Biology:Clitoral erection

Vulva, not aroused (left), aroused (right)

Clitoral erection is a physiological phenomenon where the clitoris becomes enlarged and firm.

Clitoral erection is the result of a complex interaction of psychological, neural, vascular endocrine factors, and is usually, though not exclusively, associated with sexual arousal.

Physiology

The internal anatomy of the human vulva, with the clitoral hood and labia minora indicated as lines.

The clitoris is the homologue of the penis in the female.

The visible part of the clitoris, the glans clitoridis, varies in size from a few millimeters to one centimeter and is located at the front junction of the labia minora (inner lips), above the opening of the urethra. It is covered by the clitoral hood.

Any type of motion can increase blood flow to this organ and this results in increased secretions which lubricate the vagina. There are many ways to stimulate the clitoris.

Clitoral erection occurs when the corpora cavernosa, two expandable erectile structures, become engorged with blood. This may result from any of various physiological stimuli, including sexual arousal. During sexual arousal, arterial blood flow to the clitoris is increased, and trabecular smooth muscle within the clitoris relaxes allowing blood to engorge the erectile tissues. The ischiocavernosus and bulbocavernosus muscles contract to compress the dorsal vein of the clitoris to stop drainage of the clitoris, trapping the blood. More specifically, the clitoris has two adjoining erectile tissues corpus cavernosa (corpus cavernosa clitoridis) that form a main body that connects to the glans clitoridis. There is also a strip of erectile tissue (similar to the placement of the corpus spongiosum in males) running along the ventral surface of the corpus cavernosa main body that connects the glans clitoridis to the commissure of the vestibular bulbs. The main body of the corpus cavernosa with a ventral erectile tissue strip make up the shaft, which is connected to the glans clitoridis. The tunica albuginea is a fibrous-elastic sheath, surrounds the shaft and glans clitoridis. The tunica albuginea does not surround the bulbs of vestibule. The erectile tissues are composed of endothelium-lined vascular spaces in a trabecular matrix, with the endothelium-lined vascular spaces surrounded by smooth muscle capable of contraction and relaxation.

During sexual arousal, arterial blood flow to the clitoris is increased, and within the clitoris, the arteries further branch to supply the erectile tissues. The trabecular smooth muscles of the erectile tissue relax increasing blood flow to fill the vascular spaces, expanding the erectile tissues until they are fully engorged with blood. The ischiocavernosus and bulbocavernosus muscles contract, compressing the dorsal vein of the clitoris. This compression of the vein restricts drainage of the erectile structures, trapping the blood. This process stretches the tunica albuginea. As a result, the clitoris becomes tumescent to accommodate the increased intracavernosus pressure. The tunica albuginea of the clitoris is made up of one layer making it more elastic than the tunica albuginea of the penis, which is composed of two layers. Erick Janssen (2007) elaborates on this reporting that "the corpora cavernosa of the clitoris are essentially similar to that of the penis except that there is no subalbugineal layer interposed between the tunica albuginea and the erectile tissue. In the penis, this tissue engorges with blood during sexual arousal and becomes compressed against the unyielding tunica, creating penile rigidity --a true erection. The lack of this plexus in the clitoris indicates that while the organ can become tumescent or engorged, it cannot, like the penis become stiffly erect. The clitoris thus does not really become erect with sexual excitement, but engorged." In addition, the tunica albuginea around the glans is thinner than around the shaft in both the clitoris and penis. This gives the glans less firmness relative to the shaft. The extrusion of the glans clitoridis and thinning of the skin enhances sensitivity to physical contact. After a female has orgasmed, the erection usually ends, but this may take time.

See also

• Erection
• Sexual function
• Biological functions of nitric oxide

References

• Gharahbaghian, L. (1 November 2008). "Clitoral priapism with no known risk factors". The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine 9 (4): 235–237. ISSN 1936-900X. PMID 19561754. 
• Gragasin, S.; Michelakis, D.; Hogan, A.; Moudgil, R.; Hashimoto, K.; Wu, X.; Bonnet, S.; Haromy, A. et al. (Sep 2004). "The neurovascular mechanism of clitoral erection: nitric oxide and cGMP-stimulated activation of BKCa channels" (Free full text). The FASEB Journal 18 (12): 1382–1391. doi:10.1096/fj.04-1978com. ISSN 0892-6638. PMID 15333581. http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15333581. 
• Shen, W. U.; Urosevich, Z.; Clayton, D. O. (June 1999). "Sildenafil in the treatment of female sexual dysfunction induced by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors". The Journal of reproductive medicine 44 (6): 535–542. ISSN 0024-7758. PMID 10394548. 
• Park, K. G.; Goldstein, I.; Andry, C.; Siroky, M. B.; Krane, R. J.; Azadzoi, K. M. (Mar 1997). "Vasculogenic female sexual dysfunction: the hemodynamic basis for vaginal engorgement insufficiency and clitoral erectile insufficiency". International Journal of Impotence Research 9 (1): 27–37. doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3900258. ISSN 0955-9930. PMID 9138056. 
• Toesca, A. S.; Stolfi, V. M.; Cocchia, D. (1 June 1996). "Immunohistochemical study of the corpora cavernosa of the human clitoris". Journal of Anatomy 188 (Pt 3): 513–520. ISSN 0021-8782. PMID 8763468. 
• Akkus, E. C.; Carrier, S.; Turzan, C.; Wang, T. N.; Lue, F. (Apr 1995). "Duplex ultrasonography after prostaglandin E1 injection of the clitoris in a case of hyperreactio luteinalis". The Journal of Urology 153 (4): 1237–1238. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)67566-9. ISSN 0022-5347. PMID 7869513.