Biology:Alauda
From HandWiki
Short description: Genus of birds
| Alauda | |
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| Eurasian skylark (Alauda arvensis) File:Eurasian Skylark (Alauda arvensis) (W1CDR0001421 BD2).ogg | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Alaudidae |
| Genus: | Alauda Linnaeus, 1758 |
| Type species | |
| Alauda arvensis Linnaeus, 1758
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| Species | |
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see text | |
Alauda is a genus of larks found across much of Europe, Asia and in the mountains of north Africa, and one of the species (the Raso lark) endemic to the islet of Raso in the Cape Verde Islands.[1] Further, at least two additional species are known from the fossil record. The current genus name is from Latin alauda, "lark". Pliny the Elder thought the word was originally of Celtic origin.[2]
Taxonomy and systematics
The genus Alauda was introduced by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.[3] The type species was subsequently designated as the Eurasian skylark.[4]
The genus Alauda has four extant and at least two extinct species. Formerly, many other species have also been considered to belong to the genus.
Extant species
The genus contains four species:[1]
| Image | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Alauda leucoptera | White-winged lark | southern Ukraine through Kazakhstan to south-central Russia |
 |
Alauda razae | Raso lark | Raso islet in the Cape Verde Islands |
.jpg) |
Alauda gulgula | Oriental skylark | southern, central and eastern Asia |
|
Alauda arvensis | Eurasian skylark | across Europe and Asia |
Extinct species
- †Alauda xerarvensis (late Pliocene of Varshets, Bulgaria)[5]
- †Alauda tivadari (late Miocene of Polgardi, Hungary)[6]
Former species
Previously, some authorities also classified the following species (or subspecies) as species within the genus Alauda:
- Greater hoopoe-lark (desertorum) (as Alauda desertorum)[7]
- Gray's lark (as Alauda grayi)[8]
- Short-clawed lark (as Alauda chuana)[9]
- Cape long-billed lark (as Alauda curvirostris)[10]
- Dusky lark (as Alauda nigricans)[11]
- Rufous-rumped lark (as Alauda erythropygia)[12]
- Desert lark (as Alauda deserti)[13]
- Middle East desert lark (as Alauda isabellina)[14]
- Bar-tailed lark (arenicolor) (as Alauda arenicolor)[15]
- Senegal chestnut-backed finch-lark (as Alauda melanocephala)[16]
- Ashy-crowned sparrow-lark (as Alauda grisea)[17]
- Congo Sabota lark (as Alauda plebeja)[18]
- Bradfield's lark (as Alauda naevia)[19]
- Pink-breasted lark (as Alauda poecilosterna)[20]
- Karoo lark (as Alauda albescens)[21]
- Karoo lark (codea) (as Alauda codea)[22]
- Karoo lark (guttata) (as Alauda guttata)[23]
- Dune lark (as Alauda erythrochlamys)[24]
- Eastern clapper lark (as Alauda fasciolata)[25]
- Cape clapper lark (as Alauda apiata)[26]
- Woodlark (as Alauda arborea)[27]
- Botha's lark (as Alauda fringillaris)[28]
- Pink-billed lark (as Alauda conirostris)[29]
- Sykes's lark (as Alauda Deva)[30]
- Large-billed lark (as A. magnirostris)[31]
- Crested lark (as Alauda cristata)[32]
- Senegal crested lark (as Alauda senegallensis)[33]
- Crested lark (leautungensis) (as Alauda leautungensis)[34]
- Indian crested lark (as Alauda Chendoola)[35]
- Malabar lark (as Alauda malabarica)[36]
- Horned lark (as Alauda alpestris)[37]
- Mexican horned lark (as Alauda chrysolaema)[38]
- Shore lark (as Alauda flava)[39]
- Southern horned lark (as Alauda Penicillata)[40]
- Temminck's lark (as Alauda bilopha)[41]
- Mongolian short-toed lark (as Alauda Dukhunensis)[42]
- Red-capped lark (as Alauda cinerea)[43]
- Red-capped lark (spleniata) (as Alauda spleniata)[44]
- Greater short-toed lark (as Alauda brachydactila)[45]
- Steppe greater short-toed lark (as Alauda longipennis)[46]
- Bimaculated lark (as Alauda bimaculata)[47]
- Calandra lark (as Alauda calandra)[48]
- Black lark (as Alauda yeltoniensis)[49]
- Mongolian lark (as Alauda mongolica)[50]
- Dupont's lark (as Alauda Duponti)[51]
- Mediterranean short-toed lark (as Alauda rufescens)[52]
- Sand lark (as Alauda raytal)[53]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds (2018). "Nicators, reedling, larks". World Bird List Version 8.2. International Ornithologists' Union. http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/larks/.
- ↑ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling.
- ↑ Linnaeus, Carl (1758) (in la). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 165. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727072.
- ↑ Mayr, Ernst; Greenway, James C. Jr, eds (1960). Check-list of Birds of the World. 9. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 65. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14480740.
- ↑ Boev, Z. 2012. Neogene Larks (Aves: Alaudidae (Vigors, 1825)) from Bulgaria - Acta zoologica bulgarica, 64 (3), 2012: 295-318.
- ↑ Kessler, E. 2013. Neogene songbirds (Aves, Passeriformes) from Hungary. – Hantkeniana, Budapest, 2013, 8: 37-149.
- ↑ "Alaemon alaudipes desertorum - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=B39F5BF4&sec=summary&ssver=1.
- ↑ "Ammomanopsis grayi - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=9E0E6D4E46F43BC2.
- ↑ "Certhilauda chuana - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=3244C2049F4C836E.
- ↑ "Certhilauda curvirostris - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=BEC2F8B64768F803.
- ↑ "Pinarocorys nigricans - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=511C1E5A797CBD71.
- ↑ "Pinarocorys erythropygia - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=148AA19260BD531C.
- ↑ "Ammomanes deserti - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=A977348D32FB435E.
- ↑ "Ammomanes deserti isabellina - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=9096FFDB&sec=summary&ssver=1.
- ↑ "Ammomanes cinctura arenicolor - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=78DD9CBA&sec=summary&ssver=1.
- ↑ "Eremopterix leucotis melanocephalus - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=7857037B&sec=summary&ssver=1.
- ↑ "Eremopterix griseus - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=73ED9A5445E85695.
- ↑ "Calendulauda sabota plebeja - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=F3074448&sec=summary&ssver=1.
- ↑ "Calendulauda naevia - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=E6977C8C&sec=summary&ssver=1.
- ↑ "Calendulauda poecilosterna - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=99F447ADD9E4A9C7.
- ↑ "Calendulauda albescens - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=DD338581&sec=summary&ssver=1.
- ↑ "Calendulauda albescens codea - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=087E0BE9&sec=summary&ssver=1.
- ↑ "Calendulauda albescens guttata - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=9B694CDC&sec=summary&ssver=1.
- ↑ "Calendulauda erythrochlamys - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=214FC4649C27757F.
- ↑ "Mirafra fasciolata - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=8A1D5A9C&sec=summary&ssver=1.
- ↑ "Mirafra apiata - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=6E24D50213D3160A.
- ↑ "Lullula arborea - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=742EC2F1CA97F56C.
- ↑ "Spizocorys fringillaris - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=53C0293AE6A9B14F.
- ↑ "Spizocorys conirostris - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=1E4143F8B2A08B03.
- ↑ "Galerida deva - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=4A6368CF5D87C1A7.
- ↑ "Galerida magnirostris - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=6CC67AB9&sec=summary&ssver=1.
- ↑ "Galerida cristata - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=FC79EB47&sec=summary&ssver=1.
- ↑ "Galerida cristata senegallensis - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=29A450DF&sec=summary&ssver=1.
- ↑ "Galerida cristata leautungensis - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=85288DC9&sec=summary&ssver=1.
- ↑ "Galerida cristata chendoola - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=A9C80BA3&sec=summary&ssver=1.
- ↑ "Galerida malabarica - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=DA29B24C&sec=summary&ssver=1.
- ↑ "Eremophila alpestris - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=77AFF9B86BC9FEE3.
- ↑ "Eremophila alpestris chrysolaema - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=D86577BD&sec=summary&ssver=1.
- ↑ "Eremophila alpestris flava - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=A4B3E0FB&sec=summary&ssver=1.
- ↑ "Eremophila alpestris penicillata - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=74897AE1&sec=summary&ssver=1.
- ↑ "Eremophila bilopha - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=89FCE277BC4898DD.
- ↑ "Calandrella dukhunensis - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=B9808769F728450D.
- ↑ "Calandrella cinerea - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=FCDA4F09&sec=summary&ssver=1.
- ↑ "Calandrella cinerea spleniata - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=83787EF0&sec=summary&ssver=1.
- ↑ "Calandrella brachydactyla - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=4091A51E0603BAF2.
- ↑ "Calandrella brachydactyla longipennis - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=B4B9FCCE&sec=summary&ssver=1.
- ↑ "Melanocorypha bimaculata - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=367807919B4EA167.
- ↑ "Melanocorypha calandra - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=BDC24A8AA8A51BF9.
- ↑ "Melanocorypha yeltoniensis - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=811FC71929CD3B00.
- ↑ "Melanocorypha mongolica - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=0D93B7320BED897D.
- ↑ "Chersophilus duponti - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=504B0218&sec=summary&ssver=1.
- ↑ "Alaudala rufescens - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=F8736B10&sec=summary&ssver=1.
- ↑ "Alaudala raytal - Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=862C271E&sec=summary&ssver=1.
External links
Wikidata ☰ Q378278 entry
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