Biology:Acanthopteroctetidae

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Short description: Infraorder of moths

Acanthopteroctetidae
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Acanthopteroctetidae
Davis, 1978
Genera and species

Acanthopteroctetes Braun, 1921

Catapterix Zagulajev & Sinev, 1988

Diversity
7 described species in 2 genera + 2 undescribed species

Acanthopteroctetidae is a small family of primitive moths with two described genera, Acanthopteroctetes and Catapterix, and a total of seven described species.[lower-alpha 1] They are known as the archaic sun moths.

As of 2002, the Acanthopteroctetidae were classified as sole family in superfamily Acanthopteroctetoidea and infraorder Acanthoctesia.[2] Based on more recent research, they may instead be included (alongside the Neopseustidae and the Aenigmatineidae) in superfamily Neopseustoidea.[1](pp675, 681)

Morphology

Moths in this superfamily are usually small (but one is 15 mm. in wingspan) and iridescent. Like other "homoneurous" Coelolepida and non-ditrysian Heteroneura, the ocelli are lost. There are a variety of unique structural characteristics,[3] and are evolutionary distinctive.[4] The female adults of both Catapterix crimaea[5] and C. tianshanica[6] are unknown.

Diversity and distribution

Four of the species of type genus Acanthopteroctetes (A. aurulenta, A. bimaculata, A. tripunctata and A. unifascia) are very localised in Western North America,[7] while its fifth species (A. nepticuloides) was described from South Africa .[8] Genus Catapterix has two species, of which Catapterix crimaea has been observed in Crimea and southern France ,[5] while Catapterix tianshanica is known from Kyrgyzstan.[6]

In addition, two taxa are known to exist but have so far not been formally described: one from the Andes in Peru,[3](p54)[1](p691) and one from China.[1](p691)

Taxonomy

Around the start of the century, they were considered the fifth group up on the comb of branching events in the extant lepidopteran phylogeny,[9](p10) and also deemed to represent the most basal lineage in the lepidopteran group Coelolepida[10] (along with Lophocoronoidea and the massive group "Myoglossata") characterised in part by its scale morphology.[3](pp53–54)

Research on the molecular phylogeny of the Lepidoptera since then has indicated a close relation between the Acanthopteroctetidae, the Neopseustidae and the Aenigmatineidae,[1](pp672–681) and the three may be considered part of a single superfamily Neopseustoidea rather than three separate, monobasic superfamilies.[1](p681) Molecular data from the same research showed weak support for the clade Coelolepida, and weakly contradicted the placement of Acanthopteroctetidae as most basal lineage of the Coelolepida.[1](p676)

Genus Catapterix was originally described within its own family, Catapterigidae,[11][12] which is considered a junior synonym of Acanthopteroctidae,[13] with which it shares specialised structural features including similar wing morphology (in A. unifascia).[4](p1255)

Biology

Data on the species in Acanthopteroctetidae are scarce. Of the seven described species, only Acanthopteroctetes unifascia has a full description of the larval stage available.[1](p691)[6] Other than a single record of a specimen tentatively identified as Acanthopteroctetes bimaculata,[1](p691) the larvae of the remaining species in both genera are unknown.

Acanthopteroctetes unifascia larvae are leaf-miners on the shrub genus Ceanothus (Rhamnaceae).[3] They form blotch-shaped mines and overwinter as larva, after which feeding continues in spring.[1] Pupation occurs in a cocoon on the ground.[3] The adult moths emerge during spring and are diurnal.

The specimen tentatively identified as Acanthopteroctetes bimaculata was recorded from a leaf mine on a Ribes sp. (Grossulariaceae).[1](p691)

Conservation

(As of September 2022), none of the species in Acanthopteroctetidae have been evaluated by the IUCN.[14]

Footnotes and references

  1. ↑ Two additional species, from respectively Peru and China, are known to exist but have yet to be formally described.[1](p691)
  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 Regier, Jerome C.; Mitter, Charles; Kristensen, Niels P.; Davis, Donald R.; Van Nieukerken, Erik J.; Rota, Jadranka; Simonsen, Thomas J.; Mitter, Kim T. et al. (October 2015). "A molecular phylogeny for the oldest (nonditrysian) lineages of extant Lepidoptera, with implications for classification, comparative morphology and life-history evolution: Molecular phylogeny for nonditrysian Lepidoptera". Systematic Entomology 40 (4). doi:10.1111/syen.12129. 
  2. ↑ Minet, J. (2002). Proposal of an infraordinal name for the Acanthopteroctetidae (Lepidoptera). Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 107 (3) 222. [Infraorder Acanthoctesia].
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Kristensen, N.P. (1999). The homoneurous Glossata. Ch. 5, pp. 51–64 in Kristensen, N.P. (Ed.). Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbuch der Zoologie. Eine Naturgeschichte der Stämme des Tierreiches / Handbook of Zoology. A Natural History of the phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Band / Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta Teilband / Part 35: 491 pp. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Nielsen, E. S. and Kristensen, N. P. (1996). The Australian moth family Lophocoronidae and the basal phylogeny of the Lepidoptera Glossata. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 10: 1199-1302.Abstract
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Nel, J.; Varenne, T.; van Nieukerken, Erik (1 January 2016). "Découverte en France d'un lépidoptère "primitif", Catapterix crimaea Zagulajev & Sinev, 1988 (Lepidoptera, Neopseustoidea, Acanthopteroctetidae)" (in en). Revue de l'Association Roussillonnaise d'Entomologie XXV (3): 153–156. ISSN 1288-5509. https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/648812. Retrieved 14 September 2022. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Mey, Wolfram; Rutjan, Evgeniy (28 September 2016). "Catapterix tianshanica sp. n. – the second species of the genus from the Palaearctic Region (Lepidoptera, Acanthopteroctetidae)". Nota Lepidopterologica 39 (2): 145–150. doi:10.3897/nl.39.9882. https://nl.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=9882. Retrieved 14 September 2022. 
  7. ↑ Davis, D. R. (1978). A revision of the North American moths of the superfamily Eriocranioidea with the proposal of a new family, Acanthopteroctetidae (Lepidoptera). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 251: 1-131.
  8. ↑ Mey, Wolfram (2011). "Basic pattern of Lepidoptera diversity in southwestern Africa". Esperiana Memoir 6: 151–152. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266614868. Retrieved 14 September 2022.  [linked PDF is incomplete, but gives part of the relevant text]
  9. ↑ Kristensen, N. P. and Skalski, A.W. (1999). Phylogeny and paleontology. Pages 7–25 in: Lepidoptera: Moths and Butterflies. 1. Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbook of Zoology Vol. IV, Part 35. N. P. Kristensen, ed. De Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
  10. ↑ Wiegmann, B.M., Regier, J.C. and Mitter, C. (2002). Combined molecular and morphological evidence on the phylogeny of the earliest lepidopteran lineages. Zoologica Scripta, 31 (1): 67-81. doi:10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00091.x
  11. ↑ Sinev, S.Y. (1988). Systematic position of the Catapterigidae (Lepidoptera) and the problem of the naturalness of the group Heteroneura. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 67: 602-614. In Russian [see Entomological Review (1990) 69: 1-14 for a translation].
  12. ↑ Zagulajev, A.K.; Sinev S.Y. (1988). Catapterigidae fam. n. - a new family of lower Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera, Dacnonypha). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 68: 35-43. In Russian [see Entomological Review (1989) 68: 35-43 for a translation].
  13. ↑ De Prins, J.; De Prins, W. (2011–2021). "Catapterigidae". http://www.afromoths.net/families/show/106. 
  14. ↑ "IUCN Red List". https://www.iucnredlist.org/. 

Further reading

  • Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders, edited by Christopher O'Toole, ISBN:1-55297-612-2, 2002

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q133135 entry



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