Biology:New World porcupine

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Short description: Family of rodents

New World porcupines
Temporal range: Oligocene-Recent
~37.2–0 Ma
North American porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum)
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Infraorder: Hystricognathi
Parvorder: Caviomorpha
Superfamily: Erethizontoidea
Family: Erethizontidae
Bonaparte 1845
Type genus
Erethizon
F. Cuvier, 1823
Genera
  • Chaetomys
  • Coendou
  • Erethizon
  • †Branisamyopsis Candela 2003
  • †Cholamys Pérez et al. 2018
  • †Eopululo Frailey & Campbell Jr 2004
  • †Hypsosteiromys Patterson 1958
  • †Matsigenkamys Arnal et al. 2026
  • †Microsteiromys Walton 1990
  • †Neosteiromys Rovereto 1914
  • †Palaeosteiromys Boivin et al. 2017
  • †Paradoxomys Ameghino 1885
  • †Parasteiromys Ameghino 1904
  • †Protosteiromys Wood & Patterson 1959
Erethizontidae distribution. Coendou in red, Erethizon in green, Chaetomys in blue (overlaps Coendou range).

The New World porcupines, family Erethizontidae, are large, arboreal rodents, distinguished by their spiny coverings from which they take their name. They inhabit forests and wooded regions across North America and into northern South America. Although both the New World and Old World porcupine families belong to the Hystricognathi branch of the vast order Rodentia, they are quite different and are not particularly closely related.

Characteristics

New World porcupines are stout animals, with blunt, rounded heads, fleshy, mobile snouts, and coats of thick, cylindrical, or flattened spines. The "quills" are mixed with long, soft hairs. They vary in size from the relatively small prehensile-tailed porcupines, which are around 30 cm (12 in) long, and weigh about 900 g (32 oz), to the much larger North American porcupine, which has a body length of 86 cm (34 in), and weighs up to 18 kg (40 lb).[1]

They are distinguished from the Old World porcupines in that they have rooted molars, complete collar bones, entire upper lips, tuberculated soles, no trace of first front toes, and four teats.

They are less strictly nocturnal than Old World species in their habits, and some types live entirely in trees, while others have dens on the ground. Their long and powerful prehensile tails help them balance when they are in the tree tops. Their diets consist mainly of bark, leaves, and conifer needles, but can also include roots, stems, berries, fruits, seeds, nuts, grasses, and flowers. Some species also eat insects and small reptiles.[2] Their teeth are similar to those of Old World porcupines, with the dental formula 1.0.1.31.0.1.3.

Solitary offspring (or, rarely, twins) are born after a gestation period up to 210 days, depending on the species. The young are born fully developed, with open eyes, and are able to climb trees within a few days of birth.[1]

Genera and species

They include three genera, of which the first is represented by the North American porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum), a stout, heavily built animal, with long hairs almost or quite hiding its spines, four front and five hind toes, and a short, stumpy tail. It is a native of the greater part of Canada and the United States, where any remnant of the original forest is left.

The tree porcupines (Coendou) contain 17 species. They are found throughout tropical South America, with two extending into Mexico. They are of a lighter build than the ground porcupines, with short, close, multicoloured spines, often mixed with hairs, and prehensile tails. The hind feet have only four toes, owing to the suppression of the first, in place of which they have a fleshy pad on the inner side of the foot; between this pad and the toes, branches and other objects can be firmly grasped as with a hand.

Genus Chaetomys, distinguished by the shape of its skull and the greater complexity of its teeth, contains the bristle-spined rat (C. subspinosus), a native of the hottest parts of Brazil. This animal is often considered a member of the Echimyidae on the basis of its premolars. However, a molecular phylogeny based on the mitochondrial gene coding for cytochrome b combined to karyological evidence actually suggests the bristle-spined rat is more closely related to the Erethizontidae than to the Echimyidae, and is the sister group of all other Erethizontidae.[3]

Classification

Up close view of head and front claws, Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska
;Extant genera and species
Fossil genera
  • †Branisamyopsis[7] Candela 2003
  • †Cholamys[8] Pérez et al. 2019
  • †Eopululo[9] Frailey & Campbell Jr 2004
  • †Hypsosteiromys[10] Patterson 1958
  • †Lapazomys[8] Pérez et al. 2018
  • †Matsigenkamys[11] Arnal et al. 2026
  • †Microsteiromys[12] Walton 1990
  • †Neosteiromys[13] Candela 2007
  • †Palaeosteiromys[14] Boivin et al. 2017
  • †Parasteiromys[15] Ameghino 1904
  • †Protosteiromys[16] Wood & Patterson 1959

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Woods, Charles (1984). Macdonald, D.. ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 686–689. ISBN 0-87196-871-1. https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/686. 
  2. ↑ Macdonald (Ed), Professor David W. (2006). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-920608-2. 
  3. ↑ Vilela, R.V.; Machado, T.; Ventura, K.; Fagundes, V.; Silva, M.J.; Yonenaga-Yassuda, Y. (2009). "The taxonomic status of the endangered thin-spined porcupine, Chaetomys subspinosus (Olfers, 1818), based on molecular and karyologic data". BMC Evol. Biol. 9 (1): 29. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-29. PMID 19192302. Bibcode: 2009BMCEE...9...29V. 
  4. ↑ Feijó, Anderson; Langguth, Alfredo (2013). "A new species of porcupine from the Baturité range". Revista Nordestina de Biologia 22 (1/2): 124–126. 
  5. ↑ Menezes, Fernando Heberson; Feijó, Anderson; Fernandes-Ferreira, Hugo; da Costa, Itayguara Ribeiro; Cordeiro-Estrela, Pedro (2021). "Integrative systematics of Neotropical porcupines of Coendou prehensilis complex (Rodentia: Erethizontidae)" (in en). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 59 (8): 2410–2439. doi:10.1111/jzs.12529. ISSN 1439-0469. 
  6. ↑ Pontes, A.R.M.; Gadelha, J.R.; Melo, É.R.A.; SÁ, F.B.; Loss, A.C.; Caldara Jr, V.; Costa, L.P.; Leite, Y.L.R. (5 Apr 2013). "A new species of porcupine, genus Coendou (Rodentia: Erethizontidae) from the Atlantic forest of northeastern Brazil". Zootaxa 3636 (3): 421–438. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3636.3.2. PMID 26042302. https://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2013/f/z03636p438f.pdf. 
  7. ↑ Candela, Adriana Magdalena (2003). "A new porcupine (Rodentia, Hystricognathi, Erethizontidae) from the Early and Middle Miocene of Patagonia" (in es). Ameghiniana 40 (3): 483–494. ISSN 1851-8044. https://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/975. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Pérez, María Encarnación; Arnal, Michelle; Boivin, Myriam; Vucetich, María Guiomar; Candela, Adriana; Busker, Felipe; Quispe, Bernardino Mamani (2019-05-19). "New caviomorph rodents from the late Oligocene of Salla, Bolivia: taxonomic, chronological, and biogeographic implications for the Deseadan faunas of South America". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology (Taylor & Francis) 17 (10): 821–847. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1471622. ISSN 1477-2019. Bibcode: 2019JSPal..17..821P. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2018.1471622. 
  9. ↑ Martin, Joel W. (1 Jan. 2004). The Paleogene Mammalian Fauna of Santa Rosa, Amazonian Peru (Science series / Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. ISBN 978-1891276279. 
  10. ↑ https://bioone.org/journals/American-Museum-Novitates/volume-2013/issue-3769/3769.2/Phylogenetic-Relationships-of-New-World-Porcupines-Rodentia-Erethizontidae--Implications/10.1206/3769.2.full. doi:10.1206/3769.2. https://bioone.org/journals/American-Museum-Novitates/volume-2013/issue-3769/3769.2/Phylogenetic-Relationships-of-New-World-Porcupines-Rodentia-Erethizontidae--Implications/10.1206/3769.2.full. 
  11. ↑ Arnal, Michelle; Kay, Richard F.; Valdivia, Luis Angel; Salenbien, Wout; Morse, Paul E.; Borths, Mathew R.; Williams, Blythe A.; Riddle, Catherine et al. (2026). "New Early Miocene hystricognath rodents (Caviomorpha) from the Madre de Dios River in the southeastern Peruvian Amazon" (in en). Papers in Palaeontology 12 (2). doi:10.1002/spp2.70064. ISSN 2056-2802. Bibcode: 2026PPal...1270064A. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/spp2.70064. 
  12. ↑ Walton, Anne Helene (1990). Rodents of the La Venta fauna, Miocene, Colombia: Biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental implications. 
  13. ↑ Candela, Adriana M.; Picasso, Mariana B.J. (2008). "Functional anatomy of the limbs of erethizontidae (Rodentia, Caviomorpha): Indicators of locomotor behavior in Miocene porcupines" (in en). Journal of Morphology 269 (5): 552–593. doi:10.1002/jmor.10606. ISSN 1097-4687. PMID 18157864. Bibcode: 2008JMorp.269..552C. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jmor.10606. 
  14. ↑ Boivin, Myriam; Marivaux, Laurent; Candela, Adriana M.; Orliac, Maëva J.; Pujos, François; Salas-Gismondi, Rodolfo; Tejada-Lara, Julia V.; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2017). "Late Oligocene caviomorph rodents from Contamana, Peruvian Amazonia" (in en). Papers in Palaeontology 3 (1): 69–109. doi:10.1002/spp2.1068. ISSN 2056-2802. Bibcode: 2017PPal....3...69B. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/spp2.1068. 
  15. ↑ Candela, Adriana M. (June 1999). "The evolution of the molar pattern of the Erethizontidae (Rodentia,Hystricognathi) and the validity of Parasteiromys Ameghino, 1904." (in En). PalaeoVertebrata (Institut des sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier and Association Palaeovertebrata) 28: 53–73. doi:10.18563/pv.28.1.53-73. ISSN 2274-0333. https://palaeovertebrata.com.com/articles/view/124. 
  16. ↑ Pérez, María Encarnación; Arnal, Michelle; Boivin, Myriam; Vucetich, María Guiomar; Candela, Adriana; Busker, Felipe; Quispe, Bernardino Mamani (2019-05-19). "New caviomorph rodents from the late Oligocene of Salla, Bolivia: taxonomic, chronological, and biogeographic implications for the Deseadan faunas of South America". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology (Taylor & Francis) 17 (10): 821–847. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1471622. ISSN 1477-2019. Bibcode: 2019JSPal..17..821P. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2018.1471622. 

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