Astronomy:List of nearest giant stars

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This is a list of the nearest giant stars (luminosity class III or II) to the Earth, located at a distance of up to 100 light-years (31 pc).

List

Name Distance (ly) Spectral type Stellar radius (R☉) Stellar mass (M☉) Apparent magnitude (V) Notes
Pollux 33.78±0.09[1] K0 III[2] 09600 9.06 ± 0.03

[3]

1910 1.91 ± 0.09 
[3]
1.14[4] 17th brightest star in the night sky. Also the nearest red-giant branch star.
Arcturus 36.7±0.2[1] K1.5 III Fe−0.5[5] 25400 25.4 ± 0.2 
[6]
1080 1.08 ± 0.06 
[6]
-0.05[4] Fourth-brightest star in the night sky, and the nearest red giant (red-giant branch) to the Earth.
Delta Capricorni Aa (Deneb Algedi) 38.69[7][lower-alpha 1] A7m III[8] 01910 1.91

[9]

2000 2

[9]

2.91[8] The nearest white giant.
Capella Aa 42.919±0.049[10] K0III[11] 11980 11.98 ± 0.57

[10]

2569 2.5687

[10]

0.03[12] The nearest red clump star. With a magnitude of 0.08,[13] the Capella star system is the 6th-brightest star in the night sky.
Capella Ab G1III[14] 08330 8.83 ± 0.33

[10]

2482 2.4828

[10]

0.16[12] The nearest yellow giant.
Gamma Cephei A (Errai) 44.96[15][lower-alpha 2] K1III-IVCN1[15] 04930 4.93 ± 0.04

[3]

1294 1.294 ± 0.081

[16]

3.21[17]
Beta Cassiopeiae (Caph) 54.7±0.3[1] F2 III[18] 03690 3.69 × 3.43

[19]

1910 1.91 ± 0.02

[19]

2.28 (2.25–2.31)[20] The nearest F-type giant.
Theta Centauri (Menkent) 58.8±0.2[1] K0 III[21] 10600 10.6

[lower-alpha 3]

1270 1.27

[23]

2.06[24]
Eta Serpentis 60.5±0.2[1] K0III-IV[25] 05897 5.897 ± 0.028

[26]

2000 2

[27]

3.26[28]
Alpha Trianguli (Mothallah) 63.3±0.3[1] F5III[29] 03220 3.22

[30]

1700 1.7

[30]

3.42[24]
Rho Puppis (Tureis) 63.5±0.2[1] F5IIkF2IImF5II[31] 03410 3.41

[32]

1850 1.85

[33]

2.78[34] (2.68 – 2.87)[35] The nearest bright giant.
Epsilon Scorpii (Larawag) 63.7±0.3[1] K1 III[36] 12600 12.6

[lower-alpha 4]

1240 1.24

[37]

2.31[38] (2.24 – 2.35)[39]
Nu2 Canis Majoris 64.4±0.3[40] K1.5III-IVFe1[41] 04900 4.9 ± 0.1

[42]

1300 1.3 ± 0.1

[42]

3.96[43]
Aldebaran 65.3±1[44] K5+III[45] 45100 45.1 ± 0.1

[46]

1160 1.16 ± 0.07

[47]

0.86 (0.75 – 0.95)[48] 14th brightest star in the night sky.
Hamal 65.8±0.3[1] K2-IIIbCa-1[49] 14900 14.9 ± 0.3

[50]

1500 1.5 ± 0.2

[51]

2.00[24] 49th brightest star in the night sky.
Nu Octantis 69.1[1] K1III[52] 05810 5.81 ± 0.12

[53]

1610 1.61

[53]

3.73[54]
Alpha Serpentis (Unukalhai) 73.92±0.3[55][lower-alpha 5] K2IIIbCN1[55] 13480 13.48

[56]

1660 1.66

[56]

2.623[14]
Epsilon Cygni (Aljanah) 75.5[57][lower-alpha 6] K0III[57] 10820 10.82 ± 0.14

[50]

2000 ~2

[58]

2.48[59]
Lambda Sagittarii (Kaus Borealis) 78.2±0.3[1] K1IIIb[60] 12692 12.692 ± 0.181

[61]

2600 2.6

[27]

2.82[62]
Beta Ophiuchi (Cebalrai) 81.8±0.3[1] K2IIICN0.5[63] 12420 12.42 ± 0.13

[64]

1130 1.13

[65]

2.749[59]
Alioth 82.51[66][lower-alpha 7] A1III-IVpkB9[66] 04140 4.14

[67]

2910 2.91

[68]

1.77[24] 33rd brightest star in the night sky.
Alpha Phoenicis (Ankaa) 85[1] K0.5IIIb[69] 15000 15

[lower-alpha 8]

1570 1.57

[70]

2.377[14]
Gamma Boötis Aa (Seginus) 86.8±0.3[1] A7 III[71] or A7 IV+(n)[72] 05160 5.16+0.71
−0.96

[40]

2100 2.1

[73]

3.03[74] (3.02 – 3.07)
Beta Columbae (Wazn) 87.2±0.3[1] K1III_CN+1[75] 11500 11.5

[lower-alpha 9]

1100 1.1 ± 0.2

[76]

3.105[14]
Gacrux 88.6±0.4[1] M3.5III[77] 1200000 120

[78]

1500 1.5 ± 0.3

[79]

1.64[4] The nearest M-type red giant, and the 25th brightest star in the night sky.
Beta Eridani (Cursa) 90±0.9[1] A3 III var[80] or A3 IV[81] 02400 2.4

[82]

2000 2

[82]

2.796[28]
Kappa Ophiuchi 91.5±0.5[1] K2III[83] 11000 11

[84]

1190 1.19 ± 0.14

[76]

3.20[85]
Eta Draconis 92.1±0.2[1] G8 III[86] 11000 11

[lower-alpha 10]

2550 2.55

[87]

2.73[87]
Chi Leonis 94.6±0.5[1] F2III[88] 01990 1.99

[89]

1620 1.62

[90]

4.63[91]
46 Leonis Minoris (Praecipua) 94.9±0.6[1] K0+III-IV[92] 08220 8.22 ± 0.22

[50]

1690 1.69

[93]

3.83[50] (3.79 – 3.84)[94]
Beta Ceti (Diphda) 96.3±0.5[1] K0 III[95] 16780 16.78 ± 0.25

[64]

2800 2.8

[96]

2.02[24]
Gamma2 Sagittarii (Alnasl) 96.82[97][lower-alpha 11] K1 III[97] 12000 12

[98]

2.98[62]
Delta Draconis (Altais) 97.4±0.3[1] G9III[99] 11000 11

[lower-alpha 12]

2320 2.32

[87]

3.07[24]
Alpha Indi 98.3±0.5[1] K0III-IV[101] 12000 12

[98]

2000 2

[102]

3.11[24]

Notes and references

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy & Astrophysics 474 (2): 653–664. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2007A&A...474..653V. 
  2. ↑ Morgan, W. W.; Keenan, P. C. (1973-01-01). "Spectral Classification". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 11: 29–50. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.11.090173.000333. ISSN 0066-4146. Bibcode: 1973ARA&A..11...29M. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973ARA&A..11...29M. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Baines, Ellyn K.; Armstrong, J. Thomas; Schmitt, Henrique R.; Zavala, R. T.; Benson, James A.; Hutter, Donald J.; Tycner, Christopher; Belle, Gerard T. van (December 2017). "Fundamental Parameters of 87 Stars from the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer" (in en). The Astronomical Journal 155 (1): 30. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa9d8b. ISSN 1538-3881. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Ducati, J. R. (2002-01-01). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system.". VizieR Online Data Catalog. Bibcode: 2002yCat.2237....0D. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002yCat.2237....0D. 
  5. ↑ "alf Boo". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=HD+124897. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ramirez, I.; Prieto, C. Allende (2011-12-20). "Fundamental Parameters and Chemical Composition of Arcturus". The Astrophysical Journal 743 (2): 135. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/743/2/135. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2011ApJ...743..135R. 
  7. ↑ "* del Cap". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=HD+207098. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Malkov, O. Yu.; Oblak, E.; Snegireva, E. A.; Torra, J. (2006-02-01). "A catalogue of eclipsing variables". Astronomy and Astrophysics 446 (2): 785–789. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053137. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2006A&A...446..785M. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006A&A...446..785M. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Batten, A. H.; Fletcher, J. M. (1992-04-01). "A new spectroscopic orbit for delta Capricorni.". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 86: 99–109. ISSN 0035-872X. Bibcode: 1992JRASC..86...99B. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992JRASC..86...99B. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Torres, Guillermo; Claret, Antonio; Pavlovski, Kresimir; Dotter, Aaron (2015-05-27), "Capella (alpha Aurigae) revisited: New binary orbit, physical properties, and evolutionary state", The Astrophysical Journal 807 (1): 26, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/807/1/26, Bibcode: 2015ApJ...807...26T, http://arxiv.org/abs/1505.07461, retrieved 2023-12-22 
  11. ↑ Keenan, Philip C.; McNeil, Raymond C. (1989-10-01). "The Perkins Catalog of Revised MK Types for the Cooler Stars". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 71: 245. doi:10.1086/191373. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 1989ApJS...71..245K. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ApJS...71..245K. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Petit, M. (1990-10-01). "Catalogue des etoiles variables ou suspectes dans le voisinage du soleil.". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series 85: 971. ISSN 0365-0138. Bibcode: 1990A&AS...85..971P. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990A&AS...85..971P. 
  13. ↑ Hoffleit, Dorrit; Jaschek, Carlos (1991-01-01). The Bright star catalogue. Bibcode: 1991bsc..book.....H. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991bsc..book.....H. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Gutierrez-Moreno, A. (1966-01-01). "A system of photometric standards.". Publications of the Department of Astronomy University of Chile 1: 1. Bibcode: 1966PDAUC...1....1G. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966PDAUC...1....1G. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Gamma Cephei". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=Gamma+Cephei. 
  16. ↑ Mugrauer, M.; Schlagenhauf, S.; Buder, S.; Ginski, C.; Fernández, M. (June 2022). "Follow-up observations of the binary system $\gamma$ Cep". Astronomische Nachrichten 343 (5): e224014. doi:10.1002/asna.20224014. ISSN 0004-6337. 
  17. ↑ Hoffleit, D.; Warren, W. H., Jr. (1995-11-01). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Bright Star Catalogue, 5th Revised Ed. (Hoffleit+, 1991)". VizieR Online Data Catalog: V/50. Bibcode: 1995yCat.5050....0H. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995yCat.5050....0H. 
  18. ↑ "beta Cas". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=beta+Cas. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Che, X.; Monnier, J. D.; Zhao, M.; Pedretti, E.; Thureau, N.; Merand, A.; Brummelaar, T. ten; McAlister, H. et al. (2011-05-10). "Colder and Hotter: Interferometric imaging of {\beta} Cassiopeiae and {\alpha} Leonis". The Astrophysical Journal 732 (2): 68. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/732/2/68. ISSN 0004-637X. 
  20. ↑ Kukarkin, B. V.; Kholopov, P. N.; Pskovsky, Y. P.; Efremov, Y. N.; Kukarkina, N. P.; Kurochkin, N. E.; Medvedeva, G. I. (1971-01-01). "The third edition containing information on 20437 variable stars discovered and designated till 1968.". General Catalogue of Variable Stars: 0. Bibcode: 1971GCVS3.C......0K. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971GCVS3.C......0K. 
  21. ↑ Gray, R. O.; Corbally, C. J.; Garrison, R. F.; McFadden, M. T.; Bubar, E. J.; McGahee, C. E.; O'Donoghue, A. A.; Knox, E. R. (July 2006). "Contributions to the Nearby Stars (NStars) Project: Spectroscopy of Stars Earlier than M0 within 40 parsecs: The Southern Sample". The Astronomical Journal 132 (1): 161–170. doi:10.1086/504637. ISSN 0004-6256. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Richichi, A.; Percheron, I.; Khristoforova, M. (2005-02-01). "CHARM2: An updated Catalog of High Angular Resolution Measurements". Astronomy and Astrophysics 431 (2): 773–777. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042039. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2005A&A...431..773R. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005A&A...431..773R. 
  23. ↑ Halbwachs, Jean-Louis; Mayor, Michel; Udry, Stéphane (November 2018). "Multiplicity among solar-type stars IV. The CORAVEL radial velocities and the spectroscopic orbits of nearby K dwarfs". Astronomy & Astrophysics 619: A81. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833377. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2018A&A...619A..81H. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 Johnson, H. L.; Mitchell, R. I.; Iriarte, B.; Wisniewski, W. Z. (1966-01-01). "UBVRIJKL Photometry of the Bright Stars". Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory 4: 99–110. Bibcode: 1966CoLPL...4...99J. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966CoLPL...4...99J. 
  25. ↑ "eta Ser". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=eta+Ser. 
  26. ↑ Mérand, A.; Kervella, P.; Barban, C.; Josselin, E.; ten Brummelaar, T. A.; McAlister, H. A.; Coudé du Foresto, V.; Ridgway, S. T. et al. (2010-07-01). "Interferometric radius and limb darkening of the asteroseismic red giant η Serpentis with the CHARA Array". Astronomy and Astrophysics 517: A64. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912103. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2010A&A...517A..64M. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010A&A...517A..64M. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Edvardsson, B. (1988-01-01). "Spectroscopic surface gravities and chemical compositions for 8 nearby single sub-giants.". Astronomy and Astrophysics 190: 148–166. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 1988A&A...190..148E. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988A&A...190..148E. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Cousins, A. W. J. (1984-01-01). "Standardisation of broad band photometry of equatorial standards.". South African Astronomical Observatory Circular 8: 59–67. Bibcode: 1984SAAOC...8...59C. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984SAAOC...8...59C. 
  29. ↑ "alf Tri". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=alf+Tri. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Fuhrmann, Klaus (February 2008). "Nearby stars of the Galactic disc and halo – IV". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 384 (1): 173–224. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12671.x. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2008MNRAS.384..173F. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12671.x. 
  31. ↑ "rho Pup". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=rho+Pup. 
  32. ↑ Rhee, Joseph H.; Song, Inseok; Zuckerman, B.; McElwain, Michael (2007-05-10). "Characterization of Dusty Debris Disks: the IRAS and Hipparcos Catalogs". The Astrophysical Journal 660 (2): 1556–1571. doi:10.1086/509912. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2007ApJ...660.1556R. 
  33. ↑ "Tureis". http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/tureis.html. 
  34. ↑ Bookmeyer, B. B.; Fitch, W. S.; Lee, T. A.; Wisniewski, W. Z.; Johnson, H. L. (1977-08-01). "Photoelectric UBV observations of RR Lyrae variable stars. Second list.". Revista Mexicana de Astronomia y Astrofisica 2: 235–258. ISSN 0185-1101. Bibcode: 1977RMxAA...2..235B. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977RMxAA...2..235B. 
  35. ↑ Samus', N. N.; Kazarovets, E. V.; Durlevich, O. V.; Kireeva, N. N.; Pastukhova, E. N. (2017-01-01). "General catalogue of variable stars: Version GCVS 5.1". Astronomy Reports 61 (1): 80–88. doi:10.1134/S1063772917010085. ISSN 1063-7729. Bibcode: 2017ARep...61...80S. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ARep...61...80S. 
  36. ↑ "eps Sco". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=eps+Sco. 
  37. ↑ Fuhrmann, K.; Chini, R.; Kaderhandt, L.; Chen, Z. (2017-02-01). "Multiplicity among Solar-type Stars". The Astrophysical Journal 836 (1): 139. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/836/1/139. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2017ApJ...836..139F. 
  38. ↑ Gutierrez-Moreno, Adelina; Moreno, Hugo (1968-06-01). "A Photometric Investigation of the SCORPlO-CENTAURUS Association". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 15: 459. doi:10.1086/190168. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 1968ApJS...15..459G. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968ApJS...15..459G. 
  39. ↑ Samus, N. N.; Kazarovets, E. V.; Durlevich, O. V.; Kireeva, N. N.; Pastukhova, E. N. (2009-01-01). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+, 2007-2017)". VizieR Online Data Catalog: B/gcvs. Bibcode: 2009yCat....102025S. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009yCat....102025S. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Gaia Collaboration; Brown, A. G. A.; Vallenari, A.; Prusti, T.; de Bruijne, J. H. J.; Babusiaux, C.; Bailer-Jones, C. A. L. (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2. Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics 616: A1. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2018A&A...616A...1G. 
  41. ↑ "7 CMa". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=7+CMa. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Bonfanti, Andrea; Ortolani, Sergio; Piotto, Giampaolo; Nascimbeni, Valerio (March 2015). "Revising the ages of planet-hosting stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics 575: A18. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424951. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2015A&A...575A..18B. 
  43. ↑ Setiawan, J.; Pasquini, L.; da Silva, L.; Hatzes, A. P.; von der Lühe, O.; Girardi, L.; de Medeiros, J. R.; Guenther, E. (2004-07-01). "Precise radial velocity measurements of G and K giants. Multiple systems and variability trend along the Red Giant Branch". Astronomy and Astrophysics 421: 241–254. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041042-1. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2004A&A...421..241S. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004A&A...421..241S. 
  44. ↑ Gatewood, George (2008-06-13). "Astrometric Studies of Aldebaran, Arcturus, Vega, the Hyades, and Other Regions". The Astronomical Journal 136 (1): 452–460. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/1/452. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2008AJ....136..452G. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/136/1/452. 
  45. ↑ "* alf Tau". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=HD+29139. 
  46. ↑ Hatzes, A. P.; Cochran, W. D.; Endl, M.; Guenther, E. W.; MacQueen, P.; Hartmann, M.; Zechmeister, M.; Han, I. et al. (August 2015). "Long-lived, long-period radial velocity variations in Aldebaran: A planetary companion and stellar activity". Astronomy & Astrophysics 580: A31. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425519. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2015A&A...580A..31H. 
  47. ↑ Farr, Will M.; Pope, Benjamin J. S.; Davies, Guy R.; North, Thomas S. H.; White, Timothy R.; Barrett, Jim W.; Miglio, Andrea; Lund, Mikkel N. et al. (2018-09-27). "Aldebaran b's Temperate Past Uncovered in Planet Search Data". The Astrophysical Journal 865 (2): L20. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aadfde. ISSN 2041-8213. Bibcode: 2018ApJ...865L..20F. 
  48. ↑ "GCVS Query forms". http://www.sai.msu.su/gcvs/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=alf+Tau. 
  49. ↑ "alf Ari". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=alf+ari. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 Piau, L.; Kervella, P.; Dib, S.; Hauschildt, P. (February 2011). "Surface convection and red giants radii measurements". Astronomy & Astrophysics 526: A100. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014442. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2011A&A...526A.100P. 
  51. ↑ Lee, B.-C.; Mkrtichian, D. E.; Han, I.; Kim, K.-M.; Park, M.-G. (May 2011). "A likely exoplanet orbiting the oscillating K-giant {\alpha} Arietis". Astronomy & Astrophysics 529: A134. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201016293. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  52. ↑ "HD 205478". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=HD+205478. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Ramm, D. J.; Nelson, B. E.; Endl, M.; Hearnshaw, J. B.; Wittenmyer, R. A.; Gunn, F.; Bergmann, C.; Kilmartin, P. et al. (2016-08-21). "The conjectured S-type retrograde planet in nu Octantis: more evidence including four years of iodine-cell radial velocities". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 460 (4): 3706–3719. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1106. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  54. ↑ Anderson, Erik; Francis, Charles (May 2012). "XHIP: An Extended Hipparcos Compilation". Astronomy Letters 38 (5): 331–346. doi:10.1134/S1063773712050015. ISSN 1063-7737. Bibcode: 2012AstL...38..331A. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 "alf Ser". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=alf+Ser. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Gray, David F.; Kaur, Taranpreet (2019-09-11). "A Recipe for Finding Stellar Radii, Temperatures, Surface Gravities, Metallicities, and Masses Using Spectral Lines". The Astrophysical Journal 882 (2): 148. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab2fce. ISSN 1538-4357. Bibcode: 2019ApJ...882..148G. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 "* eps Cyg". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=HD+197989. 
  58. ↑ Gray, David F. (September 2015). "A SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF THE K0 III BINARY ϵ CYGNI" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal 810 (2): 117. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/810/2/117. ISSN 0004-637X. https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/810/2/117. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Oja, T. (1986-08-01). "UBV photometry of stars whose positions are accurately known. III.". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series 65: 405–409. ISSN 0365-0138. Bibcode: 1986A&AS...65..405O. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986A&AS...65..405O. 
  60. ↑ "lam Sgr". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=lam+Sgr. 
  61. ↑ Rains, Adam D.; Ireland, Michael J.; White, Timothy R.; Casagrande, Luca; Karovicova, I. (2020-04-01). "Precision angular diameters for 16 southern stars with VLTI/PIONIER". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 493 (2): 2377–2394. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa282. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Wielen, R.; Schwan, H.; Dettbarn, C.; Lenhardt, H.; Jahreiß, H.; Jährling, R. (1999-01-01). "Sixth Catalogue of Fundamental Stars (FK6). Part I. Basic fundamental stars with direct solutions.". Veroeffentlichungen des Astronomischen Rechen-Instituts Heidelberg 35: 1. Bibcode: 1999VeARI..35....1W. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999VeARI..35....1W. 
  63. ↑ "bet Oph". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=bet+Oph. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Berio, P.; Merle, T.; Thevenin, F.; Bonneau, D.; Mourard, D.; Chesneau, O.; Delaa, O.; Ligi, R. et al. (November 2011). "Chromosphere of K giant stars Geometrical extent and spatial structure detection". Astronomy & Astrophysics 535: A59. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117479. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2011A&A...535A..59B. 
  65. ↑ Allende Prieto, C.; Lambert, D. L. (1999-12-01). "Fundamental parameters of nearby stars from the comparison with evolutionary calculations: masses, radii and effective temperatures". Astronomy and Astrophysics 352: 555–562. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 1999A&A...352..555A. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999A&A...352..555A. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 "ALIOTH". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=ALIOTH. 
  67. ↑ Shulyak, D.; Paladini, C.; Causi, G. Li; Perraut, K.; Kochukhov, O. (2014-09-11). "Interferometry of chemically peculiar stars: theoretical predictions vs. modern observing facilities". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 443 (2): 1629–1642. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1259. ISSN 1365-2966. 
  68. ↑ Shaya, Ed; Olling, Rob (2011-01-01). "Very Wide Binaries and Other Comoving Stellar Companions: A Bayesian Analysis of the Hipparcos Catalogue". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 192 (1): 2. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/192/1/2. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 2011ApJS..192....2S. 
  69. ↑ "alf Phe". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=alf+Phe. 
  70. ↑ Charbonnel, C.; Lagarde, N.; Jasniewicz, G.; North, P.; Shetrone, M.; Hollek, J. Krugler; Smith, V. V.; Smiljanic, R. et al. (January 2020). "Lithium in red giant stars: Constraining non-standard mixing with large surveys in the Gaia era". Astronomy & Astrophysics 633: A34. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936360. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2020A&A...633A..34C. 
  71. ↑ Ventura, R.; Catanzaro, G.; Christensen-Dalsgaard, J.; Di Mauro, M. P.; Paterno', L. (2007-11-11). "A spectroscopic search for non-radial pulsations in the delta Scuti star gamma Bootis". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 381 (4): 1647–1654. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12334.x. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2007MNRAS.381.1647V. 
  72. ↑ Gray, R. O.; Napier, M. G.; Winkler, L. I. (2001-04-01). "The Physical Basis of Luminosity Classification in the Late A-, F-, and Early G-Type Stars. I. Precise Spectral Types for 372 Stars" (in en). The Astronomical Journal 121 (4): 2148. doi:10.1086/319956. ISSN 1538-3881. Bibcode: 2001AJ....121.2148G. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/319956/meta. 
  73. ↑ De Rosa, R. J.; Patience, J.; Wilson, P. A.; Schneider, A.; Wiktorowicz, S. J.; Vigan, A.; Marois, C.; Song, I. et al. (2014-01-01). "The VAST Survey - III. The multiplicity of A-type stars within 75 pc". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 437 (2): 1216–1240. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1932. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2014MNRAS.437.1216D. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.437.1216D. 
  74. ↑ Gray, R. O.; Napier, M. G.; Winkler, L. I. (April 2001). "The Physical Basis of Luminosity Classification in the Late A-, F-, and Early G-Type Stars. I. Precise Spectral Types for 372 Stars". The Astronomical Journal 121 (4): 2148–2158. doi:10.1086/319956. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2001AJ....121.2148G. https://doi.org/10.1086/319956. 
  75. ↑ "bet Col". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=bet+col. 
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Stello, D.; Bruntt, H.; Preston, H.; Buzasi, D. (2008-02-10). "Oscillating K giants with the WIRE satellite: determination of their asteroseismic masses". The Astrophysical Journal 674 (1): L53–L56. doi:10.1086/528936. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2008ApJ...674L..53S. 
  77. ↑ "* gam Cru". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=HD+108903. 
  78. ↑ Rau, Gioia; Nielsen, Krister E.; Carpenter, Kenneth G.; Airapetian, Vladimir (2018-12-05). "GHRS Observations of Cool, Low-Gravity Stars. VI Mass-Loss Rates and Wind Parameters for M Giants". The Astrophysical Journal 869 (1): 1. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf0a0. ISSN 1538-4357. 
  79. ↑ Murdoch, Kaylene; Clark, M.; Hearnshaw, J. B. (1992-01-01). "The radial-velocity variability of gamma Crucis.". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 254: 27–29. doi:10.1093/mnras/254.1.27. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 1992MNRAS.254...27M. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992MNRAS.254...27M. 
  80. ↑ Royer, F.; Grenier, S.; Baylac, M.-O.; Gomez, A. E.; Zorec, J. (October 2002). "Rotational velocities of A-type stars II. Measurement of vsini in the northern hemisphere". Astronomy & Astrophysics 393 (3): 897–911. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020943. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  81. ↑ "bet Eri". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=bet+Eri. 
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 Malagnini, M. L.; Morossi, C. (1990-11-01). "Accurate absolute luminosities, effective temperatures, radii, masses and surface gravities for a selected sample of field stars.". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series 85: 1015. ISSN 0365-0138. Bibcode: 1990A&AS...85.1015M. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990A&AS...85.1015M. 
  83. ↑ "kap Oph". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=kap+Oph. 
  84. ↑ Massarotti, Alessandro; Latham, David W.; Stefanik, Robert P.; Fogel, Jeffrey (2008-01-01). "Rotational and Radial Velocities for a Sample of 761 HIPPARCOS Giants and the Role of Binarity". The Astronomical Journal 135 (1): 209–231. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/1/209. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2008AJ....135..209M. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AJ....135..209M. 
  85. ↑ Jennens, P. A.; Helfer, H. L. (1975-09-01). "A new photometric metal abundance and luminosity calibration for field G and K giants.". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 172 (3): 667–679. doi:10.1093/mnras/172.3.667. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 1975MNRAS.172..667J. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975MNRAS.172..667J. 
  86. ↑ "eta Dra". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=eta+Dra. 
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 Takeda, Yoichi; Sato, Bun'ei; Murata, Daisuke (2008-08-25). "Stellar Parameters and Elemental Abundances of Late-G Giants". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 60 (4): 781–802. doi:10.1093/pasj/60.4.781. ISSN 0004-6264. 
  88. ↑ "chi Leo". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=chi+Leo. 
  89. ↑ Rachford, Brian L.; Foight, Dillon R. (2009-06-10). "Chromospheric Variability in Early F-type Stars". The Astrophysical Journal 698 (1): 786–802. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/698/1/786. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2009ApJ...698..786R. 
  90. ↑ Casagrande, Luca; Schoenrich, Ralph; Asplund, Martin; Cassisi, Santi; Ramirez, Ivan; Melendez, Jorge; Bensby, Thomas; Feltzing, Sofia (June 2011). "New constraints on the chemical evolution of the solar neighbourhood and Galactic disc(s). Improved astrophysical parameters for the Geneva-Copenhagen Survey". Astronomy & Astrophysics 530: A138. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201016276. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2011A&A...530A.138C. 
  91. ↑ Mermilliod, J. -C. (1986-01-01). "Compilation of Eggen's UBV data, transformed to UBV (unpublished)". Catalogue of Eggen's UBV Data: 0. Bibcode: 1986EgUBV........0M. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986EgUBV........0M. 
  92. ↑ "46 LMi". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=46+LMi. 
  93. ↑ Lyubimkov, L. S.; Poklad, D. B. (September 2014). "Determining the effective temperatures of G- and K-type giants and supergiants based on observed photometric indices". Kinematics and Physics of Celestial Bodies 30 (5): 244–254. doi:10.3103/S0884591314050055. ISSN 0884-5913. Bibcode: 2014KPCB...30..244L. 
  94. ↑ Samus, N. N.; Kazarovets, E. V.; Durlevich, O. V.; Kireeva, N. N.; Pastukhova, E. N. (2009-01-01). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+, 2007-2017)". VizieR Online Data Catalog: B/gcvs. Bibcode: 2009yCat....102025S. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009yCat....102025S. 
  95. ↑ Montes, D.; Lopez-Santiago, J.; Galvez, M. C.; Fernandez-Figueroa, M. J.; De Castro, E.; Cornide, M. (November 2001). "Late-type stars members of young stellar kinematic groups - I. Single stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 328 (1): 45–63. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04781.x. 
  96. ↑ Sägesser, S. N.; Jordan, C. (2005-03-01). "Emission measures for the single giant β Ceti". European Space Agency 560: 931. Bibcode: 2005ESASP.560..931S. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ESASP.560..931S. 
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 "Gamma Sagittarii". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=Gamma+Sagittarii. 
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 Fracassini, L. E. Pasinetti; Pastori, L.; Covino, S.; Pozzi, A. (February 2001). "Catalogue of Apparent Diameters and Absolute Radii of Stars (CADARS) - Third Edition - Comments and Statistics". Astronomy and Astrophysics 367 (2): 521–524. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000451. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2001A&A...367..521P. 
  99. ↑ "del Dra". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=del+Dra. 
  100. ↑ Di Benedetto, G. P. (2005-01-06). "Predicting accurate stellar angular diameters by the near-infrared surface brightness technique: Predicting stellar diameters" (in en). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 357 (1): 174–190. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08632.x. https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08632.x. 
  101. ↑ "alf Ind". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=alf%20Ind. 
  102. ↑ Thoren, Patrik; Edvardsson, Bengt; Gustafsson, Bengt (October 2004). "Subgiants as probes of galactic chemical evolution". Astronomy & Astrophysics 425 (1): 187–206. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040421. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2004A&A...425..187T. 
  1. ↑ Calculated using a parallax of 84.27 milliarcseconds in the equation: 1/(Parallax (arcsec)) = distance (parsecs)
  2. ↑ Calculated using a parallax of 72.5167 milliarcseconds in the equation: 1/(Parallax (arcsec)) = distance (parsecs)
  3. ↑ Calculated using an angular diameter of 5.46 mas.[22]
  4. ↑ Calculated using an angular diameter of 5.99 mas.[22]
  5. ↑ Calculated using a parallax of 44.1 milliarcseconds in the equation: 1/(Parallax (arcsec)) = distance (parsecs)
  6. ↑ Calculated using a parallax of 43.1769 milliarcseconds in the equation: 1/(Parallax (arcsec)) = distance (parsecs)
  7. ↑ Calculated using a parallax of 39.51 milliarcseconds in the equation: 1/(Parallax (arcsec)) = distance (parsecs)
  8. ↑ Calculated using an angular diameter of 5.25 mas.[22]
  9. ↑ Calculated using an angular diameter of 3.99 mas.[22]
  10. ↑ Calculated using an angular diameter of 3.72 mas.[22]
  11. ↑ Calculated using a parallax of 33.67 milliarcseconds in the equation: 1/(Parallax (arcsec)) = distance (parsecs)
  12. ↑ Calculated using an angular diameter of 3.37 mas.[100]



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