Biology:Felis

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Short description: Genus of mammals (cats)

Felis
Temporal range: Piacenzian – Holocene 3.4–0 Ma
↓
Felis collage.png
The six wild Felis species; from top-left, clockwise: European wildcat (F. silvestris), jungle cat (F. chaus), African wildcat (F. lybica), black-footed cat (F. nigripes), sand cat (F. margarita), Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti)
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Felinae
Genus: Felis
Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
Felis catus
Species

See § Taxonomy

Felis range.png
Native Felis range

Felis is a genus of small and medium-sized cat species native to most of Africa and south of 60° latitude in Europe and Asia to Indochina. The genus includes the domestic cat. The smallest Felis species is the black-footed cat with a head and body length from 38 to 42 cm (15 to 17 in). The largest is the jungle cat with a head and body length from 62 to 76 cm (24 to 30 in).[1]

Genetic studies indicate that the Felinae genera Felis, Otocolobus and Prionailurus diverged from a Eurasian progenitor of the Felidae about 6.2 million years ago, and that Felis species split off 3.04 to 0.99 million years ago.[2][3]

Etymology

The generic name Felis is derived from Classical Latin fēlis meaning 'cat, ferret'.[4]

Taxonomy

Carl Linnaeus considered Felis to comprise all cat species known until 1758.[5] Later taxonomists split the cat family into different genera. In 1917, the British zoologist Reginald Innes Pocock revised the genus Felis as comprising only the ones listed in the following table.[1] Estimated genetic divergence times of the listed species are indicated in million years ago (Mya), based on analysis of autosomal, xDNA, yDNA and mtDNA gene segments.[2]

Species Image IUCN Red List status and distribution
Domestic cat (F. catus) Linnaeus, 1758[5] Jammlich crop.jpg NE
Worldwide in association with humans or feral[6]
European wildcat (F. silvestris) Schreber, 1777[7]

diverged 1.62 to 0.59 Mya

 European Wildcat Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald 03.jpg LC[8]

EuropeanWildcat distribution.jpg

Jungle cat (F. chaus) Schreber, 1777[9]

diverged 4.88 to 2.41 Mya

 Jungle Cat Felis chaus by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN7957 (3).jpg LC[10]

Distribution of Jungle Cat.jpg

African wildcat (F. lybica) Forster, 1780[11]

diverged 1.86 to 0.72 Mya

 Parc des Felins Chat de Gordoni 28082013 2.jpg LC[12]

AfricanWildcat distribution.jpg

Black-footed cat (F. nigripes) Burchell, 1824[13]

diverged 4.44 to 2.16 Mya

 Blackfooted2.jpg VU[14]

Black-footedCat distribution.jpg

Sand cat (F. margarita) Loche, 1858[15]

diverged 3.67 to 1.72 Mya

 Persian sand CAT.jpg LC[16]

SandCat distribution.jpg

Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti) Milne-Edwards, 1892[17]

diverged 1.86 to 0.72 Mya

 Chinese Mountain Cat (Felis Bieti) in XiNing Wild Zoo croped.jpg VU[18]

ChineseMountainCat distribution.jpg

Pocock accepted the Pallas's cat as the only member of the genus Otocolobus.[1] Other scientists consider it also a Felis species.[19]

Several scientists consider the Chinese mountain cat a subspecies of F. silvestris.[20]

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of living Felis species are shown in the following cladogram:[2]

Felidae 
 Felinae
 
 
 Felis
 
 
 
 
 
 

Domestic cat (F. catus)

 
 

European wildcat (F. silvestris)

 
 
 
 

African wildcat (F. lybica)

 
 

Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti)

 
 
 
 

Sand cat (F. margarita)

 
 
 

Black-footed cat (F. nigripes)

 
 
 

Jungle cat (F. chaus)

 
 
 
 

other Felinae lineages

 
 
 
 
 

Pantherinae

 
 

Fossil Felis species

Extinct Felis species in the fossil record include:

Characteristics

Felis species have high and wide skulls, short jaws and narrow ears with short tufts, but without any white spots on the back of the ears. Their pupils contract to a vertical slit.[1] A black cat from Transcaucasia described in 1904 as F. daemon by Satunin[23] turned out to be a feral cat, probably a hybrid of wildcat and domestic cat.[24] The Kellas cat is a hybrid between domestic cat and European wildcat occurring in Scotland.[25]

The Corsican wildcat is considered to have been introduced to Corsica before the beginning of the 1st millennium.[26][27] A genetic study of a dozen individuals showed that they are closely related to the African wildcat originating in the Middle East.[28]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Pocock, R. I. (1951). Catalogue of the genus Felis. London: British Museum of Natural History. https://archive.org/stream/catalogueofgenus00brit#page/n6/mode/1up. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The Late Miocene Radiation of Modern Felidae: A Genetic Assessment". Science 311 (5757): 73–77. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. Bibcode: 2006Sci...311...73J. https://zenodo.org/record/1230866. 
  3. ↑ Pecon-Slattery, J.; O'Brien, S. J. (1998). "Patterns of Y and X chromosome DNA sequence divergence during the Felidae radiation". Genetics 148 (3): 1245–1255. doi:10.1093/genetics/148.3.1245. PMID 9539439. PMC 1460026. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/148/3/1245. 
  4. ↑ Valpy, F. E. J. (1828). "Felis". An Etymological Dictionary of the Latin Language. London: A. J. Valpy. https://archive.org/stream/anetymologicald00valpgoog#page/n178/mode/2up. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis" (in la). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 1 (10th reformed ed.). Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. pp. 42–44. https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000798865/page/42. 
  6. ↑ Clutton-Brock, J. (1999). "Cats". A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 133–140. ISBN 9780521634953. OCLC 39786571. https://books.google.com/books?id=cgL-EbbB8a0C&pg=PA133. 
  7. ↑ Schreber, J. C. D. (1778). "Die wilde Kaze". Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen (Dritter Theil). Erlangen: Expedition des Schreber'schen Säugthier- und des Esper'schen Schmetterlingswerkes. pp. 397–402. http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/schreber1875textbd3/0095?page_query=397&navmode=struct&action=pagesearch&sid=cc4bffe3d0372c2d2c5c1ddb03aed21d. 
  8. ↑ Yamaguchi, N.; Kitchener, A.; Driscoll, C.; Nussberger, B. (2015). "Felis silvestris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T60354712A50652361. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/60354712/50652361. Retrieved 29 October 2018. 
  9. ↑ Schreber, J. C. D. (1778). "Der Kirmyschak" (in de). Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. pp. 414–416. https://archive.org/stream/SaYugthiereAbbiIIISchr#page/414/mode/2up. 
  10. ↑ Gray, T. N. E.; Timmins, R. J.; Jathana, D.; Duckworth, J. W.; Baral, H.; Mukherjee, S. (2016). "Felis chaus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T8540A50651463. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/8540/50651463. 
  11. ↑ Forster, G. R. (1780). "LIII. Der Karakal". Herrn von Büffons Naturgeschichte der vierfüssigen Thiere. Mit Vermehrungen, aus dem Französischen übersetzt. Sechster Band. Berlin: Joachim Pauli. pp. 299–319. https://books.google.com/books?id=qohRAAAAYAAJ&pg=SL26-PA13. 
  12. ↑ Ghoddousi, A.; Belbachir, F.; Durant, S. M.; Herbst, M.; Rosen, T. (2022). "Felis lybica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T131299383A154907281. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/131299383/154907281. 
  13. ↑ Burchell, W. J. (1824). "Felis nigripes". Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa, Vol. II. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. p. 592. https://books.google.com/books?id=AGpdAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA592. 
  14. ↑ Sliwa, A.; Wilson, B.; Küsters, M.; Tordiffe, A. (2016). "Felis nigripes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T8542A50652196. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/8542/50652196. 
  15. ↑ Loche, V. (1858). "Description d'une nouvelle espèce de Chat par M. le capitaine Loche". Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée. 2 X: 49–50. https://archive.org/stream/revueetmagasinde10soci#page/49/mode/1up. 
  16. ↑ Sliwa, A.; Ghadirian, T.; Appel, A.; Banfield, L.; Sher Shah, M.; Wacher, T. (2016). "Felis margarita". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T8541A50651884. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/8541/50651884. Retrieved 29 October 2018. 
  17. ↑ Milne-Edwards, A. (1892). "Observations sur les mammifères du Thibet". Revue Générale des Sciences Pures et Appliquées III: 670–671. https://archive.org/stream/bulletinbiologiq03univ#page/670/mode/2up. 
  18. ↑ Riordan, P.; Sanderson, J.; Bao, W.; Abdukadir, A.; Shi, K. (2015). "Felis bieti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T8539A50651398. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/8539/50651398. Retrieved 29 October 2018. 
  19. ↑ Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Genus Felis". in Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 538. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000029. 
  20. ↑ Driscoll, C. A.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Roca, A. L.; Hupe, K.; Johnson, W. E.; Geffen, E.; Harley, E. H.; Delibes, M. et al. (2007). "The Near Eastern Origin of Cat Domestication". Science 317 (5837): 519–523. doi:10.1126/science.1139518. PMID 17600185. PMC 5612713. Bibcode: 2007Sci...317..519D. http://www.mobot.org/plantscience/resbot/repr/add/domesticcat_driscoll2007.pdf. 
  21. ↑ Martelli, A. (1906). "Su due Mustelidi e un Felide del Pliocene Toscano". Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana 25: 595–612. https://archive.org/details/bollettinodellas2519soci/page/606. 
  22. ↑ Stach, Jan (1961). "On two carnivores from the Pliocene breccia of Węże". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 6 (4): 321–329. https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app06-321.html. 
  23. ↑ Satunin, C. (1904). "The Black Wild Cat of Transcaucasia". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London II: 162–163. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1904.tb08325.x. https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofzoo19042zool/page/162. 
  24. ↑ Bukhnikashvili, A.; Yevlampiev, I., eds. Catalogue of the Specimens of Caucasian Large Mammalian Fauna in the Collection. Tbilisi: National Museum of Georgia. http://caucasian-large-mammalian.narod.ru/catalogue_english.pdf. 
  25. ↑ Kitchener, C.; Easterbee, N. (1992). "The taxonomic status of black wild felids in Scotland". Journal of Zoology 227 (2): 342−346. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1992.tb04832.x. 
  26. ↑ Vigne, J.-D. (1992). "Zooarchaeology and the biogeographical history of the mammals of Corsica and Sardinia since the last ice age". Mammal Review 22 (2): 87–96. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.1992.tb00124.x. 
  27. ↑ Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V. et al. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group". Cat News Special Issue 11: 17−20. https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. 
  28. ↑ Saplakoglu, Y. (2019). "Meet the Cat-Fox, an Oddball Feline Roaming Around a French Island". https://www.livescience.com/65744-cat-fox-new-species.html. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q228283 entry



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