Biology:Class II bacteriocin

Class II bacteriocin
Three-dimensional structure of leucocin A, a type IIa bacteriocin.
Identifiers
Symbol	Bacteriocin_II
Pfam	PF01721
InterPro	IPR002633
PROSITE	PDOC60030
SCOP2	3leu / SCOPe / SUPFAM
TCDB	1.C.24
OPM superfamily	141
OPM protein	1ohm
Available protein structures: Pfam   structures / ECOD   PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj PDBsum structure summary

Class II bacteriocins are a class of small peptides that inhibit the growth of various bacteria.

Many Gram-positive bacteria produce ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides, termed bacteriocins.

Bacteriocins for which disulfide bonds are the only modification to the peptide are Class II bacteriocins.

Class IIa

One important and well studied class of bacteriocins is the class IIa or pediocin-like bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria. All class IIa bacteriocins are produced by food-associated strains, isolated from a variety of food products of industrial and natural origins, including meat products, dairy products and vegetables. Class IIa bacteriocins are all cationic, display anti-Listeria activity, and kill target cells by permeabilizing the cell membrane.

Class IIa bacteriocins contain between 37 and 48 residues. Based on their primary structures, the peptide chains of class IIa bacteriocins may be divided roughly into two regions: a hydrophilic, cationic and highly conserved N-terminal region, and a less conserved hydrophobic/amphiphilic C-terminal region. The N-terminal region contains the conserved Y-G-N-G-V/L 'pediocin box' motif and two conserved cysteine residues joined by a disulfide bridge. It forms a three-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet supported by the conserved disulfide bridge. This cationic N-terminal beta-sheet domain mediates binding of the class IIa bacteriocin to the target cell membrane. The C-terminal region forms a hairpin-like domain that penetrates into the hydrophobic part of the target cell membrane, thereby mediating leakage through the membrane. The two domains are joined by a hinge, which enables movement of the domains relative to each other.

Some proteins known to belong to the class IIa bacteriocin family are listed below:

• Pediococcus acidilactici pediocin PA-1.
• Leuconostoc mesenteroides mesentericin Y105.
• Carnobacterium piscicola carnobacteriocin B2.
• Lactobacillus sakei sakacin P.
• Enterococcus faecium enterocin A.
• Enterococcus faecium enterocin P.
• Leuconostoc gelidum leucocin A.
• Lactobacillus curvatus curvacin A.
• Listeria innocua listeriocin 743A.

Class IIb

Class IIb bacteriocin
Identifiers
Symbol	Antimicrobial17
Pfam	PF08129
Pfam clan	CL0400
InterPro	IPR012950
TCDB	1.C.25
OPM superfamily	219
OPM protein	2jpj
Available protein structures: Pfam   structures / ECOD   PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj PDBsum structure summary

The class IIb bacteriocins (two-peptide bacteriocins) require two different peptides for activity. It includes the alpha enterocins and lactococcin G peptides. These peptides have some antimicrobial properties; they inhibit the growth of Enterococcus spp. and a few other Gram-positive bacteria. These peptides act as pore-forming toxins that create cell membrane channels through a barrel-stave mechanism and thus produce an ionic imbalance in the cell

Class IIc

Bacteriocin_IIc
x-ray structure of bacteriocin as-48 at ph 4.5. sulphate bound form
Identifiers
Symbol	Bacteriocin_IIc
Pfam	PF09221
InterPro	IPR009086
SCOP2	1o82 / SCOPe / SUPFAM
TCDB	1.C.28
OPM superfamily	77
OPM protein	1o82
Available protein structures: Pfam   structures / ECOD   PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj PDBsum structure summary

Other class II bacteriocins can be grouped together as Class IIc (circular bacteriocins). These have a wide range of effects on membrane permeability, cell wall formation and pheromone actions of target cells. In particular, Bacteriocin AS-48 is a cyclic peptide antibiotic produced by the eubacteria Enterococcus faecalis (Streptococcus faecalis) that shows a broad antimicrobial spectrum against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Bacteriocin AS-48 is encoded by the pheromone-responsive plasmid pMB2, and acts on the plasma membrane in which it opens pores leading to ion leakage and cell death. The globular structure of bacteriocin AS-48 consists of five alpha helices enclosing a hydrophobic core. The mammalian NK-lysin effector protein of T and natural killer cells has a similar structure, though it lacks sequence homology with bacteriocins AS-48.

Further reading

1. Papathanasopoulos, M. A.; Dykes, G. A.; Revol-Junelles, A. M.; Delfour, A.; Von Holy, A.; Hastings, J. W. (1998). "Sequence and structural relationships of leucocins A-, B- and C-TA33a from Leuconostoc mesenteroides TA33a". Microbiology 144 (5): 1343–1348. doi:10.1099/00221287-144-5-1343. PMID 9611809. 
2. Fregeau Gallagher, N. L.; Sailer, M.; Niemczura, W. P.; Nakashima, T. T.; Stiles, M. E.; Vederas, J. C. (1997). "Three-Dimensional Structure of Leucocin a in Trifluoroethanol and Dodecylphosphocholine Micelles: Spatial Location of Residues Critical for Biological Activity in Type IIa Bacteriocins from Lactic Acid Bacteria†,‡". Biochemistry 36 (49): 15062–15072. doi:10.1021/bi971263h. PMID 9398233. 

External links

Class II bacteriocin and related families is variously recorded in Pfam and InterPro as:

Pfam	Pfam symbol	InterPro	InterPro symbol
Template:Pfam2	Antimicrobial17	InterPro: IPR012950	Alpha_enterocin/lactococcin
Template:Pfam2	Bacteriocin_II	InterPro: IPR002633	Bacteriocin_IIa
Template:Pfam2	Bacteriocin_IIc	InterPro: IPR019493	Bacteriocin_IIb_lactacin-rel
Template:Pfam2	BacteriocIIc_cy	InterPro: IPR020970	Bacteriocin_IIc
Template:Pfam2	Lactococcin	InterPro: IPR007464	Bacteriocin_IId
Template:Pfam2	L_biotic_typeA	InterPro: IPR007682	Lantibiotic_typ-A_Lactobact

The naming is inconsistent at times.

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR002633