Biology:Gempylidae

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The Gempylidae are a family of scombriform ray-finned fishes commonly known as snake mackerels or escolars. The family includes about 25 species.

They are elongated fishes with a similar appearance to barracudas, having a long dorsal fin, usually with one or finlets trailing it. The largest species, including the snoek (Leionura atun), grow up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) long, and the oilfish (Ruvettus pretiosus) can reach 3 m (9.8 ft), though they rarely surpass 150 cm (59 in). Like the barracudas, they are predators, with fang-like teeth.[1]

Taxonomy

  • Subfamily Clade 1 Mthethwa, 2023
  • Subfamily Clade 2 Mthethwa, 2023
    • Genus Epinnula
      • Epinnula magistralis Poey, 1854
      • Epinnula pacifica Ho, Motomura, Hata & Jiang, 2017
    • Genus Lepidocybium
    • Genus Neoepinnula
      • Neoepinnula americana (M. G. Grey, 1953) (American sackfish)
      • Neoepinnula minetomai Nakayama, Y. Kimura & Endo, 2014 (Large-eyed sackfish)
      • Neoepinnula orientalis (Gilchrist & von Bonde, 1924) (Sackfish)
    • Genus Ruvettus

The Gempylidae are broadly categorized into two clades; Clade 1, which includes more derived & elongate genera, and Clade 2, which includes more basal & fusiform genera. The Trichiuridae are an outgroup.[3]

Scombroidei
 
 

Trichiuridae70px

 
 
Gempylidae
Clade 2
 

Lepidocybium70px

 
 
 

Ruvettus70px

 
 
 

Epinnula70px

 
 
 

Neoepinnula

 
 
 
 
 
Clade 1
 

Nesiarchus70px

 
 
 
 

Gempylus50px

 
 

Thyrsitoides

 
 
 
 

Rexea60px

 
 
 

Thyrsites

 
 
 
 

Paradiplospinus

 
 

Diplospinus

 
 
 
 

Nealotus

 
 

Promethichthys70px

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Gempylidae are believed to have first evolved at least 20 million years after the Late Cretaceus Extinction event, potentially due to tectonic plate movements.[3]

Fossil genera

The following fossil genera are known:[2][4][5]

  • †Abadzekhia Bannikov, 1985 (Early Oligocene of North Caucasus, Russia and Germany)
  • †Contemptor Calzoni, Giusberti & Carnevale, 2026 (Eocene of northern Italy)[6]
  • †Chelifichthys Carnevale, 2006 (Late Miocene (Messinian) of Algeria)
  • †Eothyrsites Chapman, 1934 (mid-late Eocene of New Zealand)
  • †Hemithyrsites Daniltshenko, 1960 (Oligocene of Poland & Romania)
  • †Krampusichthys Calzoni, Giusberti & Carnevale, 2025 (Early Eocene of Italy)
  • †Laurinichthys Calzoni, Giusberti & Carnevale, 2025 (Early Eocene of Italy)
  • †Progempylus Casier, 1966 (Early Eocene of England)
  • †Thyrsitocephalus vom Rath, 1859 (Early Oligocene of Switzerland)
  • †Wudelenia Calzoni, Giusberti & Carnevale, 2025 (Early Eocene of Italy)

Timeline

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color:oligocene bar:NAM9  from:	-29.1	till:	0	text:	Rexea solandri
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See also

References

  1. ↑ Johnson, G.D.; Gill, A.C. (1998). Paxton, J.R.. ed. Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 190. ISBN 0-12-547665-5. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Gempylidae". https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=txn:358057. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Mthethwa, Siphesihle; Bester-van_der_Merwe, Aletta E.; Roodt-Wilding, Rouvay (June 2023). "Addressing the complex phylogenetic relationship of the Gempylidae fishes using mitogenome data" (in en). Ecology and Evolution 13 (6). doi:10.1002/ece3.10217. ISSN 2045-7758. PMID 37351481. Bibcode: 2023EcoEv..1310217M. 
  4. ↑ Rust, Seabourne; Robinson, Jeffrey H. (2024-10-19). "Revisiting Eothyrsites holosquamatus Chapman (Trichiuroidea: Gempylidae), an Eocene gemfish from the Burnside Mudstone, Dunedin, New Zealand". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 54 (5): 584–601. doi:10.1080/03036758.2023.2228211. ISSN 0303-6758. PMID 39440288. Bibcode: 2024JRSNZ..54..584R. 
  5. ↑ Calzoni, Pietro; Giusberti, Luca; Carnevale, Giorgio (2025-07-29). "THE YPRESIAN FISHES OF THE SOLTERI LAGERSTÄTTE (TRENTO, NORTHERN ITALY): A GLIMPSE INTO THE EARLY EOCENE TETHYAN MESOPELAGIC ASSEMBLAGES". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 131 (2). doi:10.54103/2039-4942/28705. ISSN 2039-4942. Bibcode: 2025RIPS..13128705C. https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/RIPS/article/view/28705. 
  6. ↑ Calzoni, Pietro; Giusberti, Luca; Fornaciari, Eliana; Luciani, Valeria; Boscolo-Galazzo, Flavia; Bernardi, Massimo; Tomasoni, Riccardo; Carnevale, Giorgio (2026-03-04). Banerjee, Santanu. ed. "The Ypresian ichthyofauna of the Monte Solane Lagerstätte (Verona, northern Italy): A deep dive into the western Tethys early Eocene mesopelagic setting" (in en). PLOS One 21 (3). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0338490. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 41779693. PMC 12959715. https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0338490. 
  7. ↑ Rust, Seabourne; Robinson, Jeffrey H. (2023-07-12). "Revisiting Eothyrsites holosquamatus Chapman (Trichiuroidea: Gempylidae), an Eocene gemfish from the Burnside Mudstone, Dunedin, New Zealand". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 54 (5): 584–601. doi:10.1080/03036758.2023.2228211. ISSN 0303-6758. PMID 39440288. Bibcode: 2024JRSNZ..54..584R. 
  8. ↑ Danilʹchenko, P. G. (1967). Bony fishes of the Maikop deposits of the Caucasus.
  9. ↑ Bannikov, Alexandre F. (2008). "A new genus and species of putative euzaphlegid fish from the Eocene of Bolca in northern Italy (Periformes, Trichiuroidea)." Studi e Ricerche sui giacimenti Terziari di Bolca, XII Miscellanea Paleontologica 9: 99–107. [1]
  10. ↑ David, Lore Rose (January 10, 1943). Miocene Fishes of Southern California. Geological Society of America. pp. 104–115.

Wikidata ☰ Q1136229 entry




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