Biology:Amanita frostiana
| Amanita frostiana | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Amanitaceae |
| Genus: | Amanita |
| Species: | A. frostiana
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| Binomial name | |
| Amanita frostiana (Peck) Saccardo
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| Synonyms[1][2] | |
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| Amanita frostiana | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | gills on hymenium |
 | cap is convex |
 | hymenium is free |
 | stipe has a ring |
 | spore print is white |
 | ecology is mycorrhizal |
 | edibility: not recommended or poisonous |
Amanita frostiana, also known as Frost's amanita,[3] is a small yellow-to-red fungus found in eastern North America.
Description
Some of the species' notable physical characteristics, however, distinguish it from the other members of the genus. For instance, the colors of the cap, darkening over the disk and the universal veil colored yellow to cream. The other characteristics of the other parts of its body are as follows:
- Cap : The cap is convex or sometimes shield-shaped, becoming flat with a fairly distinctly lined margin.[4] The cap may vary in lengths of 2–8 centimetres (1–3 inches). The colors include yellow to golden orange or a different combination of scarlet or deep reddish pink. The surface is smooth, becoming slightly sticky when moist.[5]
- Stem/stipe : The stem, also called stipe. The universal veil material is yellow to cream, forming yellow powder or flakes at the base of the stalk. It measures 47 to 62 millimetres (2 to 2 1⁄2 in) in length and 4 to 11 mm in diameter, also consisting a persistent annulus.[1]
- Gills : The gills are free, close, and cream in mass. The short gills are truncate to excavated-truncate and are numerous.
- Spores and microscopic features : The spores measure 7.0 to 10.2 µm wide and are globose to subglobose and inamyloid. It has also been noticed that the spores of this mushroom do not turn black in color if iodine is poured on it.[6]
Similar species
A. frostiana is similar to a range of species, including others in the species Amanita like A. rubrovolvata, A. flavoconia, A. albocreata, A. muscaria var. muscaria or simply A. muscaria and A. subfrostiana.
A. rubrovolvata is slightly similar physically to this species. The fungus produces small- to medium-sized mushrooms, with reddish-orange caps. Roger Heim reported A. frostiana as occurring in Thailand,[7] but this was probably a misidentification of A. rubrovolvata.
A. subfrostiana, also referred to as 'False Frost's Amanita', has the same natural habitat as of A. frostiana, but is mostly distributed in southwestern China.[8] It resembles A. frostiana but differs in the paleness of color in the caps.
The distinct and starkly white bulb (e.g., 17 x 15 mm) bears a white or yellow-white collar that is somewhat similar to the collar seen in the exannulate A. albocreata,[1] which is a species of the hardwood-hemlock (Tsuga) forest of the northeastern U.S. and southeastern Canada and of boreal forest at least as far north as the Island of Newfoundland.
The clamps present at bases of basidia of this species specially support the presumed relationship to A. muscaria var. muscaria or simply A. muscaria.[1] A. muscaria is a poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus.
Many misidentifications have taken place while recognizing A. flavoconia, one of the most common and widespread species of Amanita in eastern North America, due to various similar physical characteristics. It is mostly confused due to their microscopic features.[9]
Distribution and habitat
This rare species is considered native to eastern U.S. and southeastern Canada.[1] It is normally found in mixed forests with oaks (mostly Quercus oaks) and conifers (mostly Pinaceae conifers).[1]
Toxicity
The species is considered inedible[10] and poisonous.[4][11]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 R. E., Tulloss. "Amanita Frostiana (Peck)". http://www.njcc.com/~ret/amanita/species/frostian.html.
- ↑ "Amanita frostiana Peck, (1900)". Index Fungorum. http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=212832.
- ↑ "Standardized Common Names for Wild Species in Canada". 2020. https://www.wildspecies.ca.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Amania frostiana". Rogers Mushrooms. http://www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~5537~gid~~source~gallerydefault.asp.
- ↑ S. Metzler, V. Metzler (1992) (PDF). Texas mushrooms: a field guide. University of Texas Press. pp. 331. ISBN 9780292751255. https://books.google.com/books?id=HRtfvVigMmsC&q=Amanita+frostiana&pg=PA331.
- ↑ Shernoff L.. "Amanita frostiana". The Connecticut-Westchester Mycological Association (COMA). http://www.mushroomthejournal.com/coma/ey/Amanit212.html.
- ↑ Heim R. (1962) (in fr). Contribution à la flore mycologique de la Thaïland.
- ↑ R. E. Tulloss. "Amanita subfrostiana". http://www.eticomm.net/~ret/amanita/species/subfrost.html.
- ↑ R. E. Tulloss. "Amanita flavoconia G. F. Atk. var. flavoconia "American Yellow Dust Amanita"". http://www.eticomm.net/~ret/amanita/species/flavflav.html.
- ↑ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
- ↑ United States. Dept. of Agriculture (1916). Bulletin of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Department. pp. 57.
External links
- List of Amanitaceae in Great Smoky Mtns National Park — Amanita frostiana
- Page in the Russian Wikipedia
- Further information about the species' name at Index Fungorum
Amanita species | |||||||||
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| Subgenus Amanita |  | ||||||||
| Subgenus Amanitina |
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| Subgenus Lepidella (=Saproamanita) |
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Wikidata ☰ Q4033854 entry
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