Biology:Endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex

From HandWiki
Endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex
Identifiers
SymbolEMC
Membranome637

The endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) is a putative endoplasmic reticulum-resident membrane protein (co-)chaperone.[1] The EMC is evolutionarily conserved in eukaryotes (animals, plants, and fungi), and its initial appearance might reach back to the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA).[2] Many aspects of mEMC biology and molecular function remain to be studied.

Composition and structure

The EMC consists of up to 10 subunits (EMC1 - EMC4, MMGT1, EMC6 - EMC10), of which only two (EMC8/9) are homologous proteins.[3][2] Seven out of ten (EMC1, EMC3, EMC4, MMMGT1, EMC6, EMC7, EMC10) subunts are predicted to contain at least one transmembrane domain (TMD), whereas EMC2, EMC8 and EMC9 do not contain any predicted transmembrane domains are herefore likely to interact with the rest of the EMC on the cytosolic face of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). EMC proteins are thought to be present in the mature complex in a 1:1 stoichiometry.[4][5]

Subunit primary structure

The majority of EMC proteins (EMC1/3/4/MMGT1/6/7/10) contain at least one predicted TMD. EMC1, EMC7 and EMC10 contain an N-terminal signal sequence.

EMC1

EMC1, also known as KIAA0090, contains a single TMD (aa 959-979) and Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-like repeats (aa 21-252), which could form a β-propeller domain.[6][7] The TMD is part of a domain a larger domain (DUF1620).[8][7] The functions of the PQQ and DUF1620 domains in EMC1 remain to be determined.

EMC2

EMC2 (TTC35) harbours three tetratricopeptide repeats (TPR1/2/3). TPRs have been shown to mediate protein-protein interactions and can be found in a large variety of proteins of diverse function.[9][10][11] The function of TPRs in EMC2 is unknown.

EMC8 and EMC9

EMC8 and EMC9 show marked sequence identity (44.72%) on the amino acid level. Both proteins are members of the UPF0172 family, a member of which (e.g. TLA1) are involved in regulating the antenna size of chlorophyll-a.[12][13][14]

Posttranslational modifications

Several subunits of the mammalian EMC (mEMC) are posttranslationally modified. EMC1 contains three predicted N-glcosylation sites at positions 370, 818, and 913.[6] EMC10 features a predicted N-glycosylation consensus motif at position 182.

Evolutionary conservation

EMC proteins are evolutionarily conserved in eukaryotes.[2] No homologues are reported in prokaryotes. Therefore, the EMC has been suggested to have its evolutionary roots in the last eukaryote common ancestor (LECA).[2]

Function

Protein folding and degradation at the ER

The EMC was first identified in a genetic screen in yeast for factors involved in protein folding in the ER.[1] Accordingly, deletion of individual EMC subunits correlates with the induction of an ER stress response in various model organisms.[1][15][16] However, it is worth noting that in human osteosarcoma cells (U2OS cells), deletion of EMC6 does not appear to cause ER stress.[17][18] When overexpressed, several subunits of the mammalian EMC orthologue (mEMC) have been found to physically interact with ERAD components (UBAC2, DER1, DER2)[3] Genetic screens in yeast have shown EMC subunits to be enriched in alongside ERAD genes.[19][20] Taken together, these findings imply a role of the mEMC in protein homeostasis.

Chaperone

Maturation of polytopic membrane proteins

Several lines of evidence implicate the EMC in promoting the maturation of polytopic membrane proteins. The EMC is necessary to correctly and efficiently insert the first transmembrane domain (also called the signal anchor) of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) such as the beta-adrenergic receptor.[21] Determining features of transmembrane domains that favour EMC involvement seem to be moderate hydrophobicity and ambiguous distribution of TMD flanking charges.

The substrate spectrum of the EMC appears to extend beyond GPCRs. Unifying properties of putative EMC clients are the presence of unusually hydrophilic transmembrane domains containing charged residues.[22] However, mechanistic detail of how the EMC assists in orienting and inserting such problematic transmembrane domains is lacking. In many cases, evidence implicating the EMC in the biogenesis of a certain protein consists of co-depletion when individual subunts of the EMC are disrupted.

A number of putative EMC clients are listed below, but the manner in which the EMC engages them and whether they directly or indirectly depend on the EMC merits further investigation:

Loss of EMC function destabilises the enzyme sterol-O-acyltransferase 1 (SOAT1) and, in conjunction with overlooking the biogenesis of squalene synthase (SQS), helps to maintain cellular cholesterol homeostasis.[23] SOAT1 is an obligatory enzyme for cellular cholesterol storage and detoxification. For SQS, an enzyme controlling the committing step in cholesterol biosynthesis, the EMC has been shown to be sufficient for its integration into liposomes in vitro.[24]

Depletion of EMC6 and additional EMC proteins reduces the cell surface expression of the nicotinic Acetylcholine receptors in C. elegans.[15]

Knockdown of EMC2 has been observed to correlate with decreased CFTRΔF508 levels.[25] EMC2 contains three tetratricopeptide repeat domains (TRPs). TRPs have been shown to mediate protein-protein interaction and can be found in co-chaperones of Hsp90. Therefore, a role of EMC2 in mediating interactions with cytosolic chaperones is conceivable, but remains to be demonstrated.

Loss of EMC subunits in D. melanogaster correlates with strongly reduced cell surface expression of rhodopsin-1 (Rh1), an important polytopic light receptor in the plasma membrane.[16]

In yeast, the EMC has been implicated in maturation or trafficking defects of the polytopic model substrate Mrh1p-GFP.[26]

Recently, structural and functional studies have identified a holdase function for the EMC in the assembly and maturation of the voltage gated calcium channel CaV1.2.[27]

Insertion proteins into the ER

The EMC was shown to be involved in a pathway mediating the membrane integration of tail-anchored proteins containing an unusually hydrophilic or amphiphatic transmembrane domains.[24] This pathway appears to operate in parallel to the conventional Get/Trc40 targeting pathway.

Other suggested functions

Mitochondrial tethering

In S. cerevisiae, the EMC has been reported by Lahiri and colleagues to constitute a tethering complex between the ER and mitochondria.[28] Close apposition of both organelles is a prerequisite for phosphatidylcholine (PS) biosyntheis in which phosphatidylserine (PS) is imported from the ER into mitochondria, and this was previously proposed as evidence for a membrane tether between these two organelles by Jean Vance.[29][30] Disruption of the EMC by genetic deletion of multiple of its subunits was shown to reduce ER-mitochondrial tethering and to impair transfer of phosphatidylserine (PS) from the ER.[28]

Autophagosome formation

EMC6 interacts with the small GTPase RAB5A and BECLIN-1, regulators of autophagosome formation.[17][18] This observation suggests that the mEMC, and not just EMC6, might be involved in regulating Rab5A and BECLIN-1. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the proposed modulation of autophagosome formation remains to be established.

Involvement in disease

The mEMC has repeatedly been implicated in a range of pathologies including susceptibility of cells to viral infection, cancer, and a congenital syndrome of severe physical and mental disability. None of these pathologies seem to be related by disruption of a single molecular pathway that might be regulated by the mEMC. Consequently, the involvement of the mEMC in these pathologies has only limited use for defining the primary function of this complex.

As a host factor in viral infections

Large-scale genetic screens imply several mEMC subunits in modulating the pathogenicity of flaviviruses such as West Nile virus (WNV), Zika virus (ZV), Dengue fever virus (DFV), and yellow fever virus (YFV).[20][31] In particular, loss of several mEMC subunits (e.g. EMC2, EMC3) lead to inhibition of WNV-induced cell death. however, WNV was still able to infect and proliferate in cells lacking EMC subunits.[20] The authors made a similar observation of the role of the mEMC in the cell-killing capacity of Saint Louis Encephalitis Virus. The underlying cause for the resistance of EMC2/3-deficient cells to WNV-induced cytotoxicity remains elusive.

Cancer

Dysregulation of individual mEMC subunits correlates with the severity of certain types of cancer. Expression of hHSS1, a secreted splice variant of EMC10 (HSM1), reduces the proliferation and migration of glioma cell lines.[32]

Overexpression of EMC6 has been found to reduce cell proliferation of glioblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo, whereas its RNAi-mediated depletion has the opposite effect.[18] This indicates that the mEMC assumes (an) important function(s) in cancerous cells to establish a malignant tumour.

Pathologies

Mutations in the EMC1 gene have been associated with retinal dystrophy and a severe systemic disease phenotype involving developmental delay, cerebellar atrophy, scoliosis and hypotonia.[33]

Similarly, a homozygous missense mutation (c.430G>A, p.Ala144Thr) within the EMC1 gene has been correlated with the development of retinal dystrophy.[34]

Even though a set of disease-causing mutations in EMC1 has been mapped, their effect on EMC1 function and structure remain to be studied.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Comprehensive characterization of genes required for protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum". Science 323 (5922): 1693–7. March 2009. doi:10.1126/science.1167983. PMID 19325107. Bibcode: 2009Sci...323.1693J. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "The ubiquitous and ancient ER membrane protein complex (EMC): tether or not?". F1000Research 4: 624. 25 August 2015. doi:10.12688/f1000research.6944.2. PMID 26512320. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Defining human ERAD networks through an integrative mapping strategy". Nature Cell Biology 14 (1): 93–105. November 2011. doi:10.1038/ncb2383. PMID 22119785. 
  4. ↑ "Quantifying absolute protein synthesis rates reveals principles underlying allocation of cellular resources". Cell 157 (3): 624–35. April 2014. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.033. PMID 24766808. 
  5. ↑ "A human interactome in three quantitative dimensions organized by stoichiometries and abundances". Cell 163 (3): 712–23. October 2015. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.053. PMID 26496610. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Forcible destruction of severely misfolded mammalian glycoproteins by the non-glycoprotein ERAD pathway". The Journal of Cell Biology 211 (4): 775–84. November 2015. doi:10.1083/jcb.201504109. PMID 26572623. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "β-Propeller blades as ancestral peptides in protein evolution". PLOS ONE 8 (10): e77074. 15 October 2013. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077074. PMID 24143202. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...877074K. 
  8. ↑ "The refined structure of the quinoprotein methanol dehydrogenase from Methylobacterium extorquens at 1.94 A". Structure 3 (2): 177–87. February 1995. doi:10.1016/s0969-2126(01)00148-4. PMID 7735834. 
  9. ↑ "The TPR snap helix: a novel protein repeat motif from mitosis to transcription". Trends in Biochemical Sciences 16 (5): 173–7. May 1991. doi:10.1016/0968-0004(91)90070-c. PMID 1882418. 
  10. ↑ "Tetratrico peptide repeat interactions: to TPR or not to TPR?". Trends in Biochemical Sciences 20 (7): 257–9. July 1995. doi:10.1016/s0968-0004(00)89037-4. PMID 7667876. 
  11. ↑ "The structure of the tetratricopeptide repeats of protein phosphatase 5: implications for TPR-mediated protein-protein interactions". The EMBO Journal 17 (5): 1192–9. March 1998. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.5.1192. PMID 9482716. 
  12. ↑ "Genetic and biochemical analysis of the TLA1 gene in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii". Planta 231 (3): 729–40. February 2010. doi:10.1007/s00425-009-1083-3. PMID 20012986. 
  13. ↑ "Modulation of the light-harvesting chlorophyll antenna size in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by TLA1 gene over-expression and RNA interference". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 367 (1608): 3430–43. December 2012. doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0229. PMID 23148270. 
  14. ↑ "Mapping the Arabidopsis organelle proteome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (17): 6518–23. April 2006. doi:10.1073/pnas.0506958103. PMID 16618929. Bibcode: 2006PNAS..103.6518D. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Biosynthesis of ionotropic acetylcholine receptors requires the evolutionarily conserved ER membrane complex". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110 (11): E1055–63. March 2013. doi:10.1073/pnas.1216154110. PMID 23431131. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "dPob/EMC is essential for biosynthesis of rhodopsin and other multi-pass membrane proteins in Drosophila photoreceptors". eLife 4. February 2015. doi:10.7554/eLife.06306. PMID 25715730. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "A novel ER-localized transmembrane protein, EMC6, interacts with RAB5A and regulates cell autophagy". Autophagy 9 (2): 150–63. February 2013. doi:10.4161/auto.22742. PMID 23182941. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "EMC6/TMEM93 suppresses glioblastoma proliferation by modulating autophagy". Cell Death & Disease 7 (1): e2043. January 2016. doi:10.1038/cddis.2015.408. PMID 26775697. 
  19. ↑ "The Toxicity of a Novel Antifungal Compound Is Modulated by Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Protein Degradation Components". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60 (3): 1438–49. December 2015. doi:10.1128/aac.02239-15. PMID 26666917. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 "A CRISPR-Based Screen Identifies Genes Essential for West-Nile-Virus-Induced Cell Death". Cell Reports 12 (4): 673–83. July 2015. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.049. PMID 26190106. 
  21. ↑ Chitwood, Patrick J.; Juszkiewicz, Szymon; Guna, Alina; Shao, Sichen; Hegde, Ramanujan S. (2018-11-29). "EMC Is Required to Initiate Accurate Membrane Protein Topogenesis". Cell 175 (6): 1507–1519.e16. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.009. ISSN 1097-4172. PMID 30415835. 
  22. ↑ Shurtleff, Matthew J.; Itzhak, Daniel N.; Hussmann, Jeffrey A.; Schirle Oakdale, Nicole T.; Costa, Elizabeth A.; Jonikas, Martin; Weibezahn, Jimena; Popova, Katerina D. et al. (May 29, 2018). "The ER membrane protein complex interacts cotranslationally to enable biogenesis of multipass membrane proteins". eLife 7. doi:10.7554/eLife.37018. ISSN 2050-084X. PMID 29809151. 
  23. ↑ Volkmar, Norbert; Thezenas, Maria-Laetitia; Louie, Sharon M.; Juszkiewicz, Szymon; Nomura, Daniel K.; Hegde, Ramanujan S.; Kessler, Benedikt M.; Christianson, John C. (2019-01-16). "The ER membrane protein complex promotes biogenesis of sterol-related enzymes maintaining cholesterol homeostasis". Journal of Cell Science 132 (2): jcs223453. doi:10.1242/jcs.223453. ISSN 1477-9137. PMID 30578317. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "The ER membrane protein complex is a transmembrane domain insertase". Science 359 (6374): 470–473. January 2018. doi:10.1126/science.aao3099. PMID 29242231. Bibcode: 2018Sci...359..470G. 
  25. ↑ "A yeast phenomic model for the gene interaction network modulating CFTR-ΔF508 protein biogenesis". Genome Medicine 4 (12): 103. December 2012. doi:10.1186/gm404. PMID 23270647. 
  26. ↑ "Secretory pathway genes assessed by high-throughput microscopy and synthetic genetic array analysis". Molecular BioSystems 7 (9): 2589–98. September 2011. doi:10.1039/c1mb05175j. PMID 21731954. 
  27. ↑ Chen, Zhou; Mondal, Abhisek; Abderemane-Ali, Fayal; Jang, Seil; Niranjan, Sangeeta; Montaño, José L.; Zaro, Balyn W.; Minor, Daniel L. (July 2023). "EMC chaperone–CaV structure reveals an ion channel assembly intermediate". Nature 619 (7969): 410–419. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06175-5. PMID 37196677. Bibcode: 2023Natur.619..410C. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "A conserved endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) facilitates phospholipid transfer from the ER to mitochondria". PLOS Biology 12 (10): e1001969. October 2014. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001969. PMID 25313861. 
  29. ↑ "Phospholipid synthesis in a membrane fraction associated with mitochondria". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 265 (13): 7248–56. May 1990. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)39106-9. PMID 2332429. 
  30. ↑ Vance, J. E. (1991-01-05). "Newly made phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine are preferentially translocated between rat liver mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 266 (1): 89–97. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)52406-6. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 1898727. 
  31. ↑ "Identification of Zika Virus and Dengue Virus Dependency Factors using Functional Genomics". Cell Reports 16 (1): 232–246. June 2016. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.028. PMID 27342126. 
  32. ↑ "hHSS1: a novel secreted factor and suppressor of glioma growth located at chromosome 19q13.33". Journal of Neuro-Oncology 102 (2): 197–211. April 2011. doi:10.1007/s11060-010-0314-6. PMID 20680400. 
  33. ↑ "Monoallelic and Biallelic Variants in EMC1 Identified in Individuals with Global Developmental Delay, Hypotonia, Scoliosis, and Cerebellar Atrophy". American Journal of Human Genetics 98 (3): 562–570. March 2016. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.01.011. PMID 26942288. 
  34. ↑ "Autozygome-guided exome sequencing in retinal dystrophy patients reveals pathogenetic mutations and novel candidate disease genes". Genome Research 23 (2): 236–47. February 2013. doi:10.1101/gr.144105.112. PMID 23105016. 



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology:Endoplasmic_reticulum_membrane_protein_complex&oldid=3692479"