Biology:Botryotrichum piluliferum

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Short description: Species of fungus

Botryotrichum piluliferum
Scientific classification edit
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Sordariales
Family: Chaetomiaceae
Genus: Botryotrichum
Species:
B. piluliferum
Binomial name
Botryotrichum piluliferum
Saccardo & Marchal (1885)
Synonyms
  • Sepedonium xylogenum Sacc. (1882)
  • Sepedonium niveum Massee & Salm. (1902)
  • Coccospora agricola Goddard (1913)
  • Botryotrichum keratinophilum Kushwaha & Agrawal (1976)

Botryotrichum piluliferum is a fungal species first identified in 1885 by Saccardo and Marchal.[1] It was discovered to be the asexual state of a member of the ascomycete genus, Chaetomium.[2] The name B. piluliferum now applies to the fungus in all its states.[3] B. piluliferum has been found worldwide in a wide range of habitats such as animal dung and vegetation.[4] The colonies of this fungus start off white and grow rapidly to a brown colour.[4] The conidia are smooth and white.[5] B. piluliferum grows optimally at a temperature of 25-30 °C and a pH of 5.5.[4]

History and taxonomy

Botryotrichum piluliferum was first described in Belgium[6] from rabbit dung.[4] The anamorph was discovered by Pier Andrea Saccardo and Marchal in 1885.[1] The teleomorph, Chaetomium piluliferum was named by J. Daniels in 1961 from a culture of B. piluliferum on cellulose film.[2] The culture produced underdeveloped perithecia typical of those seen in the genus Chaetomium but was not connected to any known species at the time.[2] The culture also produced phialospores and dark hyphae that were characteristic of B. piluliferum.[2] Daniels described this as the teleomorph of B. piluliferum and named it C. piluliferum.[2]

A dried type specimen of the teleomorph was studied and found to be similar to C. murorum, a species described by Corda in 1837.[4] This fungus contained narrower ascospores, longer hairs of ascomata, and was absent of aleurioconidia and an anamorph.[7] The conidiophores of C. piluliferum resemble that of C. piluliferoides which was discovered by Udagawa and Horie in 1975.[4] C. piluliferoides produces aleurioconidia 5–7.5 μm in diameter and ascomata that are 200-240 x 120-145 μm containing short terminal hairs of 200-250 μm and spindle-shaped ascospores.[4]

Hawksworth stated that understanding C. piluliferum could not be done using only the anamorph[4] and expressed the need for further research on the Botryotrichum states which occur in three Farrowia and eight other Chaetomium species.[4] C. piluliferum has the most complex conidiophores, (sub)hyaline aleurioconidia, and a thick wall.[4] The others, such as B. atrogriseum, discovered by van Beyma in 1928 and B. peruvianum, discovered by Matsushima in 1975 have similar-sized aleurioconidia and are pigmented.[4]

Growth and morphology

The colonies of B. piluliferum are fast-growing.[4] They can spread from 2.0 to 4.3 cm in diameter in one week when grown at 20 °C (68 °F).[4] The colonies start off as white aerial mycelium which can become a yellowish-beige colour by the subsequent production of brown, rough-walled sterile setae.[4] These brown setae are about 250 x 2-5 μm and bumpy or encrusted near their base.[5] The conidiophores branch at right angles to the main axis.[5] They are smooth, colourless, and produce conidia at their ends.[5] The conidia are thick-walled, hyaline (white), smooth, and spherical.[5] They are approximately 9-16 μm in diameter.[5] B. piluliferum also contains branched hyaline conidiophores that produce aleurioconidia in clusters.[4] The aleurioconidia are globose and typically 3.0-3.5 μm thick.[4] The fungus can produce chains of phialoconidia as well.[4] Ascomata in B. piluliferum are rare and reach maturity in four weeks at 25 °C (77 °F).[4] They are black, with a globose to subglobose shape.[4] The lateral and terminal hairs of the ascomata are 500-1500 μm long, 4-6 μm wide with an olive-brown colour and may contain tips with are rolled in a flat coil towards the center.[4] The pale brown ascospores are ellipsoidal (or football-shaped) and contain one germ pore that is roughly 13-16 x 8–10.5 μm.[4]

Mating behaviour of the fungus is unknown because single-spore cultures lose the ability to produce ascomata.[4] The teleomorph C. piluliferum is made up of colonies containing brown hyphae with rough and bumpy hairs.[7] C. piluliferum ascomata are superficial and spherical or obovate (oval-shaped with a narrow base, like a light bulb.[7] They contain a small pore on the top called and ostiole that allow spores to pass through.[7] The perithecia have brown or reddish walls[8] and are covered with thick-walled, septate ascomatal hairs that are long, brown, with many bends and turns, often with tightly coiled tips.[7] The asci are obovate (light bulb-shaped) or broadly clavate (baseball bat-shaped), have a short stalk and contain 8 spores.[7] Phialoconidia form from the apex towards the base in the form of droplets on clustered flask-shaped cells.[7]

Physiology

Botryotrichum piluliferum has an optimal growth temperature range of 25–30 °C (77–86 °F), with its maximum growth temperature at 40 °C (104 °F).[4] The fungus cannot tolerate acid.[4] It can grow in alkaline pH greater than 8.8, however its optimal pH is 5.5.[4] This allows for decomposition of starch, pectin and xylan.[4] B. piluliferum produces mycotoxins that are metabolically similar to aflatoxin.[9] A mycotoxin isolated from B. piluliferum, sterigmatocystin,[10] is involved in the synthesis pathway of aflatoxin.[11] In comparison to other species like Trichoderma aureoviride, that has been found to be very susceptible to parasites, B. piluliferum shows greater resistance to mycoparasites such as Pythium oligandrum.[12] B. piluliferum also produces the metabolite cochliodinol A.[3]

Habitat and ecology

Botryotrichum piluliferum is found worldwide. It has been isolated and recorded in many countries such as Canada ,[13] the United States ,[13] The Netherlands,[14] and South Africa .[14] It has been found on deer and goat dung in Denmark and field mouse dung in England .[4] The fungus is rarely found in soils, however, it can be found at depths of 80 cm below soil.[4] It has been reported in mountainous regions, salt marshes, and cedar forests.[4] It has also been isolated from stems of Urtica dioica, hay, rhizospheres of groundnut, rice and wheat, paper products, and mouldy textiles,[4] as well as in the seeds of chili pepper.[9] B. piluliferum is a food source for Pygmephorus mesembrinae and P. quadratus.[4] When in vitro, it can be parasitized by Pythium oligandrum.[4]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Botryotrichum piluliferum" (in en). http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Table=Mycobank&Rec=3342&Fields=All. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Daniels, Joan (March 1961). "Chaetomium piluliferum sp.nov., the perfect state of Botryotrichum piluliferum". Transactions of the British Mycological Society 44 (1): 79–IN7. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(61)80009-0. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Wang, X.W.; Houbraken, J.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Meijer, M.; Andersen, B.; Nielsen, K.F.; Crous, P.W.; Samson, R.A. (June 2016). "Diversity and taxonomy of Chaetomium and chaetomium-like fungi from indoor environments". Studies in Mycology 84: 145–224. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2016.11.005. PMID 28082757. 
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30 4.31 Domsch, K.H.; Gams, Walter; Andersen, Traute-Heidi (1980). Compendium of soil fungi (2nd ed.). London, UK: Academic Press. ISBN 9780122204029. https://archive.org/details/tudesdesciencer00putsgoog. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Ellis, Martin B.; Ellis, Pamela (1998). Microfungi on miscellaneous substrates : an identification handbook. England: Croom Helm. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-7099-5316-6. 
  6. ↑ "Index Fungorum - Names Record". http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=221757. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 von Arx, J.A.; Guarro, J.; Figueras, M.J. (1986). The Ascomycete genus Chaetomium. Berlin: J. Cramer. p. 45. ISBN 978-3-443-51005-3. 
  8. ↑ Belgique., Société royale de botanique de (1885) (in en). Bulletin de la Société royale de botanique de Belgique.. La Société. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3181192#page/70/mode/1up. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Rajachan, Oue-artorn; Kanokmedhakul, Kwanjai; Soytong, Kasem; Kanokmedhakul, Somdej (13 February 2017). "Mycotoxins from the Fungus Botryotrichum piluliferum". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65 (7): 1337–1341. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05522. PMID 28135416. 
  10. ↑ Rank, Christian; Nielsen, Kristian F.; Larsen, Thomas O.; Varga, Janos; Samson, Rob A.; Frisvad, Jens C. (April 2011). "Distribution of sterigmatocystin in filamentous fungi". Fungal Biology 115 (4–5): 406–420. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2011.02.013. PMID 21530923. 
  11. ↑ Paterson, R. Russell M.; Lima, Nelson (24 June 2015) (in en). Molecular Biology of Food and Water Borne Mycotoxigenic and Mycotic Fungi. CRC Press. ISBN 9781466559882. https://books.google.com/books?id=Qef5CQAAQBAJ&q=sterigmatocystin. 
  12. ↑ Laing, S.A.K.; Deacon, J.W. (January 1990). "Aggressiveness and fungal host ranges of mycoparasitic Pythium species". Soil Biology and Biochemistry 22 (7): 905–911. doi:10.1016/0038-0717(90)90128-M. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "UAMH Centre for Global Microfungal Biodiversity". http://www.uamh.ca/searchCatalogue.php?species_name=botryotrichum+pil&uamh_number=&other_numbers=&taxonomy=&sender_name=&substrate=&location=&characters=&compounds=&items_per_page=25. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Westerdjik Fungal Biodiversity Institute". http://www.westerdijkinstitute.nl/Collections/Biolomics.aspx?Table=CBS%20strain%20database. 

Wikidata ☰ Q10433875 entry



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