBV observations of RR Lyrae variable stars. Second list.". Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica 2: 235–258. ISSN 0185-1101. Bibcode: 1977RMxAA...2..235B. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977RMxAA...2..235B. 
  38. ↑ Samus', N. N.; Kazarovets, E. V.; Durlevich, O. V.; Kireeva, N. N.; Pastukhova, E. N. (2017-01-01). "General catalogue of variable stars: Version GCVS 5.1". Astronomy Reports 61 (1): 80–88. doi:10.1134/S1063772917010085. ISSN 1063-7729. Bibcode: 2017ARep...61...80S. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ARep...61...80S. 
  39. ↑ "eps Sco". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=eps+Sco. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Richichi, A.; Percheron, I.; Khristoforova, M. (2005-02-01). "CHARM2: An updated Catalog of High Angular Resolution Measurements". Astronomy and Astrophysics 431 (2): 773–777. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042039. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2005A&A...431..773R. 
  41. ↑ Fuhrmann, K.; Chini, R.; Kaderhandt, L.; Chen, Z. (2017-02-01). "Multiplicity among Solar-type Stars". The Astrophysical Journal 836 (1): 139. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/836/1/139. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2017ApJ...836..139F. 
  42. ↑ Gutierrez-Moreno, Adelina; Moreno, Hugo (1968-06-01). "A Photometric Investigation of the SCORPlO-CENTAURUS Association". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 15: 459. doi:10.1086/190168. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 1968ApJS...15..459G. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Samus, N. N.; Kazarovets, E. V.; Durlevich, O. V.; Kireeva, N. N.; Pastukhova, E. N. (2009-01-01). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+, 2007-2017)". VizieR Online Data Catalog: B/gcvs. Bibcode: 2009yCat....102025S. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009yCat....102025S. 
  44. ↑ Gaia Collaboration; Brown, A. G. A.; Vallenari, A.; Prusti, T.; de Bruijne, J. H. J.; Babusiaux, C.; Bailer-Jones, C. A. L. (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2. Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics 616: A1. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2018A&A...616A...1G. 
  45. ↑ "7 CMa". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=7+CMa. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Lin, Wen-Xu; Qian, Sheng-Bang; Zhu, Li-Ying; Liao, Wen-Ping; Li, Fu-Xing (2024-07-01), "Using Asteroseismology to Calibrate the Physical Parameters of Confirmed Exoplanets and Their Evolved Host Stars", The Astronomical Journal 168 (1): 27, doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad4ffc, ISSN 0004-6256, Bibcode: 2024AJ....168...27L 
  47. ↑ Setiawan, J.; Pasquini, L.; da Silva, L.; Hatzes, A. P.; von der Lühe, O.; Girardi, L.; de Medeiros, J. R.; Guenther, E. (2004-07-01). "Precise radial velocity measurements of G and K giants. Multiple systems and variability trend along the Red Giant Branch". Astronomy and Astrophysics 421: 241–254. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041042-1. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2004A&A...421..241S. 
  48. ↑ Gatewood, George (2008-06-13). "Astrometric Studies of Aldebaran, Arcturus, Vega, the Hyades, and Other Regions". The Astronomical Journal 136 (1): 452–460. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/1/452. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2008AJ....136..452G. 
  49. ↑ "* alf Tau". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=HD+29139. 
  50. ↑ Hatzes, A. P.; Cochran, W. D.; Endl, M.; Guenther, E. W.; MacQueen, P.; Hartmann, M.; Zechmeister, M.; Han, I. et al. (August 2015). "Long-lived, long-period radial velocity variations in Aldebaran: A planetary companion and stellar activity". Astronomy & Astrophysics 580: A31. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425519. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2015A&A...580A..31H. 
  51. ↑ Farr, Will M.; Pope, Benjamin J. S.; Davies, Guy R.; North, Thomas S. H.; White, Timothy R.; Barrett, Jim W.; Miglio, Andrea; Lund, Mikkel N. et al. (2018-09-27). "Aldebaran b's Temperate Past Uncovered in Planet Search Data". The Astrophysical Journal 865 (2): L20. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aadfde. ISSN 2041-8213. Bibcode: 2018ApJ...865L..20F. 
  52. ↑ "GCVS Query forms". http://www.sai.msu.su/gcvs/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=alf+Tau. 
  53. ↑ "alf Ari". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=alf+ari. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 Baines, Ellyn K.; Clark, James H., III; Schmitt, Henrique R.; Stone, Jordan M.; von Braun, Kaspar (2023-12-01). "33 New Stellar Angular Diameters from the NPOI, and Nearly 180 NPOI Diameters as an Ensemble". The Astronomical Journal 166 (6): 268. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad08be. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2023AJ....166..268B. 
  55. ↑ Lee, B.-C.; Mkrtichian, D. E.; Han, I.; Kim, K.-M.; Park, M.-G. (May 2011). "A likely exoplanet orbiting the oscillating K-giant Alpha Arietis". Astronomy & Astrophysics 529: A134. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201016293. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2011A&A...529A.134L. 
  56. ↑ "alf Ser". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=alf+Ser. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Gray, David F.; Kaur, Taranpreet (2019-09-11). "A Recipe for Finding Stellar Radii, Temperatures, Surface Gravities, Metallicities, and Masses Using Spectral Lines". The Astrophysical Journal 882 (2): 148. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab2fce. ISSN 1538-4357. Bibcode: 2019ApJ...882..148G. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 Baines, Ellyn K.; Armstrong, J. Thomas; Schmitt, Henrique R.; Zavala, R. T.; Benson, James A.; Hutter, Donald J.; Tycner, Christopher; Belle, Gerard T. van (December 2017). "Fundamental Parameters of 87 Stars from the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer" (in en). The Astronomical Journal 155 (1): 30. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa9d8b. ISSN 1538-3881. Bibcode: 2018AJ....155...30B. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 Gutierrez-Moreno, A. (1966-01-01). "A system of photometric standards.". Publications of the Department of Astronomy University of Chile 1: 1. Bibcode: 1966PDAUC...1....1G. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966PDAUC...1....1G. 
  60. ↑ "* eps Cyg". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=HD+197989. 
  61. ↑ Heeren, Paul; Reffert, Sabine; Trifonov, Trifon; Wong, Ka Ho; Lee, Man Hoi; Lillo-Box, Jorge; Quirrenbach, Andreas; Arentoft, Torben et al. (2021-03-01), "Precise radial velocities of giant stars - XV. Mysterious nearly periodic radial velocity variations in the eccentric binary ε Cygni" (in en), Astronomy & Astrophysics 647: A160, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202040087, ISSN 0004-6361, Bibcode: 2021A&A...647A.160H 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Oja, T. (1986-08-01). "UBV photometry of stars whose positions are accurately known. III.". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series 65: 405–409. ISSN 0365-0138. Bibcode: 1986A&AS...65..405O. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986A&AS...65..405O. 
  63. ↑ "lam Sgr". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=lam+Sgr. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3 Ottoni, G.; Udry, S.; Ségransan, D.; Buldgen, G.; Lovis, C.; Eggenberger, P.; Pezzotti, C.; Adibekyan, V. et al. (2022-01-01). "CORALIE radial-velocity search for companions around evolved stars (CASCADES). I. Sample definition and first results: Three new planets orbiting giant stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics 657: A87. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202040078. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2022A&A...657A..87O.  Note: Parameters are in VizieR tables.
  65. ↑ Wielen, R.; Schwan, H.; Dettbarn, C.; Lenhardt, H.; Jahreiß, H.; Jährling, R. (1999-01-01). "Sixth Catalogue of Fundamental Stars (FK6). Part I. Basic fundamental stars with direct solutions.". Veroeffentlichungen des Astronomischen Rechen-Instituts Heidelberg 35: 1. Bibcode: 1999VeARI..35....1W. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999VeARI..35....1W. 
  66. ↑ "bet Oph". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=bet+Oph. 
  67. ↑ Soubiran, C.; Creevey, O. L.; Lagarde, N.; Brouillet, N.; Jofré, P.; Casamiquela, L.; Heiter, U.; Aguilera-Gómez, C. et al. (2024-02-01). "Gaia FGK benchmark stars: Fundamental Teff and log g of the third version". Astronomy and Astrophysics 682: A145. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347136. ISSN 0004-6361. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024A&A...682A.145S. 
  68. ↑ "ALIOTH". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=ALIOTH. 
  69. ↑ Shaya, Ed; Olling, Rob (2011-01-01). "Very Wide Binaries and Other Comoving Stellar Companions: A Bayesian Analysis of the Hipparcos Catalogue". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 192 (1): 2. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/192/1/2. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 2011ApJS..192....2S. 
  70. ↑ "alf Phe". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=alf+Phe. 
  71. ↑ Kervella, Pierre; Arenou, Frédéric; Thévenin, Frédéric (2022-01-01). "Stellar and substellar companions from Gaia EDR3. Proper-motion anomaly and resolved common proper-motion pairs". Astronomy and Astrophysics 657: A7. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142146. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2022A&A...657A...7K. 
  72. ↑ Ventura, R.; Catanzaro, G.; Christensen-Dalsgaard, J.; Di Mauro, M. P.; Paterno', L. (2007-11-11). "A spectroscopic search for non-radial pulsations in the delta Scuti star gamma Bootis". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 381 (4): 1647–1654. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12334.x. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2007MNRAS.381.1647V. 
  73. ↑ Gray, R. O.; Napier, M. G.; Winkler, L. I. (2001-04-01). "The Physical Basis of Luminosity Classification in the Late A-, F-, and Early G-Type Stars. I. Precise Spectral Types for 372 Stars" (in en). The Astronomical Journal 121 (4): 2148. doi:10.1086/319956. ISSN 1538-3881. Bibcode: 2001AJ....121.2148G. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/319956/meta. 
  74. ↑ De Rosa, R. J.; Patience, J.; Wilson, P. A.; Schneider, A.; Wiktorowicz, S. J.; Vigan, A.; Marois, C.; Song, I. et al. (2014-01-01). "The VAST Survey - III. The multiplicity of A-type stars within 75 pc". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 437 (2): 1216–1240. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1932. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2014MNRAS.437.1216D. 
  75. ↑ Gray, R. O.; Napier, M. G.; Winkler, L. I. (April 2001). "The Physical Basis of Luminosity Classification in the Late A-, F-, and Early G-Type Stars. I. Precise Spectral Types for 372 Stars". The Astronomical Journal 121 (4): 2148–2158. doi:10.1086/319956. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2001AJ....121.2148G. https://doi.org/10.1086/319956. 
  76. ↑ "bet Col". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=bet+col. 
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 Stello, D.; Bruntt, H.; Preston, H.; Buzasi, D. (2008-02-10). "Oscillating K giants with the WIRE satellite: determination of their asteroseismic masses". The Astrophysical Journal 674 (1): L53–L56. doi:10.1086/528936. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2008ApJ...674L..53S. 
  78. ↑ "Gamma Crucis". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Gamma+Crucis. 
  79. ↑ Nielsen, Krister E.; Airapetian, Vladimir S.; Carpenter, Kenneth G.; Rau, Gioia (2023-08-01). "The Advanced Spectral Library: The Evolution of Chromospheric Wind Characteristics from Noncoronal to Hybrid Giant Stars". The Astrophysical Journal 953 (1): 16. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acdcf1. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2023ApJ...953...16N. 
  80. ↑ Kallinger, T.; Beck, P. G.; Hekker, S.; Huber, D.; Kuschnig, R.; Rockenbauer, M.; Winter, P. M.; Weiss, W. W. et al. (2019-04-01). "Stellar masses from granulation and oscillations of 23 bright red giants observed by BRITE-Constellation" (in en). Astronomy & Astrophysics 624: A35. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834514. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2019A&A...624A..35K. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2019/04/aa34514-18/aa34514-18.html. 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 "HD 40409". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=HD+40409. 
  82. ↑ Malla, Sai Prathyusha; Stello, Dennis; Montet, Benjamin T; Huber, Daniel; Hon, Marc; Bedding, Timothy R; Reyes, Claudia; Hey, Daniel R (2024-11-01), "Benchmarking the spectroscopic masses of 249 evolved stars using asteroseismology with TESS", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 534 (3): 1775–1786, doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2179, ISSN 0035-8711, Bibcode: 2024MNRAS.534.1775M 
  83. ↑ Royer, F.; Grenier, S.; Baylac, M.-O.; Gomez, A. E.; Zorec, J. (October 2002). "Rotational velocities of A-type stars II. Measurement of vsini in the northern hemisphere". Astronomy & Astrophysics 393 (3): 897–911. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020943. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  84. ↑ "bet Eri". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=bet+Eri. 
  85. ↑ Gáspár, András; Rieke, George H.; Ballering, Nicholas (2016-08-01). "The Correlation between Metallicity and Debris Disk Mass". The Astrophysical Journal 826 (2): 171. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/826/2/171. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2016ApJ...826..171G. 
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 Pourbaix, Dimitri; Boffin, Henri M. J. (2018). "δ Mus Revisited: Rectifying a 82 yr-old Mistake". Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica 54: 355. Bibcode: 2018RMxAA..54..355P. 
  87. ↑ Cousins, A. W. J.; Stoy, R. H. (1962). "Photoelectric magnitudes and colours of Southern stars". Royal Observatory Bulletin (SIMBAD) 64 (64): 103. Bibcode: 1962RGOB...64..103C. 
  88. ↑ "kap Oph". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=kap+Oph. 
  89. ↑ Massarotti, Alessandro; Latham, David W.; Stefanik, Robert P.; Fogel, Jeffrey (2008-01-01). "Rotational and Radial Velocities for a Sample of 761 HIPPARCOS Giants and the Role of Binarity". The Astronomical Journal 135 (1): 209–231. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/1/209. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2008AJ....135..209M. 
  90. ↑ Jennens, P. A.; Helfer, H. L. (1975-09-01). "A new photometric metal abundance and luminosity calibration for field G and K giants.". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 172 (3): 667–679. doi:10.1093/mnras/172.3.667. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 1975MNRAS.172..667J. 
  91. ↑ "eta Dra". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=eta+Dra. 
  92. ↑ Rosas-Portilla, F.; Schröder, K.-P.; Jack, D. (2022-04-26), "On the physical nature of the Wilson-Bappu effect: revising the gravity and temperature dependence", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 513 (1): 906–924, doi:10.1093/mnras/stac929, ISSN 0035-8711 
  93. ↑ Takeda, Yoichi; Sato, Bun'ei; Murata, Daisuke (2008-08-25). "Stellar Parameters and Elemental Abundances of Late-G Giants". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 60 (4): 781–802. doi:10.1093/pasj/60.4.781. ISSN 0004-6264. 
  94. ↑ "37 Lib". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=37+Lib. 
  95. ↑ "46 LMi". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=46+LMi. 
  96. ↑ Frandsen, S.; Andersen, M. Fredslund; Brogaard, K.; Jiang, C.; Arentoft, T.; Grundahl, F.; Kjeldsen, H.; Christensen-Dalsgaard, J. et al. (2018-05-01). "The mass and age of the first SONG target: the red giant 46 LMi" (in en). Astronomy & Astrophysics 613: A53. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730816. ISSN 0004-6361. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2018/05/aa30816-17/aa30816-17.html. 
  97. ↑ Piau, L.; Kervella, P.; Dib, S.; Hauschildt, P. (February 2011). "Surface convection and red giants radii measurements". Astronomy & Astrophysics 526: A100. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014442. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2011A&A...526A.100P. 
  98. ↑ Montes, D.; Lopez-Santiago, J.; Galvez, M. C.; Fernandez-Figueroa, M. J.; De Castro, E.; Cornide, M. (November 2001). "Late-type stars members of young stellar kinematic groups - I. Single stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 328 (1): 45–63. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04781.x. Bibcode: 2001MNRAS.328...45M. 
  99. ↑ Cruzalèbes, P.; Jorissen, A.; Rabbia, Y.; Sacuto, S.; Chiavassa, A.; Pasquato, E.; Plez, B.; Eriksson, K. et al. (2013). "Fundamental parameters of 16 late-type stars derived from their angular diameter measured with VLTI/AMBER". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 434 (1): 437. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1037. Bibcode: 2013MNRAS.434..437C. 
  100. ↑ Tsvetkova, S.; Petit, P.; Aurière, M.; Konstantinova-Antova, R.; Wade, G. A.; Charbonnel, C.; Decressin, T.; Bogdanovski, R. (2013-08-01). "Magnetic field structure in single late-type giants: β Ceti in 2010–2012" (in en). Astronomy & Astrophysics 556: A43. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321051. ISSN 0004-6361. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2013/08/aa21051-13/aa21051-13.html. 
  101. ↑ "del Dra". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=del+Dra. 
  102. ↑ Vallenari, A. et al. (2022). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940  Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
  103. ↑ "alf Ind". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=alf%20Ind. 
  1. ↑ Calculated using an angular diameter of 5.99 mas.[40]
  2. ↑ Calculated using an angular diameter of 5.25 mas.[40]
  3. ↑ Calculated using an angular diameter of 3.99 mas.[40]



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