Biology:Committed step
In enzymology, the committed step (also known as the first committed step) is an effectively irreversible enzymatic reaction that occurs at a branch point during the biosynthesis of some molecules.[1][2] As the name implies, after this step, the molecules are "committed" to the pathway and will ultimately end up in the pathway's final product. The first committed step should not be confused with the rate-limiting step, which is the step with the highest flux control coefficient. It is rare that the first committed step is in fact the rate-determining step.[3][4]
Regulation
Metabolic pathways require tight regulation[citation needed] so that the proper compounds get produced in the proper amounts. Often, the first committed step is regulated by processes such as feedback inhibition and activation. Such regulation ensures that pathway intermediates do not accumulate, a situation that can be wasteful or even harmful to the cell.
Examples of enzymes that catalyze the first committed steps of metabolic pathways
- Phosphofructokinase 1 catalyzes the first committed step of glycolysis.[5]
- LpxC catalyzes the first committed step of lipid A biosynthesis.[6]
- 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase catalyzes the first committed step in plant biotin synthesis.[7]
- MurA catalyzes the first committed step of peptidoglycan biosynthesis.[8]
- Aspartate transcarbamoylase catalyzes the committed step in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway in E. coli.[2]
- 3-deoxy-D-arabinose-heptulsonate 7-phosphate synthase catalyses the first committed step of the shikimate pathway responsible for the synthesis of the aromatic amino acids Tyrosine, Tryptophan and Phenylalanine in plants, bacteria, fungi and some lower eukaryotes.
- Citrate synthase catalyzes the addition of acetyl-CoA to oxaloacetate and is the first committed step of the Citric Acid Cycle.[9]
- Acetyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes the irreversible carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA in the first committed step of fatty acid biosynthesis.
- Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of G6P into 6-phosphogluconolactone to produce NADPH in the first and committed step of the pentose phosphate pathway.
Other uses
The term has also been applied to other processes that involve a series of steps. For example, the binding of egg and sperm can be thought of as the first committed step in metazoan fertilization.[10]
See also
References
- ↑ Bhagavan, N. V. (2002). Medical biochemistry. San Diego: Harcourt/Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-095440-0. https://archive.org/details/medicalbiochemis0000bhag_a8z8.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Berg, Jeremy M.; Tymoczko, John L.; Stryer, Lubert (2002). Biochemistry (5th ed.). W. H. Freeman and Company. p. 447. ISBN 0-7167-3051-0. https://archive.org/details/biochemistry200100jere.
- ↑ Sauro, Herbert M. (February 2017). "Control and regulation of pathways via negative feedback". Journal of the Royal Society Interface 14 (127): 20160848. doi:10.1098/rsif.2016.0848. PMID 28202588.
- ↑ Hofmeyr, Jan-Hendrik S.; Cornish-Bowden, Athel (August 1991). "Quantitative assessment of regulation in metabolic systems". European Journal of Biochemistry 200 (1): 223–236. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb21071.x. PMID 1879427.
- ↑ "Phosphofructokinase Regulation". Wiley Essential Biochemistry. http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/student/structure/phosphofructokinase/index.html.
- ↑ "Lipopolysaccharide endotoxins". Annu Rev Biochem 71: 635–700. 2002. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.71.110601.135414. PMID 12045108.
- ↑ "Biotin synthesis in plants. The first committed step of the pathway is catalyzed by a cytosolic 7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid synthase". Plant Physiology 139 (4): 1666–76. 2005. doi:10.1104/pp.105.070144. PMID 16299174. PMC 1310550. http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/content/full/139/4/1666.
- ↑ "MurA (MurZ), the enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step in peptidoglycan biosynthesis, is essential in Escherichia coli". J. Bacteriol. 177 (14): 4194–7. July 1995. doi:10.1128/jb.177.14.4194-4197.1995. PMID 7608103.
- ↑ Biochemistry & molecular biology of plants. Bob B. Buchanan, Wilhelm Gruissem, Russell L. Jones. Rockville, Md.: American Society of Plant Physiologists. 2000. ISBN 0-943088-37-2. OCLC 44162497. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44162497.
- ↑ "Murine and human zona pellucida 3 derived from mouse eggs express identical O-glycans". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (26): 15631–6. December 2003. doi:10.1073/pnas.2635507100. PMID 14673092. Bibcode: 2003PNAS..10015631D.
External links
- Glycolysis Regulation at Cliffsnotes.com
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