Biology:Ecosystem diversity

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Short description: Diversity and variations in ecosystems
Two views of the Earth from space.
The Earth has many diverse ecosystems and ecologicalsystem diversity. These are NASA composite images of the Earth: 2001 (left), 2002 (right), titled The Blue Marble.

Ecosystem diversity deals with the variations in ecosystems within a geographical location and its overall impact on human existence and the environment.

Ecosystem diversity addresses the combined characteristics of biotic properties (biodiversity) and abiotic properties (geodiversity). It is a variation in the ecosystems found in a region or the variation in ecosystems over the whole planet. Ecological diversity includes the variation in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Ecological diversity can also take into account the variation in the complexity of a biological community, including the number of different niches, the number of and other ecological processes. An example of ecological diversity on a global scale would be the variation in ecosystems, such as deserts, forests, grasslands, wetlands and oceans. Ecological diversity is the largest scale of biodiversity, and within each ecosystem, there is a great deal of both species and genetic diversity.[1][2][3][4]

Impact

Diversity in the ecosystem is significant to human existence for a variety of reasons. Ecosystem diversity boosts the availability of oxygen via the process of photosynthesis amongst plant organisms domiciled in the habitat. Diversity in an aquatic environment helps in the purification of water by plant varieties for use by humans. Diversity increases plant varieties which serves as a good source for medicines and herbs for human use. A lack of diversity in the ecosystem produces an opposite result.[5]

Examples

Some examples of ecosystems that are rich in diversity are:

Ecosystem diversity as a result of evolutionary pressure

Ecological diversity around the world can be directly linked to the evolutionary and selective pressures that constrain the diversity outcome of the ecosystems within different niches. Tundras, Rainforests, coral reefs and deciduous forests all are formed as a result of evolutionary pressures. Even seemingly small evolutionary interactions can have large impacts on the diversity of the ecosystems throughout the world. One of the best studied cases of this is of the honey bee's interaction with angiosperms on every continent in the world except Antarctica.[6]

In 2010, Robert Brodschneider and Karl Crailsheim conducted a study on the health and nutrition in honey bee colonies. The study focused on overall colony health, adult nutrition, and larva nutrition as a function of the effect of pesticides, monocultures and genetically modified crops to see if the anthropogenically created problems can have an effect pollination levels.[7] The results indicate that human activity does have a role in the destruction of the fitness of the bee colony. The extinction or near extinction of these pollinators would result in many plants that feed humans on a wide scale needing alternative pollination methods.[8] Crop pollinating insects are worth annually $14.6 billion to the US economy[9] and the cost to hand pollinate over insect pollination is estimated to cost $5,715-$7,135 more per hectare. Not only will there be a cost increase but also an decrease in colony fitness, leading to a decrease in genetic diversity, which studies have shown has a direct link to the long-term survival of the honey bee colonies.[10][11]

According to a study, there are over 50 plants that are dependent on bee pollination, many of these being key staples to feeding the world.[12] Another study conducted states that a lack of plant diversity will lead to a decline in the bee population fitness, and a low bee colony fitness has impacts on the fitness of plant ecosystem diversity.[13] By allowing for bee pollination and working to reduce anthropogenically harmful footprints, bee pollination can increase genetic diversity of flora growth and create a unique ecosystem that is highly diverse and can provide a habitat and niche for many other organisms to thrive.[14] Due to the evolutionary pressures of bees being located on six out of seven continents, there can be no denying the impact of pollinators on the ecosystem diversity. The pollen collected by the bees is harvested and used as an energy source for winter time; this act of collecting pollen from local plants also has a more important effect of facilitating the movement of genes between organisms.[15]

The new evolutionary pressures that are largely anthropogenically catalyzed can potentially cause wide spread collapse of ecosystems. In the north Atlantic sea, a study was conducted that followed the effects of the human interaction on surrounding ocean habitats. They found that there was no habitat or trophic level that in some way was affected negatively by human interaction, and that much of the diversity of life was being stunted as a result.[16]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Cunningham, Margaret. "What is Biodiversity? - Definition and Relation to Ecosystem Stability". http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-biodiversity-definition-and-relation-to-ecosystem-stability.html. 
  2. ↑ Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, ed (2009). "Ecosystems". Environmental Science: In context. In Context Series. 1. Detroit: Gale. pp. 242–246. ISBN 978-1-4103-3754-2. OCLC 277051356. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GVRL&sw=w&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CCX3233900080&asid=ece573364e176588534845e3350339a7. 
  3. ↑ Purdy, Elizabeth (2012). "Ecosystems". in S. George Philander. Encyclopedia of Global Warming & Climate Change. 1 (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Reference. pp. 485–487. doi:10.4135/9781452218564. ISBN 978-1-4129-9261-9. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GVRL&sw=w&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CCX4195600251&asid=1b9f7d7c752292d2c015aaaa651455a9. 
  4. ↑ Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, ed (2009). "Ecosystem Diversity". Environmental Science: In Context. In Context Series. 1. Detroit: Gale. pp. 239–241. ISBN 978-1-4103-3754-2. OCLC 277051356. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T003&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchId=R4&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=7&userGroupName=colu91149&inPS=true&sort=RELEVANCE&contentSegment=&prodId=GVRL&contentSet=GALE%7CCX3233900079&docId=GALE%7CCX3233900079&docType=GALE&authCount=1#. 
  5. ↑ Naveh, Z. (1994-09-01). "From Biodiversity to Ecodiversity: A Landscape-Ecology Approach to Conservation and Restoration" (in en). Restoration Ecology 2 (3): 180–189. doi:10.1111/j.1526-100x.1994.tb00065.x. ISSN 1526-100X. 
  6. ↑ Dray, Tammy. "On What Continents Are Bees Not Found?" (in en). Pets on mom. https://animals.mom.me/continents-bees-not-found-5374.html. 
  7. ↑ Brodschneider, Robert (2010). "Nutrition and health in Honey bees". Apidologie 41 (3): 278–294. doi:10.1051/apido/2010012. https://www.apidologie.org/articles/apido/pdf/2010/03/m09120.pdf. 
  8. ↑ "Bee Pollination and Technology". MIT. http://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2015/2015/bee_tech.html. 
  9. ↑ Goulson, Dave (2 October 2012). "Decline of bees forces China's apple farmers to pollinate by hand" (in en). https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/5193-Decline-of-bees-forces-China-s-apple-farmers-to-pollinate-by-hand. 
  10. ↑ "Genetic diversity key to survival of honey bee colonies" (in en). ScienceDaily. 17 June 2013. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130617111341.htm. 
  11. ↑ Tarpy, David R.; vanEngelsdorp, Dennis; Pettis, Jeffrey S. (2013). "Genetic diversity affects colony survivorship in commercial honey bee colonies" (in en). Naturwissenschaften 100 (8): 723–728. doi:10.1007/s00114-013-1065-y. ISSN 0028-1042. PMID 23728203. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00114-013-1065-y. 
  12. ↑ "Pollination and Bee Plants". 1998. http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/beeclass/Pollination.pdf.  Excerpted from Beekeeper's Handbook, Sammataro/Avitabile
  13. ↑ Hays, Brooks (22 August 2018). "Plant biodiversity essential to bee health" (in en). UPI (United Press International). https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2018/08/22/Plant-biodiversity-essential-to-bee-health/7391534949396/. 
  14. ↑ Tucker, Jessica (2014-06-17). "Why Bees Are Important to Our Planet" (in en-US). http://www.onegreenplanet.org/animalsandnature/why-bees-are-important-to-our-planet/. 
  15. ↑ Liu, Min; Compton, Stephen G.; Peng, Fo-En; Zhang, Jian; Chen, Xiao-Yong (2015-06-07). "Movements of genes between populations: are pollinators more effective at transferring their own or plant genetic markers?". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282 (1808): 20150290. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.0290. ISSN 0962-8452. PMID 25948688. 
  16. ↑ Lotze, Heike K.; Milewski, Inka (October 2004). "Two Centuries of Multiple Human Impacts and Successive Changes in a North Atlantic Food Web" (in en). Ecological Applications 14 (5): 1428–1447. doi:10.1890/03-5027. ISSN 1051-0761. 



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