Biography:Berit Brogaard

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Short description: Danish–American philosopher (born 1970)
Berit Oskar Brogaard
Berit Brogaard.jpg
Brogaard in 2010
Born28 August 1970 (1970-08-28) (age 53)
Copenhagen, Denmark
EducationUniversity at Buffalo
EraContemporary philosophy
RegionWestern philosophy
SchoolAnalytic
Doctoral advisorBarry Smith
Main interests
Notable ideas
Synesthesia as a gateway to hidden areas of the brain; left-brain activation during visual memory; perceptual reports; primitive color properties; dynamic two-dimensional semantics

Berit Oskar Brogaard (born August 28, 1970) is a Danish–American philosopher specializing in the areas of cognitive neuroscience, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of language. Her recent work concerns synesthesia, savant syndrome, blindsight and perceptual reports. She is professor of philosophy and runs a perception lab at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida.[1][2] She was also co-editor of the Philosophical Gourmet Report until 2021.

Education and career

Brogaard was born and raised in Copenhagen. From an early age, she excelled at physics, mathematics, and biology, eventually completing her undergraduate education at the University of Copenhagen with a bachelor's degree in linguistics and philosophy. She then studied neuroscience under the direction of Thue Schwartz at University of Copenhagen and the Danish National Hospital.[3]

Upon completion of her degrees in Copenhagen she studied linguistics and philosophy at the University at Buffalo, where she obtained her PhD with Barry Smith as her supervisor. She was a postdoctoral fellow at the Centre for Consciousness and the Philosophy Program directed by David Chalmers at the Australian National University from 2007 to 2009,[4] and her first tenure-track position was at Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, from 2001 to 2005.[5] She was subsequently appointed associate professor of philosophy (2008–2012) and Professor of Philosophy (2012–2014) at University of Missouri, St. Louis. She has taught at the University of Miami since 2014.[1]

She has been President of the Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology and was the first female President of the Central States Philosophical Association.[6][7] Brogaard is also a Danish-language poet.[8] She is co-editor of the Philosophical Gourmet Report, a ranking of philosophy graduate programs, since 2014.

Since 2009 Brogaard has worked as a freelance writer for many popular media outlets, including Psychology Today,[9] Hello Magazine and the Lance Armstrong Foundation. Since then she has written about 300 popular articles on brain intervention and emotional regulation.[10] She has also co-authored a breakup program with counselor and relationship expert Catherine Behan entitled The Breakup Cleanse.[11] Brogaard's research regarding relationships has been featured in publications like Cosmopolitan where she addresses physiological components to having people one is romantically interested in not responding, or responding apathetically to their text messages.[12] Additionally, she has written about other contemporary social dynamics such as how to handle the consequences of work-place gossip, using reverse psychology to handle undesirable work environments, and common emotional warning signs between relationship partners.[13]

Her academic and popular work has been featured in, among other places, A Report of the President's Council on Bioethics - Washington D.C. 2004,[14] Danish National Radio,[15] The Modesto Bee,[16] UMSL newsroom,[17][18][19] MostMost,[20] Attract Your Soul Mate Now,[21] Nightline,[22] NPR,[23] Popular Science,[24] Science Omega,[25] the Huffington Post,[26] and ABC News.[22]

Philosophical work

Cognitive neuroscience

In the area of cognitive neuroscience Brogaard is best known for her work on synesthesia and savant syndrome.[26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] Her team, which consists of colleagues from the Brogaard Lab for Multisensory Research,[34] and the Visual Awareness and Cognition Group, Brain Research Unit, Low Temperature Laboratory, Aalto University School of Science, Finland,[35] has completed a series of studies on Jason Padgett,[36] who has acquired savant syndrome and acquired synesthesia. Padgett was mugged in 2002.[37] He was hit on his head and developed a form of synesthesia and savant syndrome.[37] Certain objects and mathematical formulas trigger synesthetic mathematical fractals in him.[37][38] He is the first to hand-draw mathematical fractals, an ability he acquired after the incident.[37][39][40]

In a series of functional MRI studies in Finland, Brogaard's team found uni-lateral left-side activity in the parietal and frontal areas when Padgett is exposed to well-formed mathematical formulas that give rise to synesthetic fractals in him and bi-lateral activation when he is exposed to nonsense formulas or formulas that don't give rise to synesthetic fractals.

They re-tested the results from the Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). In the TMS study, Padgett was shown formulas and asked to rate his synesthetic sensation on a scale 1–10, relative to his "baseline" percept (i.e. without TMS). They applied TMS over the brain areas that were activated in the fMRI scan with the formulas that give rise to synesthetic experiences and found the TMS modulated two central areas.

The results establish for the first time that synesthetic imagery may be generated in areas of the brain not normally used for the creation of visual imagery.[41]

Brogaard's lab has also studied the cognitive mechanisms underlying grapheme–color synesthesia, one of the most common forms of synesthesia.[42] Using a novel visual search paradigm to examine whether synesthetic colors guide the subject's attention to the location of the target they found that synesthetic experience requires selective attention to occur. In light of this they propose a new long term potentiation model for grapheme-color projector synesthesia.

Brogaard has also contributed to the topic of whether there are unconscious perceptual processes, arguing that cases of blindsight and visual for action involve unconscious perceptual processes.[43][44]

Philosophy of mind

In the area of philosophy of mind, Brogaard is the first to provide a thorough analysis of perceptual words such as 'look', 'sound', 'feel', 'taste', 'smell', 'seem', 'appear', 'see' and 'hear'.[45] She argues that perceptual reports containing these words reflect the content of perception.[46][47]

Brogaard is also the first researcher to show that consciousness comes in degrees and that there can be borderline cases of consciousness.[48] Imagine a case where we slowly destroy the primary visual cortex of a subject, one neuron at a time in an arbitrary fashion. Plausibly such an individual would proceed slowly from perceiving her surroundings normally to perceiving them unconsciously. In this process, the brightness of the perceived content would gradually decrease until a point at which it would be unclear whether the perception counted as weakly conscious.

Or consider George Sperling's classic experiment in which a 3 x 3 array of letters was briefly flashed to the test subjects. Most subjects said that they were aware of all the letters, even though they could report only about half of them. To test whether the subjects were right, Sperling used a tone after the presentation of the stimulus to signal which row the subjects should report (high tone = top row, medium tone = middle row and low tone = the bottom row). The subjects were able to name the letters in the indicated row but they were unable to report any other numbers. The fact that the subjects were able to report any signaled row indicates that they were phenomenally conscious of all the rows but did not have access consciousness to all of them. But suppose we were to flash a 4 x 4 array of letters, then a 5 x 5 array of letters, then 6 x 6 array of letters, and so on, to subjects in an experiment. In that case, it would naturally become harder and harder for them to report the rows as the array became increasingly more complicated. There would, however, be no precise cut-off at which the subjects would go from being weakly conscious to not being weakly conscious of all the rows.

Philosophy of language

Brogaard is also a well known contributor to the philosophy of language. Brogaard's book, Transient Truths provides the first book-length exposition and defense of temporalism,[49][50] the view that contents can change their truth-values along with changes in the world. Brogaard argues that temporal contents are contents and propositions in the full sense. This project involves a thorough analysis of how we talk about and retain mental states over time, an examination of how the phenomenology of mental states bear on the content of mental states, an analysis of how we pass on information in temporally extended conversations, and a revival of a-priorian-tense logic. The view suggests a broader view according to which some types of representation have a determinate truth-value only relative to features about the subject who does the representing. If this view is right, successful semantic representation requires an eye on our own position in the world. Brogaard has also offered well known philosophical accounts of moral permissibility,[14][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] anti-realism,[58][59][60] and knowledge-how.[61]

Brogaard is furthermore the first to develop a dynamic two-dimensional semantics that can account for cognitive significance in a dynamic setting.[62]

Books

Transient Truths: An Essay in the Metaphysics of Propositions

Transient Truths provides a book-length exposition and defense of temporalism, the philosophical theory that the contents of propositions can change their truth-values along with changes in the world. Brogaard argues that temporal contents are contents and propositions in the full sense. The project involves an analysis of how we talk about and retain mental states over time, an examination of how the phenomenology of mental states bear on the content of mental states, an analysis of how we pass on information in temporally extended conversations, and a revival of a Priorian tense logic. Her view suggests a broader view according to which some types of representation have a determinate truth-value only relative to features about the subject who does the representing. If this view is right, successful semantic representation requires an eye on our own position in the world.[63]

On Romantic Love: Simple Truths About a Complex Emotion

Brogaard argues that love is an emotion; that it can be, at turns, both rational and irrational; and that it can be manifested in degrees. We can love one person more than another and we can love a person a little or a lot or not at all and love is not always something we consciously feel. However, love—like other emotions, both conscious and unconscious—is subject to rational control, and falling in or out of it can be a deliberate choice.[64]

The Superhuman Mind: Free the Genius in Your Brain

Brogaard and co-author Kristian Marlow argue that our brains constantly process a huge amount of information below our awareness, and what individuals with savant syndrome have in common is that through practice, injury, an innate brain disorder, or even more unusual circumstances, they have managed to gain a degree of conscious access to the brain's innate potent processing power. Delving into the neurological underpinnings of savant syndrome, the authors reveal how we can acquire some of these skills ourselves—from perfect pitch and lightning fast math skills to supercharged creativity.[65]

Seeing and Saying: The Language of Perception and the Representational View of Experience

Brogaard argues that perceptual experiences have representational contents. She bases her argument on a linguistic analysis of what we mean when we say that an object appears or looks a certain way to the perceiver. Brogaard then argues on the basis of her analysis of "looks" and "seemings" that perceptual experiences are representational states rather than perceptual relations of direct acquaintance between the perceiver and some external-world fact.[66][67]

Hatred: Understanding Our Most Dangerous Emotion

Brogaard explores the moral psychology of personal and group hatred. She argues that personal hatred that can sometimes serve as a reactive attitude to wrongdoing, in Peter Strawson's sense.[68] In her view, personal hatred is thus akin to paradigm reactive attitudes like blame, resentment, and indignation. Unlike personal hatred, she argues, hatred directed toward groups (e.g., anti-Black hatred, misogyny, and hatred toward members of the LGBTQ+ community) is never morally defensible. Brogaard then examines legal theorist Jeremy Waldron's argument for the view that the harm in hate speech lies in its defamatory nature.[69] She argues that this account is unable to accommodate the harm of hate speech that lacks truth-conditions (e.g., a hateful question). She argues that philosopher Jürgen Habermas's theory of communicative rationality (German: kommunikative Rationalität) can be extended to provide a more comprehensive account of the harm in hate speech.[70][71]

Bibliography

A partial list of publications by Brogaard:

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "cv - BeritBrogaard". https://sites.google.com/site/brogaardb/cv. 
  2. ↑ "Brogaard Lab for Multisensory Research - Synesthesia - Savant Syndrome - Autism". Brogaard Lab for Multisensory Research. http://brogaardlab.com. 
  3. ↑ "New APPS Interview: Berit Brogaard". New APPS: Art, Politics, Philosophy, Science. http://www.newappsblog.com/2011/11/new-apps-interview-berit-brogaard.html. 
  4. ↑ "People". http://consciousness.anu.edu.au/people. 
  5. ↑ "Berit Brogaard at Southern Illinois University - Edwardsville - RateMyProfessors.com". http://www.ratemyprofessors.com/ShowRatings.jsp?tid=624797. 
  6. ↑ (April 2013). "1 scholar to lead philosophy, psychology society; another nabs Princeton fellowship - UMSL Daily". UMSL Daily. http://blogs.umsl.edu/news/2013/04/01/society-fellowship/. 
  7. ↑ Central States Philosophical Association
  8. ↑ International Who's Who in Poetry 2005 Europa Publications, - Page 218 "BROGAARD-PEDERSEN,. Berit. Oskar. ; PhD Researcher, Writer and Poet; b. 28 Aug. 1970, Copenhagen, Denmark. ... Publications: Danskere til Salg, 1991; Livet I lysthuset, 1992; Solnedgangens Orange Born, 1994; Handen der fandt ud af ..."
  9. ↑ "The Superhuman Mind". Psychology Today. http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-superhuman-mind. 
  10. ↑ "Mainstream". http://sites.google.com/site/brogaardmainstream/. 
  11. ↑ "The Breakup Cleanse". http://breakupcleansebook.com/. 
  12. ↑ "16 Signs You're Dating Someone Who's Afraid Of Commitment" (in en). cosmo.ph. https://www.cosmo.ph/relationships/signs-dating-afraid-commitment-src-intl-a1552-20171004-lfrm. 
  13. ↑ "4 ways to deal with a coworker who's spreading gossip about you" (in en-US). Business Insider. 2017-03-22. https://www.businessinsider.nl/how-to-deal-with-gossip-at-work-2017-3/. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "PCBE: Monitoring Stem Cell Research: Chapter 3: Recent Developments in the Ethical and Policy Debates". http://bioethics.georgetown.edu/pcbe/reports/stemcell/chapter3.html. 
  15. ↑ "Videnskabens Verden". Videnskabens Verden - dr.dk. http://www.dr.dk/P1/Videnskabensverden/Udsendelser/2011/05/09103811_1_1.htm. 
  16. ↑ the Modesto Bee
  17. ↑ (3 June 2009). "Researcher pens book on history of air travel". UMSL Daily. http://blogs.umsl.edu/news/2010/06/22/brit/Researcher. 
  18. ↑ . "brogaard_brit_400". UMSL Daily. http://blogs.umsl.edu/news/?attachment_id=24394. 
  19. ↑ (30 January 2013). "Seeing letters as colors: UMSL professor studies synesthesia". UMSL Daily. http://blogs.umsl.edu/news/2013/01/30/colors-letters/. 
  20. ↑ "10 Relationship Rules You Should Break - MostMost News". http://www.mostmost.net/2010/07/08/10-relationship-rules-you-should-break/. 
  21. ↑ "True Love Chemistry Echoes Neuroscience and Happily Ever After". BlogTalkRadio. 30 June 2010. http://www.blogtalkradio.com/attractyoursoulmatenow/2010/06/30/true-love-chemistry-echoes-neuroscience-and-happily-ever-after. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Real 'Beautiful Mind': College Dropout Became Mathematical Genius After Mugging (PHOTOS)". https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/health/2012/04/27/real-beautiful-mind-accidental-genius-draws-complex-math-formulas-photos/. 
  23. ↑ "Seeing Sounds, Hearing Colors: UMSL Professor Researches Rare Condition". http://news.stlpublicradio.org/post/seeing-sounds-hearing-colors-st-louis-synesthesia-lab-explores-rare-condition. 
  24. ↑ "When Brain Damage Unlocks The Genius Within". 19 February 2013. http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2013-02/when-brain-damage-unlocks-genius-within. 
  25. ↑ "Synaesthesia and savant syndrome: are we all superhuman?". http://www.scienceomega.com/article/678/synaesthesia-and-savant-syndrome-are-we-all-superhuman. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Mosbergen, Dominique (30 April 2012). "College Dropout Jason Padgett Becomes Accidental Mathematical Genius After Brutal Mugging". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/30/college-dropout-jason-pad_n_1464835.html. 
  27. ↑ "Case Study of Accidental Genius". Danish National Public Radio. 
  28. ↑ "Man Becomes Genius After Head Injury". ABC Nightline. 2012-04-27. https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/video/man-genius-head-injury-16233262?tab=9482930&section=1206872&playlist=1887643. 
  29. ↑ Karlinsky, Neal (2012-04-27). "Real 'Beautiful Mind': College Dropout Became Mathematical Genius After Mugging". ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/health/2012/04/27/real-beautiful-mind-accidental-genius-draws-complex-math-formulas-photos/. 
  30. ↑ Edgington, Katy (2 November 2012). "Synaesthesia and savant syndrome: are we all superhuman?". Science Omega. http://www.scienceomega.com/article/678/synaesthesia-and-savant-syndrome-are-we-all-superhuman. 
  31. ↑ Marsh, Don (4 February 2013). "Seeing Sounds, Hearing Colors: UMSL Professor Researches Rare Condition". NPR. http://news.stlpublicradio.org/post/seeing-sounds-hearing-colors-umsl-professor-researches-rare-condition. 
  32. ↑ Piore, Adam (2013-02-19). "When Brain Damage Unlocks The Genius Within". Popular Science. http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2013-02/when-brain-damage-unlocks-genius-within. 
  33. ↑ "Fractals and the Mind, Explorations September 2012". http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/18473864/846497944/name/Fractals+and+the+Mind.pdf. 
  34. ↑ "Brogaard Lab for Multisensory Research - Synesthesia - Savant Syndrome - Autism". Brogaard Lab for Multisensory Research. http://www.brogaardlab.com. 
  35. ↑ "Vision Systems Neuroscience". http://ltl.tkk.fi/wiki/BRU/Vision_Systems_Neuroscience. 
  36. ↑ "Struck By Genius". http://www.struckbygenius.com/. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 Lewis, Tanya (6 May 2014). "A Brain Injury Turned A Regular Guy Into A Mathematical Genius". Business Insider. http://www.businessinsider.com/brain-injury-created-mathematical-genius-2014-5?nr_email_referer=1. 
  38. ↑ Keating, Sarah (11 April 2019). "The violent attack that turned a man into a maths genius". BBC News. http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius. 
  39. ↑ "Jason Padgett". Fine Art America. http://fineartamerica.com/profiles/jason-padgett.html. 
  40. ↑ "How to Make a Fractal". http://www.fantastic-fractals.com/Make-a-Fractal.html. 
  41. ↑ Yukihito Yomogida. "Mental Visual Synthesis is Originated in the Fronto-temporal Network of the Left Hemisphere". http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/content/14/12/1376.abstract. 
  42. ↑ The LTP Model for Grapheme-Color Binding in Synesthesia. In: Sensory Integration and the Unity of Consciousness. MIT Press. 2013. 
  43. ↑ Overgaard, Morten; Grünbaum, Thor (1 December 2011). "Consciousness and modality: On the possible preserved visual consciousness in blindsight subjects". Consciousness and Cognition 20 (4): 1855–1859. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.08.016. PMID 21930399. 
  44. ↑ Brogaard, Berit (9 Jan 2012). "Non-visual consciousness and visual images in blindsight". Consciousness and Cognition 21 (1): 595–596. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.12.003. PMID 22230357. 
  45. ↑ "PerceptualReports.pdf". Google Docs. https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B0GEjtSycjTKZGM2MjkxZmQtMmMxOS00Y2ZiLWIxM2YtOWZjOGE5YTM5YzEy&hl=en_US. 
  46. ↑ ""MCMP – Mathematical Philosophy (Archive 2011/12)" - Kostenloser Podcast von Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München in iTunes". iTunes. https://itunes.apple.com/de/itunes-u/center-for-mathematical-philosophy/id439913748?ls=1. 
  47. ↑ Deroy, Ophelia (2013). Brown R. ed. Synesthesia: An experience of the third kind?. In: Consciousness Inside and Out: Phenomenology, Neuroscience, and the Nature of Experience.. Springer. 
  48. ↑ "Is Conscious a Gradable Adjective.pdf". Google Docs. https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B0GEjtSycjTKZGY2NDUwNmItYzkzNi00ODA1LTkxOGEtNzU5OWEyZjQyYjY4&hl=en&authkey=CJuan98N. 
  49. ↑ ENR // AgencyND // University of Notre Dame (11 December 2012). "Transient Truths: An Essay in the Metaphysics of Propositions". http://ndpr.nd.edu/news/36173-transient-truths-an-essay-in-the-metaphysics-of-propositions/. 
  50. ↑ Pacific Division of the APA (2013). "Author-Meets-Critics: Brit Brogaard, Transient Truths: An Essay in the Metaphysics of Propositions". http://apa-pacific.org/current/main-program.php. 
  51. ↑ Brogaard, Berit (1 July 2008). "Moral Contextualism and Moral Relativism". The Philosophical Quarterly 58 (232): 385–409. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9213.2007.543.x. https://philpapers.org/archive/BROMC.pdf. 
  52. ↑ Binderup, Lars (1 July 2008). "Brogaard's Moral Contextualism". The Philosophical Quarterly 58 (232): 410–415. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9213.2007.544.x. 
  53. ↑ Damschen, G; Gómez-Lobo, A; Schönecker, D (April 2006). "Sixteen days? A reply to B. Smith and B. Brogaard on the beginning of human individuals.". The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 31 (2): 165–75. doi:10.1080/03605310600588707. PMID 16595346. 
  54. ↑ Björnsson, Gunnar; Finlay, Stephen (1 October 2010). "Metaethical Contextualism Defended*". Ethics 121 (1): 7–36. doi:10.1086/656304. https://philpapers.org/rec/FINMCD-2. 
  55. ↑ Francén, Ragnar (2010). "No deep disagreement for new relativists". Philosophical Studies 151 (1): 19–37. doi:10.1007/s11098-009-9414-6. 
  56. ↑ Jenkins, C.S.; Nolan, Daniel (1 September 2010). "Maximising, Satisficing and Context*". Noûs 44 (3): 451–468. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0068.2010.00750.x. 
  57. ↑ Baker, Carl (2012). "Indexical contextualism and the challenges from disagreement". Philosophical Studies 157 (1): 107–123. doi:10.1007/s11098-010-9621-1. 
  58. ↑ Moretti, Luca (2008). "Brogaard and Salerno on antirealism and the conditional fallacy". Philosophical Studies 140 (2): 229–246. doi:10.1007/s11098-007-9139-3. 
  59. ↑ Rosenkranz, S. (1 January 2004). "Fitch back in action again?". Analysis 64 (1): 67–71. doi:10.1093/analys/64.1.67. 
  60. ↑ Rosenkranz, Sven (1 March 2008). "Knowability, Closure, and Anti-Realism". Dialectica 62 (1): 59–75. doi:10.1111/j.1746-8361.2007.01129.x. 
  61. ↑ SCHAFFER, JONATHAN (1 March 2009). "Knowing the Answer Redux: Replies to Brogaard and Kallestrup". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 78 (2): 477–500. doi:10.1111/j.1933-1592.2009.00252.x. 
  62. ↑ "Context and Content.pdf". Google Docs. https://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0B0GEjtSycjTKMTEwMTkyZmUtZjZiZi00MDU5LThmYTQtZDJlNThlOWFkNzI0&hl=en. 
  63. ↑ Brogaard, Berit (2012-04-12). Amazon.com: Transient Truths: An Essay in the Metaphysics of Propositions (9780199796908): Berit Brogaard: Books. ISBN 978-0199796908. 
  64. ↑ Brogaard, Berit (2015). On Romantic Love: Simple Truths about a Complex Emotion (Philosophy in Action): Berit Brogaard: 9780199370733: Amazon.com: Books. ISBN 978-0199370733. 
  65. ↑ Brogaard, Berit; Marlow, Kristian (2015). The Superhuman Mind: Free the Genius in Your Brain: Berit Brogaard PhD PhD, Kristian Marlow MA MA: 9781594633683: Amazon.com: Books. ISBN 978-1594633683. 
  66. ↑ Brogaard, Berit (2018). Seeing and Saying: The Language of Perception and the Representational View of Experience : Berit Brogaard: 9780190495251: Amazon.com: Books. ISBN 978-0190495251. 
  67. ↑ "Seeing and Saying: The Language of Perception and the Representational View of Experience". Oxford University Press. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/seeing-and-saying-9780190495251?. 
  68. ↑ "Peter Frederick Strawson". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2023. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/strawson/. 
  69. ↑ The Harm in Hate Speech. Harvard University Press. 6 October 2014. ISBN 9780674416864. https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674416864#. 
  70. ↑ Brogaard, Berit (2020). Hatred: Understanding Our Most Dangerous Emotion : Berit Brogaard: 9780190084448: Amazon.com: Books. ISBN 978-0190084448. 
  71. ↑ "Hatred: Understanding Our Most Dangerous Emotion". Oxford University Press. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/hatred-9780190084448?. 

External links



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