Biology:Elaeagnus angustifolia

From HandWiki
Short description: Species of flowering plant

Elaeagnus angustifolia
Korina 2012-05-15 Elaeagnus angustifolia 1.jpg
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Elaeagnaceae
Genus: Elaeagnus
Species:
E. angustifolia
Binomial name
Elaeagnus angustifolia
Synonyms
  • Schltdl. (Sosn.) Grossh.
  • Elaeagnus hortensis Elaeagnus caspica
  • M.Bieb. Elaeagnus oxycarpa

Elaeagnus angustifolia, commonly called Russian olive,[1] silver berry,[2] oleaster,[2] or wild olive,[2] is a species of Elaeagnus, native to western and central Asia, Iran, from southern Russia and Kazakhstan to Turkey, parts of Pakistan and parts of India .[3][better source needed] (As of 2020), it is widely established in North America as an introduced species.[4][5]

Description

Elaeagnus angustifolia is a thorny tree growing to 35 feet (11 metres) in height.[6] Its stems, buds, and leaves have a dense covering of silvery to rusty scales. The leaves are alternate, lanceolate, 4–9 centimetres (1 1⁄2–3 1⁄2 inches) long and 1–2.5 cm (3⁄8–1 in) broad, with a smooth margin. The plants begin to flower and fruit from 3 years old. The highly aromatic flowers, produced in clusters of one to three, are 1 cm long with a four-lobed creamy yellow calyx; they appear in early summer and are followed by clusters of fruit, a small cherry-like drupe 1–1.7 cm (3⁄8–5⁄8 in) long, orange-red covered in silvery scales. The fruits are about 1 cm wide[7] and sweet, though with a dryish, mealy texture.[8][9][10]

The species is established and reproduced primarily by seed, with some vegetative propagation also occurring.[11] The branches have thorns that can be 2–7 cm (3⁄4–2 3⁄4 in) long.

  • Foliage

  • Microscopic view of leaf scales, which give them a silvery sheen

  • Fruit

Taxonomy

The species was described as Zizyphus cappadocica by John Gerard, and was grown by John Parkinson by 1633.[12] Its common name comes from its similarity in appearance to the olive (Olea europaea), in a different botanical family, the Oleaceae.

Ecology

Russian olive invading a rare ciénega in New Mexico, United States

The shrub can fix nitrogen in its roots,[13] enabling it to grow on bare mineral substrates.

The caterpillars of the high altitude alpine moth Lachana alpherakii use it as a host plant.[14] The fruit is readily eaten and the seeds disseminated by many species of birds.

Invasive behavior

The species was introduced into North America by the late 19th century, and was both planted and spread through the consumption of its fruits (which seldom ripen in England ),[15] by birds, which disperse the seeds.[11] Russian olive is considered to be an invasive species in many places in the United States because it thrives on poor soil, has high seedling survival rates, matures in a few years, and out-competes the native vegetation. It often invades riparian habitats where the canopy of cottonwood trees has died. Its quick-spreading root system can make it pest-like.

Uses

A colorful bowl of mixed dried fruits viewed from directly above, sitting on a flowered cloth
Dried oleaster fruit (senjed) among other fruits as part of haft mēwa, an Afghan dish

It is widely grown across southern and central Europe as a drought and cold-resistant ornamental plant for its scented flowers, edible fruit,[7] attractive yellow foliage and black bark.[11]

In Iran, the dried powder of the fruit is used mixed with milk for rheumatoid arthritis and joint pains. There is evidence supporting beneficial effects of aqueous extract of Persian olive in reducing the symptoms of osteoarthritis with an efficacy comparable to that of acetaminophen and ibuprofen.[16]

It is one of the seven items used in Haft-sin, a traditional table setting of Nowruz, the traditional Persian spring celebration. The dried fruit, known locally as senjed, is one of seven served in its own syrup in a fruit salad called haft mēwa eaten during Nowruz in Afghanistan.[17][18]

Research

Elaeagnus angustifolia flowers extract has been tested as a supplement in the treatment of female orgasmic disorder.[19]

Chemistry

Elaeagnus angustifolia contains the alkaloids Harmine, Harmane, and Harmol in the roots and shoot, as well as Calligonine in the bark.[20]

References

  1. ↑ "Russian Olive Species Profile". USDA. https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/russian-olive. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Bailey, L.H.; Bailey, E.Z.; the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium (1976). Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02-505470-7. https://archive.org/details/hortusthirdconci00bail. 
  3. ↑ "Travel Tales – of Wild fruits and Pink Lotuses | Spinning a Yarn of L…". https://tikulicious.wordpress.com/2018/07/02/travel-tales-of-wild-fruits-and-pink-lotuses/. 
  4. ↑ Sullivan, Steven. K. (2020). "Elaeagnus angustifolia". http://www.wildflowersearch.com/search?&PlantName=Elaeagnus+angustifolia. 
  5. ↑ USDA, NRCS. (2020). "Elaeagnus angustifolia". National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ELAN. 
  6. ↑ "USDA Plants Database". https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=ELAN. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) (in en). Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees (field guide ed.). Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 287–288. ISBN 978-1-68051-329-5. OCLC 1141235469. https://books.google.com/books?id=qDD4DwAAQBAJ. 
  8. ↑ Klinkenberg, Brian, ed (2020). "Elaeagnus angustifolia". Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Elaeagnus%20angustifolia. 
  9. ↑ Giblin, David, ed (2020). "Elaeagnus angustifolia". Burke Museum, University of Washington. http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Elaeagnus%20angustifolia. 
  10. ↑ "Elaeagnus angustifolia". Jepson Herbarium; University of California, Berkeley. 2020. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=Elaeagnus%20angustifolia. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Little, Elbert L. (1994). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region (Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 566. ISBN 0-394-50761-4. 
  12. ↑ Alice M. Coats, Garden Shrubs and Their Histories (1964) 1992, s.v. "Eleagnus".
  13. ↑ "Forest Service Fire Ecology". http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/elaang/all.html. 
  14. ↑ Trofimova, Tatyana A. (January 2008). "Systematic notes on Dasorgyia Staudinger, 1881, Dicallomera Butler, 1881, and Lachana Moore, 1888 (Lymantriidae)". Nota Lepidopterologica 31 (2): 273–291. ISSN 0342-7536. http://www.soceurlep.eu/uploads/nota/bd31_2/09_Trofimova.pdf. Retrieved 26 November 2019. 
  15. ↑ Parkinson noted that it rarely perfected its fruit (noted by Coats 1992).
  16. ↑ Panahi, Y.; Alishiri, G. H.; Bayat, N.; Hosseini, S. M.; Sahebkar, A. (2016). "Efficacy of Elaeagnus Angustifolia extract in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial". Excli Journal 15: 203–210. PMID 27330526. 
  17. ↑ Sethi, Simran (2022-03-21). "Nowruz is banned in Afghanistan, but families continue to celebrate" (in en). NPR. https://www.npr.org/2022/03/21/1087296594/nowruz-is-banned-in-afghanistan-but-families-continue-to-celebrate. 
  18. ↑ Deravian, Naz (2022-03-14). "For Afghans Abroad, Nowruz Is a Chance to Reflect" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/14/dining/afghan-nowroz-celebration-food.html. 
  19. ↑ Akbarzadeh M (October 2014). "Comparison of Elaeagnus angustifolia Extract and Sildenafil Citrate on Female Orgasmic Disorders: A Randomized Clinical Trial.". Journal of Reproduction & Infertility 15 (4): 190–198. PMID 25473627. 
  20. ↑ "Elaeagnus angustifolia | Plant | Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases". https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/plants/show/5530#page-1. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q157969 entry



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology:Elaeagnus_angustifolia&oldid=3655409"