Biology:Arthrodira

Short description: Extinct order of fishes

Arthrodira Temporal range: Devonian, 419.2–358.9 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Artist's reconstruction of the arthrodire placoderm Dunkleosteus terrelli
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Infraphylum:	Gnathostomata
Class:	†Placodermi
Order:	†Arthrodira Woodward, 1891
Subgroups
Phlyctaenioidei Brachythoraci Williamsaspididae Groenlandaspididae Arctolepididae Phlyctaeniidae Actinolepidae Phyllolepida Wuttagoonaspidae Genera incertae sedis see text for list

Arthrodira (Greek for "jointed neck") is an order of extinct armored, jawed fishes of the class Placodermi that flourished in the Devonian period before their sudden extinction, surviving for about 50 million years and penetrating most marine ecological niches. Arthrodires were the largest and most diverse of all groups of placoderms.

Description

Arthrodire placoderms are notable for the movable joint between armor surrounding their heads and bodies. Like all placoderms, they lacked distinct teeth; instead, they used the sharpened edges of a bony plate on their jawbone as a biting surface. The eye sockets are covered by a bony ring, which supports the eye, a feature shared by birds and some ichthyosaurs. Early arthrodires, such as the genus Arctolepis, were well-armoured fishes with flattened bodies. The largest member of this group, Dunkleosteus, was a true superpredator of the latest Devonian period, reaching as much as 6 m in length. In contrast, the long-nosed Rolfosteus measured just 15 cm. Fossils of Incisoscutum have been found containing unborn fetuses, indicating that arthrodires gave birth to live young.

A common misconception is the arthrodires (along with all other placoderms) were sluggish bottom-dwellers that were outcompeted by more advanced fish. Leading to this misconception is that the arthrodire body plan remained relatively conserved (that is, the majority of arthrodires were bullet- or torpedo-shaped) during the Devonian period, save for increasing in size. However, during their reign, the arthrodires were one of the most diverse and numerically successful, if not the most successful, vertebrate orders of the Devonian, occupying a vast spectrum of roles from apex predator to detritus-nibbling bottom dweller. Despite their success, the arthrodires were one of many groups eliminated by the environmental catastrophes of the Late Devonian extinction, allowing other fish such as sharks to diversify into the vacated ecological niches during the Carboniferous period.

Evolution and extinction of placoderms. The diagram is based on Michael Benton, 2005.

Phylogeny

The order Arthrodira belongs to the class Placodermi, the large group of extinct prehistoric armored fish that is thought to have diverged over 400 million years ago from all sharks and bony fishes (and thus also all subsequent tetrapods, including mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians). However, recent phylogenetic studies have found Placodermi to be paraphyletic, and rather an evolutionary grade towards Eugnathostomata, the clade grouping that contains sharks, bony fish, and all tetrapods.

Arthrodira was traditionally divided into the paraphyletic Actinolepida, the Phlyctaenii (now also paraphyletic), and the Brachythoraci. Phylogenetic studies have since found two of those groups as paraphyletic, as shown in the cladogram below, from Dupret et al. (2009).

Lunaspis broilii     Eurycaraspis incilis   Arthrodira   Yujiangolepis liujingensis       Antarctaspis mcmurdoensis     Wuttagoonaspidae   Yiminaspis shenme     Wuttagoonaspis fletcheri           Aethaspis major     Aethaspis utahensis           Lehmanosteus hyperboreus         Aleosteus eganensis     Simblaspis cachensis           Kujdanowiaspis buczacziensis     Kujdanowiaspis podolica           Erikaspis zychi     Sigaspis lepidophora         Eskimaspis heintzi       Baringaspis dineleyi     Proaethaspis ohioensis         Anarthraspis chamberlini     Heightingtonaspis anglica   Phyllolepida   Gavinaspis convergens       Phyllolepis orvini     Austrophyllolepis sp.     Cowralepis mclachlani     Placolepis budawangensis                     Actinolepidae   Bollandaspis woschmidti       Actinolepis spinosa       Actinolepis magna     Actinolepis tuberculata             Bryantolepis brachycephalus   Phlyctaenioidei Phlyctaeniidae   Phlyctaenius acadicus     Pageauaspis russelli         Groenlandaspidae   Groenlandaspis antarctica     Tiaraspis subilis       Arctaspidae   Dicksonosteus arcticus     Arctolepidae   Arctolepis decipiens     Heintzosteus brevis         Brachythoraci   Antineosteus lehmani       Buchanosteus confertituberculatus     Coccosteus cuspidatus

Actinolepidoidei Phlyctaeniina

Classification

The pelagic selenosteid Amazichthys trinajsticae

Artist's reconstruction of the arthrodire placoderm Coccosteus cuspidatus

Lower jaw plate of Eastmanosteus pustulosus from the Middle Devonian of Wisconsin

Heterosteus ingens from the Middle Devonian of Estonia

Order Arthrodira Woodward, 1891

• Phlyctaenioidei Miles, 1973
  • Brachythoraci Gross, 1932 (includes the well-known Dunkleosteus, Dinichthys, etc.)
  • Williamsaspididae White, 1952
  • Groenlandaspididae Obruchev, 1964
  • Arctolepididae Heintz, 1937
  • Phlyctaeniidae Fowler, 1947
• Actinolepidae Gross, 1940
• Phyllolepida Stensiö 1934
• Wuttagoonaspidae Ritchie 1973
• Genera incertae sedis
  • Aethaspis Denison, 1958 (may be within Actinolepidae)
  • Aleosteus Johnson et al., 2000 (may be within Actinolepidae)
  • Anarthraspis Bryant, 1934 (may be within Actinolepidae)
  • Antarctaspis White, 1968 (previously within Antarctaspididae)
  • Antarctolepis White, 1968
  • Aspidichthys Newberry, 1873
  • Baringaspis Miles, 1973 (may be within Actinolepidae)
  • Bryantolepis Denison, 1958 (may be within Actinolepidae)
  • Callognathus Newberry, 1890
  • Copanognathus Hussakof & Bryant, 1920
  • Carolowilhelmina Mark-Kurik & Carls, 2002
  • Diplognathus Newberry, 1878
  • Erikaspis Dupret, Goujet, & Mark-Kurik, 2007
  • Eskimaspis Dineley & Yuhai, 1984
  • Glyptaspis Newberry, 1890
  • Grazosteus Gross, 1958
  • Heightingtonaspis White, 1969 (may be within Actinolepidae)
  • Hollardosteus Lehman, 1956
  • Kujdanowiaspis Stensiö, 1942 (may be within Actinolepidae)
  • Lataspis Strand, 1932 (may be within Actinolepidae)
  • Laurentaspis Pageau, 1969
  • Lehmanosteus Goujet, 1984 (may be within Actinolepidae)
  • Machaerognathus Hussakof & Bryant, 1919
  • Maideria Lelièvre, 1995
  • Mediaspis Heintz, 1929 (may be within Actinolepidae)
  • Murmur Whitley, 1951
  • Overtonaspis White, 1961
  • Phylactaenium Heintz, 1934
  • Pinguosteus Long, 1990 (may be within Brachythoraci)
  • Prescottaspis White, 1961
  • Proaethaspis Denison, 1978 (may be within Actinolepidae)
  • Qataraspis White, 1969
  • Sigaspis Goujet, 1973 (may be within Actinolepidae)
  • Simblaspis Denison, 1958 (may be within Actinolepidae)
  • Taunaspis Schmidt, 1933
  • Timanosteus Obrucheva, 1962
  • Trachosteus Newberry, 18903 (may be within Coccosteidae)
  • Wheathillaspis White, 1961
  • Yujiangolepis Wang & Dupret, 2009 (previously within Antarctaspididae)

Further reading

• Long, John A. (1996): The Rise of Fishes: 500 Million Years of Evolution. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. ISBN:0-8018-5438-5

Wikidata ☰ Q136606 entry