Biology:Eidetic memory

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Eidetic memory (/aɪˈdɛtɪk/ eye-DET-ik; more commonly called photographic memory) is the ability to recall an image from memory with high precision for a brief period after seeing it only once,[1] and without using a mnemonic device.[2] Although the terms eidetic memory and photographic memory are popularly used interchangeably,[1] they are also distinguished, with eidetic memory referring to the ability to view memories like photographs for a few minutes,[3] and photographic memory referring to the ability to recall pages of text or numbers, or similar, in great detail.[4][5] When the concepts are distinguished, eidetic memory is reported to occur in a small number of children and generally not found in adults,[2][6] while true photographic memory has never been demonstrated to exist.[5][7]

The word eidetic comes from the Greek word εἶδος (pronounced [êːdos], eidos).[8]

Eidetic or photographic memory

The terms eidetic memory and photographic memory are commonly used interchangeably,[1] but they are also distinguished.[4][5] Scholar Annette Kujawski Taylor stated, "In eidetic memory, a person has an almost faithful mental image snapshot or photograph of an event in their memory. However, eidetic memory is not limited to visual aspects of memory and includes auditory memories as well as various sensory aspects across a range of stimuli associated with a visual image."[9] Author Andrew Hudmon commented: "Examples of people with a photographic-like memory are rare. Eidetic imagery is the ability to remember an image in so much detail, clarity, and accuracy that it is as though the image were still being perceived. It is not perfect, as it is subject to distortions and additions (like episodic memory), and vocalization interferes with the memory."[6]

"Eidetikers", as those who possess this ability are called, report a vivid afterimage that lingers in the visual field with their eyes appearing to scan across the image as it is described.[10][11] Contrary to ordinary mental imagery, eidetic images are externally projected, experienced as "out there" rather than in the mind. Vividness and stability of the image begins to fade within minutes after the removal of the visual stimulus.[3] Lilienfeld et al. stated, "People with eidetic memory can supposedly hold a visual image in their mind with such clarity that they can describe it perfectly or almost perfectly ..., just as we can describe the details of a painting immediately in front of us with near perfect accuracy."[12]

By contrast, photographic memory may be defined as the ability to recall pages of text, numbers, or similar, in great detail, without the visualization that comes with eidetic memory.[4] It may be described as the ability to briefly look at a page of information and then recite it perfectly from memory. This type of ability has never been proven to exist and is considered popular myth.[5][7]

Prevalence

Eidetic memory is typically found only in young children, as it is virtually nonexistent in adults.[5][6] Hudmon stated, "Children possess far more capacity for eidetic imagery than adults, suggesting that a developmental change (such as acquiring language skills) may disrupt the potential for eidetic imagery."[6] Eidetic memory has been found in 2 to 10 percent of children aged 6 to 12. It has been hypothesized that language acquisition and verbal skills allow older children to think more abstractly and thus rely less on visual memory systems. Extensive research has failed to demonstrate consistent correlations between the presence of eidetic imagery and any cognitive, intellectual, neurological or emotional measure.[13]

A few adults have had phenomenal memories (not necessarily of images), but their abilities are also unconnected with their intelligence levels and tend to be highly specialized. In extreme cases, like those of Solomon Shereshevsky and Kim Peek, memory skills can reportedly hinder social skills.[14] Shereshevsky was a trained mnemonist, not an eidetic memoriser, and there are no studies that confirm whether Kim Peek had true eidetic memory.

According to Herman Goldstine, the mathematician John von Neumann was able to recall from memory every book he had ever read.[15]

Skepticism

Scientific skepticism about the existence of eidetic memory was fueled around 1970 by Charles Stromeyer, who studied his future wife, Elizabeth, who claimed that she could recall poetry written in a foreign language that she did not understand years after she had first seen the poem. She also could, apparently, recall random dot patterns with such fidelity as to combine two patterns into a stereoscopic image.[16][17] She remains the only person documented to have passed such a test. However, the methods used in the testing procedures could be considered questionable (especially given the extraordinary nature of the claims being made),[18] as is the fact that the researcher married his subject. Additionally, that the tests have never been repeated (Elizabeth has consistently refused to repeat them)[19] raises further concerns.

Lilienfeld et al. stated: "Some psychologists believe that eidetic memory reflects an unusually long persistence of the iconic image in some lucky people". They added: "More recent evidence raises questions about whether any memories are truly photographic (Rothen, Meier & Ward, 2012). Eidetikers' memories are clearly remarkable, but they are rarely perfect. Their memories often contain minor errors, including information that was not present in the original visual stimulus. So even eidetic memory often appears to be reconstructive".[12][20]

The American cognitive scientist Marvin Minsky, in his book The Society of Mind (1988), considered reports of photographic memory to be an "unfounded myth."[21] Furthermore, there is no scientific consensus regarding the nature, the proper definition, or even the very existence of eidetic imagery, even in children.[3]

Scientific skeptic author Brian Dunning reviewed the literature on the subject of both eidetic and photographic memory in 2016 and concluded that there is "a lack of compelling evidence that eidetic memory exists at all among healthy adults, and no evidence that photographic memory exists. But there's a common theme running through many of these research papers, and that's that the difference between ordinary memory and exceptional memory appears to be one of degree."[22]

Trained mnemonists

To constitute photographic or eidetic memory, the visual recall must persist without the use of mnemonics, expert talent, or other cognitive strategies. Various cases have been reported that rely on such skills and are erroneously attributed to photographic memory.

An example of extraordinary memory abilities being ascribed to eidetic memory comes from the popular interpretations of Adriaan de Groot's classic experiments into the ability of chess grandmasters to memorize complex positions of chess pieces on a chess board. Initially, it was found that these experts could recall surprising amounts of information, far more than nonexperts, suggesting eidetic skills. However, when the experts were presented with arrangements of chess pieces that could never occur in a game, their recall was no better than the nonexperts, suggesting that they had developed an ability to organize certain types of information, rather than possessing innate eidetic ability.

Individuals identified as having a condition known as hyperthymesia are able to remember very intricate details of their own personal lives, but the ability seems not to extend to other, non-autobiographical information.[23] They may have vivid recollections such as who they were with, what they were wearing, and how they were feeling on a specific date many years in the past. Patients under study, such as Jill Price, show brain scans that resemble those with obsessive–compulsive disorder. In fact, Price's unusual autobiographical memory has been attributed as a byproduct of compulsively making journal and diary entries. Hyperthymestic patients may additionally have depression stemming from the inability to forget unpleasant memories and experiences from the past.[24] It is a misconception that hyperthymesia suggests any eidetic ability.

Each year at the World Memory Championships, the world's best memorizers compete for prizes. None of the world's best competitive memorizers has a photographic memory, and no one with claimed eidetic or photographic memory has ever won the championship.[25]

Notable claims

With the questionable exception of Elizabeth Stromeyer, a 2006 article in Slate magazine claimed that, of the people rigorously scientifically tested, no one claiming to have long-term eidetic memory had this ability proven.[19] There are a number of individuals whose extraordinary memory has been labeled "eidetic", but many use mnemonics and other, non-eidetic memory-enhancing exercises. Others have not been thoroughly tested.

See also

  • Ayumu – a chimpanzee whose performance in short-term memory tests is higher than university students
  • Exceptional memory – scientific background to the research into exceptional memory
  • Funes the Memorious – a short story by Jorge Luis Borges discussing the consequences of eidetic memory
  • Omniscience – particularly in Buddhism where adepts gain capacity to know "the three times" (past, present and future)
  • Synaptic plasticity – ability of the strength of a synapse to change

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 The terms eidetic memory and photographic memory are often used interchangeably:
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Eidetic image | psychology, Encyclopædia Britannica online
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Mental Imagery > Other Quasi-Perceptual Phenomena (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)". http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mental-imagery/quasi-perceptual.html. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Anthony Simola (2015). The Roving Mind: A Modern Approach to Cognitive Enhancement. ST Press. p. 117. ISBN 069240905X. https://books.google.com/books?id=p4ZMBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT117. Retrieved May 10, 2016. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 "No one has a photographic memory.". Slate Magazine. April 2006. http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2006/04/kaavya_syndrome.single.html. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Andrew Hudmon (2009). Learning and Memory. Infobase Publishing. p. 52. ISBN 1438119577. https://books.google.com/books?id=GKdUyxrqL6kC&pg=PA52. Retrieved May 10, 2016. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Does Photographic Memory Exist?". Scientific American. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/i-developed-what-appears-to-be-a-ph/. 
  8. ↑ "Eidetic". American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed.. 2000. http://www.bartleby.com/61/91/E0059100.html. Retrieved 2007-12-12. 
  9. ↑ Annette Kujawski Taylor (2013). Encyclopedia of Human Memory [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 1099. ISBN 144080026X. https://books.google.com/books?id=VevXAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1099. Retrieved May 10, 2016. 
  10. ↑ Searleman, Alan; Herrmann, Douglas J. (1994) (in en). Memory from a Broader Perspective. McGraw-Hill. p. 313. ISBN 9780070283879. https://books.google.com/books?id=PWl9AAAAMAAJ. 
  11. ↑ "The Truth About Photographic Memory". https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200603/the-truth-about-photographic-memory. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Scott Lilienfeld, Steven Jay Lynn, Laura Namy, Nancy Woolf, Graham Jamieson, Anthony Marks, Virginia Slaughter (2014). Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding. Pearson Higher Education. p. 353. ISBN 1486016405. https://books.google.com/books?id=7dSaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA267. Retrieved May 10, 2016. 
  13. ↑ "Behavioral and Brain Sciences – Abstract – Twenty years of haunting eidetic imagery: where's the ghost?". http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7176716. 
  14. ↑ Barber, Nigel (December 22, 2010). "Remembering everything? Memory searchers suffer from amnesia!". Psychology Today (Sussex). http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-human-beast/201012/remembering-everything. Retrieved July 10, 2013. 
  15. ↑ Goldstine, Herman (1980). The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02367-0. 
  16. ↑ Stromeyer, C. F.; Psotka, J. (1970). "The detailed texture of eidetic images". Nature 225 (5230): 346–49. doi:10.1038/225346a0. PMID 5411116. 
  17. ↑ Thomas, N.J.T. (2010). Other Quasi-Perceptual Phenomena. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  18. ↑ Blakemore, C., Braddick, O., & Gregory, R.L. (1970). Detailed Texture of Eidetic Images: A Discussion. Nature, 226, 1267–1268.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Foer, Joshua (April 27, 2006). "Kaavya Syndrome: The accused Harvard plagiarist doesn't have a photographic memory. No one does.". Slate. http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2006/04/kaavya_syndrome.single.html. Retrieved December 16, 2012. 
  20. ↑ Note: Reconstructive memory is a theory of memory recall.
  21. ↑ Minsky, Marvin (1998). Society of Mind. Simon & Schuster. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-671-65713-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=LO_LAUFpJ3cC&dq=society+of+mind&q=photographic#search_anchor. "...we often hear about people with 'photographic memories' that enable them to quickly memorise all the fine details of a complicated picture or a page of text in a few seconds. So far as I can tell, all of these tales are unfounded myths, and only professional magicians or charlatans can produce such demonstrations." 
  22. ↑ Dunning, Brian. "Skeptoid #452: Photographic Memory". https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4542. 
  23. ↑ "People with Extraordinary Autobiographical Memory". Psychology Today. http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/quirks-memory/201301/people-extraordinary-autobiographical-memory. 
  24. ↑ "When Memories Never Fade, The Past Can Poison The Present". NPR.org. 27 December 2013. https://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/12/18/255285479/when-memories-never-fade-the-past-can-poison-the-present. 
  25. ↑ Joshua Foer - Moonwalking with Einstein: The Art and Science of Remembering Everything, 2011



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