Astronomy:Planetary transits and occultations
The word "transit" refers to cases where the nearer object appears smaller than the more distant object. Cases where the nearer object appears larger and completely hides the more distant object are known as occultations.
In astronomy, planetary transits and occultations occur when a planet passes in front of another object, as seen by an observer. The occulted object may be a distant star, but in rare cases it may be another planet, in which case the event is called a mutual planetary occultation or mutual planetary transit, depending on the relative apparent diameters of the objects.[1]
Mutual planetary occultations and transits
Mutual occultations or transits of planets are extremely rare. The most recent event occurred on 3 January 1818, and the next will occur on 22 November 2065. Both involve the same two planets: Venus and Jupiter.
Historical observations
An occultation of Mars by Venus on 13 October 1590 was observed by the German astronomer Michael Maestlin at Heidelberg.[2][3] The 1737 event (see list below) was observed by John Bevis at Greenwich Observatory – it is the only detailed account of a mutual planetary occultation. A transit of Mars across Jupiter on 12 September 1170 was observed by the monk Gervase at Canterbury,[4] and by Chinese astronomers.[5]
Future events
The next time a mutual planetary transit or occultation will happen (as seen from Earth) will be on 22 November 2065 at about 12:43 UTC, when Venus near superior conjunction (with an angular diameter of 10.6") will transit in front of Jupiter (with an angular diameter of 30.9"); however, this will take place only 8° west of the Sun, and will therefore not be visible to the unaided/unprotected eye. Before transiting Jupiter, Venus will occult Jupiter's moon Ganymede at around 11:24 UTC as seen from some southernmost parts of Earth. Parallax will cause actual observed times to vary by a few minutes, depending on the precise location of the observer.[citation needed]
List of mutual planetary occultations and transits
There are only 18 mutual planetary transits and occultations as seen from Earth between 1700 and 2200. There is a very long break of events between 1818 and 2065.[3]
- 19 September 1702 – Jupiter occults Neptune (pre-discovery)
- 20 July 1705 – Mercury transits Jupiter
- 14 July 1708 – Mercury occults Uranus (pre-discovery)
- 4 October 1708 – Mercury transits Jupiter
- 28 May 1737 – Venus occults Mercury
- 29 August 1771 – Venus transits Saturn
- 21 July 1793 – Mercury occults Uranus
- 9 December 1808 – Mercury transits Saturn
- 3 January 1818 – Venus transits Jupiter
- 22 November 2065 – Venus transits Jupiter
- 15 July 2067 – Mercury occults Neptune
- 11 August 2079 – Mercury occults Mars
- 27 October 2088 – Mercury transits Jupiter
- 7 April 2094 – Mercury transits Jupiter
- 21 August 2104 – Venus occults Neptune
- 14 September 2123 – Venus transits Jupiter
- 29 July 2126 – Mercury occults Mars
- 3 December 2133 – Venus occults Mercury
Mutual occultations, transits, and eclipses of the moons of Jupiter and Saturn
Twice during the orbital cycles of Jupiter and Saturn, the equatorial (and satellite) planes of those planets are aligned with Earth's orbital plane, resulting in a series of mutual occultations and eclipses between the moons of these giant planets. The terms eclipse, occultation, and transit are also used to describe these events.[1] A satellite of Jupiter (for example) may be eclipsed (i.e. made dimmer because it moves into Jupiter's shadow), occulted (i.e. hidden from view because Jupiter lies on our line of sight), or may transit (i.e. pass in front of) Jupiter's disk (see also Solar eclipses on Jupiter).
Other planetary occultations
This table is another compilation of occultations and transits of bright stars and planets by solar planets.[citation needed] These events are not visible everywhere the occulting body and the occulted body are above the skyline. Some events are barely visible, because they take place in close proximity to the Sun.
| Day | Time (UT) | Foreground planet | Background object | Elongation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9 December 1802 | 07:36 | Mercury | Acrab | 16.2° West |
| 9 December 1808 | 20:34 | Mercury | Saturn | 20.3° West |
| 22 December 1810 | 06:32 | Venus | Xi-2 Sagittarii | 11.1° East |
| 3 January 1818 | 21:52 | Venus | Jupiter | 16.5° West |
| 11 July 1825 | 09:10 | Venus | Delta-1 Tauri | 44.4° West |
| 11 July 1837 | 12:50 | Mercury | Eta Geminorum | 17.8° West |
| 9 May 1841 | 19:35 | Venus | 17 Tauri | 9.2° East |
| 27 September 1843 | 18:00 | Venus | Eta Virginis | 3.2° West |
| 16 December 1850 | 11:28 | Mercury | Lambda Sagittarii | 10.2° East |
| 22 May 1855 | 05:04 | Venus | Epsilon Geminorum | 37.4° East |
| 30 June 1857 | 00:25 | Saturn | Delta Geminorum | 8.4° East |
| 5 December 1865 | 14:20 | Mercury | Lambda Sagittarii | 21.0° East |
| 28 February 1876 | 05:13 | Jupiter | Acrab | 97.6° West |
| 7 June 1881 | 20:54 | Mercury | Epsilon Geminorum | 21.2° East |
| 9 December 1906 | 17:40 | Venus | Acrab | 14.9° West |
| 27 July 1910 | 02:53 | Venus | Eta Geminorum | 31.0° West |
| 24 December 1937 | 18:38 | Mercury | Omicron Sagittarii | 11.6° East |
| 10 June 1940 | 02:21 | Mercury | Epsilon Geminorum | 20.1° East |
| 25 October 1947 | 01:45 | Venus | Zuben-el-genubi (Alpha-2 Librae) | 13.5° East |
| 7 July 1959 | 14:30 | Venus | Regulus | 44.5° East |
| 27 September 1965 | 15:30 | Mercury | Eta Virginis | 2.6° West |
| 13 May 1971 | 20:00 | Jupiter | Beta Scorpii (both components) | 169.5° West |
| 8 April 1976 | 01:00 | Mars | Epsilon Geminorum | 81.3° East |
| 17 November 1981 | 15:27 | Venus | Nunki | 47.0° East |
| 19 November 1984 | 01:32 | Venus | Lambda Sagittarii | 39.2° East |
| 3 July 1989 | Saturn | 28 Sagittarii | ||
| 4 December 2015 | 16:14 | Mercury | Theta Ophiuchi | 9.6° East |
| 17 February 2035 | 15:19 | Venus | Pi Sagittarii | 42.1° West |
| 1 October 2044 | 22:00 | Venus | Regulus | 38.9° West |
| 23 February 2046 | 19:24 | Venus | Rho-1 Sagittarii | 45.4° West |
| 10 November 2052 | 07:20 | Mercury | Zuben-el-genubi (Alpha-2 Librae) | 2.8° West |
| 22 November 2065 | 12:45 | Venus | Jupiter | 7.9° West |
| 15 July 2067 | 11:56 | Mercury | Neptune | 18.4° West |
| 11 August 2069 | 20:25 | Venus | Zavijava | 38.4° East |
| 3 October 2078 | 22:00 | Mars | Theta Ophiuchi | 71.4° East |
| 11 August 2079 | 01:30 | Mercury | Mars | 11.3° West |
| 27 October 2088 | 13:43 | Mercury | Jupiter | 4.7° West |
| 7 April 2094 | 10:48 | Mercury | Jupiter | 1.8° West |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 P. Kenneth Seidelmann (ed.), Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac: A Revision to the Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris and the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac (Sausalito [CA]: University Science Books, 1992).
- ↑ Curtis, Jan. "Planet-on-Planet Occultations (Worldwide)". http://climate.gi.alaska.edu/curtis/astro4.html. Retrieved 2012-08-08.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Albers, Steven (March 1979). "Mutual Occultations of Planets: 1557-2230". Sky and Telescope 57 (3): 220. Bibcode: 1979S&T....57..220A.
- ↑ Stubbs, William (1879). Volume 1 of the Historical Works of Gervase of Canterbury. Longman & Company. p. 221.
- ↑ Hilton, J. L.; Seidelmann, P. K.; Liu, C. (October 1988). "Analysis of ancient Chinese records of occultations between planets and stars". Astronomical Journal 96: 1485. doi:10.1086/114900. Bibcode: 1988AJ.....96.1482H. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA423606.pdf.
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