Biology:Aurora kinase C

From HandWiki
Short description: Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens


A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices.
Generic protein structure example

Aurora kinase C, also Serine/threonine-protein kinase 13 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AURKC gene.[1][2]

Function

This gene encodes a member of the highly conserved Aurora subfamily of serine/threonine protein kinases with two other members, Aurora A and Aurora B. The encoded protein is a chromosomal passenger protein that forms complexes with Aurora-B and inner centromere proteins and may play a role in organizing microtubules in relation to centrosome/spindle function during mitosis. This gene is overexpressed in several cancer cell lines, suggesting an involvement in oncogenic signal transduction. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[2]

Function

Temporal expression patterns and subcellular localization of Aurora kinases in mitotic cells from G2 to cytokinesis indicate association with mitotic and meiotic structure.[3] Although yeast contain only one Aurora kinase and C. elegans and Drosophila contain only two, mammals have three Aurora kinases with 67-76% homology that are structurally similar and localize similarly.[4]

Aurora C localizes to the centrosome and then to the midzone of mitotic cells from anaphase to cytokinesis. It is expressed about an order of magnitude less than Aurora B in diploid human fibroblasts, with mRNA and protein concentrations peaking during the G2/M phase. Aurora C levels, however, peak after those of Aurora B later in the M phase. While Aurora A and B are expressed in mitotic somatic cells, Aurora C is more often expressed during meiosis (spermatogenesis and oogenesis).[5]

Aurora B kinase regulates kinetochore maturation, destabilization of improper kinetochore-microtubule attachments, and spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), central spindle organization, and cytokinesis. Aneuploidy results from independent and simultaneous inhibition of Aurora B and Aurora C. Slattery et al. found that they have overlapping functions and that Aurora C was able to rescue Aurora B-deficient mitotic cells from aneuploidy.[6]

Clinical significance

Expression is typically limited to meiotic cells, but overexpression occurs in some cancer cell lines.[7][8][9][10][11] PLZF, a transcription repressor, and its CpG island methylation are the most studied modes of regulating AURKC regulation.[12] Although all of the Aurora kinases are overexpressed in many cancer cell lines, only Aurora A and C possess oncogenic activity, producing multinucleated cells and tumors in vivo when overexpressed.[5] When cells overexpressing Aurora C were treated with nocodazole to turn on the SAC, Aurora B protein stability and activity decreased. This then prevented activation of SAC protein BubR1 and phosphorylation of histone H3 and MCAK.[13]

Inactivating mutations of Aurora C have been shown to cause infertility in men characterized by macrocephalic and multiflagellular spermatozoa. Homozygous and heterozygous c.144delC mutation in the AURKC gene was found with an allelic frequency of 2.14% in Moroccan men with unexplained spermatogenic failure. The heterozygous state had a frequency of 1% in normospermic fertile men.[14] Although c.144delC represents 85.5% of mutant alleles, the nonsense mutation p.Y248* (13% of all mutant alleles) is present in both European and African men and can lead to infertility.[15] Klinefelter syndrome and Y chromosome microdeletion analyses are the most common genetic tests offered to infertile men, but AURKC and DPY19L2 defects are the leading cause of infertility in North African men.[13]

Interactions

Both Aurora B and C interact with the inner centromere protein (INCENP) from the C-terminal to the conserved IN box domain, but Aurora B preferentially binds INCENP. The chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), essential for chromosome segregation, contains the four subunits: the Aurora kinase, INCENP, survivin, and borealin (also known as dasra).[16][17] Co-expression of Aurora B and C in vivo interferes with INCENP binding, localization, and stability.[3]

References

  1. ↑ "Cloning of STK13, a third human protein kinase related to Drosophila aurora and budding yeast Ipl1 that maps on chromosome 19q13.3-ter". Genomics 53 (3): 406–9. November 1998. doi:10.1006/geno.1998.5522. PMID 9799611. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Entrez Gene: AURKC aurora kinase C". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6795. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Aurora-C kinase is a novel chromosomal passenger protein that can complement Aurora-B kinase function in mitotic cells". Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 59 (4): 249–63. December 2004. doi:10.1002/cm.20039. PMID 15499654. 
  4. ↑ "Mitotic phosphorylation of histone H3: spatio-temporal regulation by mammalian Aurora kinases". Molecular and Cellular Biology 22 (3): 874–85. February 2002. doi:10.1128/MCB.22.3.874-885.2002. PMID 11784863. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Overexpression of active Aurora-C kinase results in cell transformation and tumour formation". PLOS ONE 6 (10): e26512. 2011. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026512. PMID 22046298. 
  6. ↑ "Aurora-C kinase supports mitotic progression in the absence of Aurora-B". Cell Cycle 8 (18): 2984–94. September 2009. doi:10.4161/cc.8.18.9591. PMID 19713763. 
  7. ↑ "Aurora C Kinase". Cell Signaling Technology. 2008. https://media.cellsignal.com/pdf/7384.pdf. 
  8. ↑ "Transcriptome analysis of the cancer/testis genes, DAZ1, AURKC, and TEX101, in breast tumors and six breast cancer cell lines". Tumour Biology 36 (10): 8201–6. September 2015. doi:10.1007/s13277-015-3546-4. PMID 25994570. 
  9. ↑ "Aberrantly expressed AURKC enhances the transformation and tumourigenicity of epithelial cells". The Journal of Pathology 225 (2): 243–54. October 2011. doi:10.1002/path.2934. PMID 21710690. 
  10. ↑ "Gene expression of Aurora kinases in prostate cancer and nodular hyperplasia tissues". Medical Principles and Practice 22 (2): 138–43. 2013. doi:10.1159/000342679. PMID 23075505. 
  11. ↑ "AURKC promoter regions are differentially methylated in Wilms' tumor". Frontiers in Bioscience 10 (1): 143–154. January 2018. doi:10.2741/e814. PMID 28930610. 
  12. ↑ "Regulation of AURKC expression by CpG island methylation in human cancer cells". Tumour Biology 36 (10): 8147–58. September 2015. doi:10.1007/s13277-015-3553-5. PMID 25990457. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Overexpression of Aurora-C interferes with the spindle checkpoint by promoting the degradation of Aurora-B". Cell Death & Disease 5 (3): e1106. March 2014. doi:10.1038/cddis.2014.37. PMID 24603334. 
  14. ↑ "Prevalence of the Aurora kinase C c.144delC mutation in infertile Moroccan men". Fertility and Sterility 101 (4): 1086–90. April 2014. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.12.040. PMID 24484996. 
  15. ↑ "Identification of a new recurrent aurora kinase C mutation in both European and African men with macrozoospermia". Human Reproduction 27 (11): 3337–46. November 2012. doi:10.1093/humrep/des296. PMID 22888167. 
  16. ↑ "The chromosomal passenger complex (CPC): from easy rider to the godfather of mitosis". Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology 13 (12): 789–803. December 2012. doi:10.1038/nrm3474. PMID 23175282. 
  17. ↑ "Genetic disruption of aurora B uncovers an essential role for aurora C during early mammalian development". Development 138 (13): 2661–72. July 2011. doi:10.1242/dev.066381. PMID 21613325. 

Further reading

External links




Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology:Aurora_kinase_C&oldid=2720609"