Biology:Haplogroup K-M9

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Short description: Human Y chromosome DNA grouping
Haplogroup K
Possible time of origin47,200 years BP
Coalescence age45,400 years BP
Possible place of originWest Asia, Central Asia,[1][2][3] or Southeast Asia[4][5]
AncestorIJK
DescendantsK2,[6] K1
Defining mutationsM9, P128/PF5504, P131/PF5493, P132/PF5480

Haplogroup K or K-M9 is a genetic lineage within human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. A sublineage of haplogroup IJK, K-M9, and its descendant clades represent a geographically widespread and diverse haplogroup. The lineages have long been found among males on every continent except Antarctica. Haplogroup K-M9 is common on all continents except Africa, and is particularly frequent in North Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Europe.

The direct descendants of haplogroup K-M9 are haplogroup K1 (L298 = P326, also known as LT) and haplogroup K2 (formerly KxLT; K-M526).[6][7]

Origins

Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M9 is an old lineage that arose approximately 45,400 to 47,200 years ago.[8] Geneticist Spencer Wells had argued that because haplogroup K-M9 has a geographically wide distribution, the lineage probably originated near the central part of this range in the Middle East or Central Asia, possibly in Iran or Pakistan.[1][2][3]

Basal K-M9* is exceptionally rare and under-researched; while it has been reported at very low frequencies on many continents it is not always clear if the examples concerned have been screened for subclades.[6][9] Confirmed examples of K-M9* now appear to be most common amongst some populations in Island South East Asia and Melanesia;[10][11][12] it is also found in 2% of Italians, with frequencies reaching 8% among the Ladin people.[13] K-M9* was also found in one individual from the Spanish province of Castellón with the surname Ferrer,[14] and is common among the Bnei Menashe, a community of Indian Jews who claim descent from one of the Lost Tribes of Israel.[15]

The primary subclades of haplogroup LT (K1) include haplogroups L (M20), also known as K1a, and T (M184), also known as K1b; both are found at high rates in South Asia, the Middle East, and the Horn of Africa.[6][7] Some subclades of LT have also been in Europe, at lower rates, since the early Neolithic period (if not earlier).

Basal K2* (K-526) has been identified mostly among indigenous Australian males, about 27% of whom carry basal K-M526*.[16] Indigenous Australians and Papuans also carry subclades of K2b1, namely haplogroups M, also known as K2b1a, and S, also known as K2b1b. M and S are the predominant haplogroups amongst living males from New Guinea. According to Mark Lipson et al. (2014), K2* has also been found at rates of about 14% in two separate groups of Indonesian males: Toba Batak (from North Sumatra) and Mandar (West Sulawesi).[17]

The primary subclades of haplogroup K2 include:

  • K2a – Detected in ancient human samples including Oase1 (Romania),[18] Ust'-Ishim (Russia),[19] RNI013, RNI087, RNI010 (Germany)[20] and BK-1653 (Bulgaria).[21] Its descendant subclades include haplogroups N and O, which are commonly found in East Asia, Southeast Asia, Siberia, and Northern Europe.
  • K2b – Detected in an ancient human sample (Tianyuan) in Beijing, China.[22] Its descendant subclades include haplogroups M, P, Q, R, and S, which are commonly found in Europe, Central Asia, South Asia, Siberia, Oceania, and the Americas.[23]

Distribution

Reported frequencies of haplogroup K-M9 among sampled regions and populations:[24]

Migration map of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M9
Region or population Sample size (n) Frequency (%)
North Africa 163 5.5
Middle East 940 19.9
Europe 665 57.6
South Asia 496 41.9
Central Asia 396 64.9
North Asia 806 73.6
East Asia 726 77.0
Vietnam 71 88.7
Malay 31 80.6
Aeta 25 12
Filipino 25 88.0
Java 61 86.8
Sumatra 38 86.7
Nias 60 100
Mentawai 74 86.8
Bali 641 89.3
Borneo 86 68.6
Maluku 30 16.7
Sulawesi 177 70.6
Flores 392 18.6
Lembata 92 3.3
Sumba 649 4.5
Alor 27 0
Pantar 26 46.2
Timor 509 17.5
Papua New Guinea 48 6.3
Vanuatu 44 13.7
New Britain 28 0
Micronesia 18 44.4
Polynesia 64 26.6
Australia 44 6.8

Structure

Haplogroup K-M9 tree[6][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][excessive citations]
 

LT (L298; a.k.a. K1) – Basal LT* (K1a*) has been identified in two early medieval remains from Central Europe (i.e. present-day Lower Austria).[44] Subclades are widely distributed at low concentrations. Haplogroup L is found at its highest frequency in India, Pakistan and among the Baloch of Afghanistan. T is most common among: Fulanis, Toubou, Tuareg, Somaliland, Egyptians, some Middle East,[45] the Aegean Islands and among Kurru, Bauris and Lodha in India.

 
K2
 

K2* (M526) – Found in an estimated 27% of indigenous Australians (based on large scale surveys in which 56% of the samples were assumed to be non-indigenous).[46] According to Mark Lipson et al. (2014), from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States of America, from his journal: "New statistical genetic methods for elucidating the history and evolution of human populations," K2* (M526) has also been found in Toba-Batak and Mandar in an estimated 14%. Only Toba Batak and Mandar have K2* (M526) from indigenous Sunda land.[17]

 
K2a (K-M2308)[47]
 

K2a* – Found only in the remains of Ust'-Ishim man, dating from approximately 45,000 BP and found in
Omsk Oblast, Russia.[47] (These remains were initially classified, erroneously, as K2*.)

 
K‑M2313*
 

K-M2313*[47] – So far found only in one Telugu male and one ethnic Malay, and ancient Oase-1.

 
 

NO (M214; a.k.a. K2a2) – The two primary branches of NO include the major
haplogroups:
• N, which is found mainly in populations across Northern Eurasia (and at lower frequencies in regions including East Asia, Central Asia,
Southeast Asia, Anatolia, and Southeast Europe) and;
• O, which is now numerically dominant among males from East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands.

 
 
 
K2b (P331)
K2b1
 

S (B254) – Numerically dominant in the highlands of Papua New Guinea;[48] subclades of S1, such as S1a3 (P315) and S1a1a1 (P308),[49] have also been reported at levels of up to 27% among indigenous Australians, while[46] S1a (P405; previously K2b1a) has also been found at significant levels in other parts of Oceania. S2 (P336; previously K2b1b) has been found on Alor, Timor and Borneo and; S3 (P378; previously K2b1c) found among Aeta people of the Philippines.

 
 

M (P256, Page93/S322; a.k.a. K2b1b, previously K2b1d) – The most common haplogroup in both West Papua and Papua New Guinea; also found in Australia,[46] and neighbouring parts of Melanesia and Polynesia.

 
 
P (K2b2)
P* (K2b2*) – Found in 28% of Aeta (Philippines), 10% in Timor.
 
P1*(M45/PF5962)
 

P1* – Found in 22.2–35.4% in Tuvans, Kizhi, Todjins and also in Andamanese peoples of India.

 
 

Q (M242) – Found in Native Americans and Siberia/Central Asia (Kets, Selkups, Altai, Tuvans, Xirong, Mongolian Altai Kurgans).

 
 
 

R* – Found only in remains from 24,000 years BP at Mal'ta' in Siberia.

 
 
 

R2 – Found in South Asia and parts of Central Asia, Caucasus and the Middle East

 
 
 

R1a – Found in Eastern Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and Scandinavia. Ancient samples include 10 out of 11 samples from Xiaohe Tomb complex, Andronovo, Pazyryk, Mongolian Altai Kurgans (R1a/Z93 mixed with Q1a2a1/L54), the Tagar culture, Karasuk culture, Tashtyk culture, some Corded Ware culture.

 
 

R1b – Found in West Europe, Chadic languages, Banjara tribes of India, Hazaras of Pakistan, Armenian Highlands. Found in several Bell Beakers from Germany and in late antique Basques of whom it is still common in as well as 13.3% (4): one P probably R1b2 (V88): of Guanches from the Canary Islands, reports of King Tut belonging to R1b, by iGENEA belonging to R1b have not been verified.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

K2c (P261). Minor lineage of Bali.

 
 

K2d (P402). Minor lineage of Java.

 
 

K2e (M147). Highly rare lineage; two cases in South Asia.[50]

 
 

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wells, Spencer (20 November 2006). Deep Ancestry: The Landmark DNA Quest to Decipher Our Distant Past. National Geographic. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-4262-0211-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=NWgDAQAAQBAJ. "Given the widespread distribution of K, it probably arose somewhere in the Middle East or Central Asia, perhaps in the region of Iran or Pakistan." 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Wells, Spencer (28 March 2017) (in en). The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey. Princeton University Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-691-17601-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=Sus9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Chanda, Nayan (1 October 2008) (in en). Bound Together: How Traders, Preachers, Adventurers, and Warriors Shaped Globalization. Yale University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-300-13490-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=rxMz-Ro6CjQC&pg=PA15. 
  4. ↑ Karafet, Tatiana M; Mendez, Fernando L; Sudoyo, Herawati; Lansing, J Stephen; Hammer, Michael F (March 2015). "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". European Journal of Human Genetics 23 (3): 369–373. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMID 24896152. 
  5. ↑ Hallast, Pille; Agdzhoyan, Anastasia; Balanovsky, Oleg; Xue, Yali; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2021). "A Southeast Asian origin for present-day non-African human Y chromosomes". Human Genetics 140 (2): 299–307. doi:10.1007/s00439-020-02204-9. PMID 32666166. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 "Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2019-2020". 11 July 2020. https://isogg.org/tree/. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Chiaroni, J.; Underhill, P. A.; Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (December 2009). "Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (48): 20174–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0910803106. PMID 19920170. Bibcode: 2009PNAS..10620174C. 
  8. ↑ "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Res. 18 (5): 830–8. May 2008. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMID 18385274. 
  9. ↑ Daine J., Rowold et al. (2016). "On the Bantu expansion". Gene 593 (1): 48–57. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2016.07.044. PMID 27451076. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378111916305704. Retrieved 13 October 2016. 
  10. ↑ Delfin, Frederick et al. (29 September 2010). "The Y-chromosome landscape of the Philippines: extensive heterogeneity and varying genetic affinities of Negrito and non-Negrito groups". European Journal of Human Genetics (Nature Publishing Group) 19 (2): 224–230. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.162. ISSN 1018-4813. PMID 20877414. 
  11. ↑ Karafet, Tatiana M; Lansing, J S; Redd, Alan J; Reznikova, Svetlana; Watkins, Joseph C; Surata, S P K; Arthawiguna, W A; Mayer, Laura et al. (February 2005). "Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders". Human Biology 77 (1): 93–114. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030. ISSN 0018-7143. PMID 16114819. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/182786. 
  12. ↑ Cox, Murray P; Lahr, Marta Mirazón (25 December 2005). "Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian- and Papuan-speaking communities from Solomon Islands". American Journal of Human Biology 18 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20459. PMID 16378340. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.20459. 
  13. ↑ Brisighelli, Francesca; Álvarez-Iglesias, Vanesa; Fondevila, Manuel; Blanco-Verea, Alejandro; Carracedo, Ángel; Pascali, Vincenzo L.; Capelli, Cristian; Salas, Antonio (10 December 2012). "Uniparental Markers of Contemporary Italian Population Reveals Details on Its Pre-Roman Heritage" (in en). PLOS ONE 7 (12). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050794. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 23251386. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...750794B. 
  14. ↑ Solé-Morata, Neus; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Comas, David; Calafell, Francesc (October 2015). "Y-chromosome diversity in Catalan surname samples: insights into surname origin and frequency" (in en). European Journal of Human Genetics 23 (11): 1549–1557. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2015.14. ISSN 1476-5438. PMID 25689924. 
  15. ↑ Bhaswar Maity, T. Sitalaximi, R. Trivedi, and V. K. Kashyap, "Tracking The Genetic Imprints of Lost Jewish Tribes Among The Gene Pool of Kuki-Chin-Mizo Population of India" , December 2004, posted at Genome Biology (not peer-reviewed), accessed 8 May 2013
  16. ↑ Bergström, Anders; Nagle, Nano; Chen, Yuan; McCarthy, Shane; Pollard, Martin O.; Ayub, Qasim; Wilcox, Stephen; Wilcox, Leah et al. (21 March 2016). "Deep Roots for Aboriginal Australian Y Chromosomes". Current Biology 26 (6): 809–813. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.028. PMID 26923783. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Lipson, Mark; Loh, Po-Ru; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Ko, Ying-Chin; Stoneking, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Reich, David (2014). "Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia". Nature Communications 5. doi:10.1038/ncomms5689. PMID 25137359. Bibcode: 2014NatCo...5.4689L. 
  18. ↑ Hajdinjak, Mateja; Mafessoni, Fabrizio; Skov, Laurits; Vernot, Benjamin; Hübner, Alexander; Fu, Qiaomei; Essel, Elena; Nagel, Sarah et al. (8 April 2021). "Initial Upper Palaeolithic humans in Europe had recent Neanderthal ancestry" (in en). Nature 592 (7853): 253–257. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03335-3. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 8026394. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03335-3. 
  19. ↑ Fu, Qiaomei; Li, Heng; Moorjani, Priya; Jay, Flora; Slepchenko, Sergey M.; Bondarev, Aleksei A.; Johnson, Philip L. F.; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer et al. (23 October 2014). "Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia" (in en). Nature 514 (7523): 445–449. doi:10.1038/nature13810. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 4753769. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13810. 
  20. ↑ Sümer, Arev P.; Rougier, Hélène; Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; Huang, Yilei; Iasi, Leonardo N. M.; Essel, Elena; Bossoms Mesa, Alba; Furtwaengler, Anja et al. (20 February 2025). "Earliest modern human genomes constrain timing of Neanderthal admixture" (in en). Nature 638 (8051): 711–717. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08420-x. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 11839475. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08420-x. 
  21. ↑ Hajdinjak, Mateja; Mafessoni, Fabrizio; Skov, Laurits; Vernot, Benjamin; Hübner, Alexander; Fu, Qiaomei; Essel, Elena; Nagel, Sarah et al. (8 April 2021). "Initial Upper Palaeolithic humans in Europe had recent Neanderthal ancestry" (in en). Nature 592 (7853): 253–257. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03335-3. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 8026394. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03335-3. 
  22. ↑ Fu, Qiaomei; Meyer, Matthias; Gao, Xing; Stenzel, Udo; Burbano, Hernán A.; Kelso, Janet; Pääbo, Svante (5 February 2013). "DNA analysis of an early modern human from Tianyuan Cave, China". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 (6): 2223–2227. doi:10.1073/pnas.1221359110. PMID 23341637. PMC 3568306. https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1221359110. 
  23. ↑ "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research 18 (5): 830–8. May 2008. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMID 18385274. 
  24. ↑ Karafet, Tatiana M; Mendez, Fernando L; Sudoyo, Herawati; Lansing, J Stephen; Hammer, Michael F (March 2015). "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia" (in en). European Journal of Human Genetics 23 (3): 369–373. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. ISSN 1018-4813. PMID 24896152. PMC 4326703. https://www.nature.com/articles/ejhg2014106. 
  25. ↑ "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". European Journal of Human Genetics 23 (3): 369–373. June 2014. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMID 24896152. 
  26. ↑ "Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans". Nature 505 (7481): 87–91. January 2014. doi:10.1038/nature12736. PMID 24256729. Bibcode: 2014Natur.505...87R. 
  27. ↑ "The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana". Nature 506 (7487): 225–9. February 2014. doi:10.1038/nature13025. PMID 24522598. Bibcode: 2014Natur.506..225R. 
  28. ↑ "Strong genetic admixture in the Altai at the Middle Bronze Age revealed by uniparental and ancestry informative markers". Forensic Science International: Genetics 12: 199–207. September 2014. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.05.012. PMID 25016250. 
  29. ↑ "Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European". BMC Evolutionary Biology 9 (1): 181. 2009. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-181. PMID 19650893. Bibcode: 2009BMCEE...9..181F. 
  30. ↑ "Ancient migratory events in the Middle East: new clues from the Y-chromosome variation of modern Iranians". PLOS ONE 7 (7). 2012. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252. PMID 22815981. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...741252G. 
  31. ↑ "Afghanistan's ethnic groups share a Y-chromosomal heritage structured by historical events". PLOS ONE 7 (3). 2012. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMID 22470552. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...734288H. 
  32. ↑ "Introducing the Algerian mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome profiles into the North African landscape". PLOS ONE 8 (2). 2013. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775. PMID 23431392. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...856775B. 
  33. ↑ "Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language". American Journal of Human Genetics 67 (6): 1526–43. December 2000. doi:10.1086/316890. PMID 11078479. 
  34. ↑ "Genetic structure in contemporary south Tyrolean isolated populations revealed by analysis of Y-chromosome, mtDNA, and Alu polymorphisms". Human Biology 78 (4): 441–64. August 2006. doi:10.1353/hub.2006.0057. PMID 17278620. http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol78/iss4/4/. 
  35. ↑ "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a population sample from continental Greece, and the islands of Crete and Chios". Forensic Science International 145 (1): 61–4. October 2004. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.02.026. PMID 15374596. 
  36. ↑ Trivedi, R.; Sahoo, Sanghamitra; Singh, Anamika; Bindu, G. Hima; Banerjee, Jheelam; Tandon, Manuj; Gaikwad, Sonali; Rajkumar, Revathi et al. (2007). "High Resolution Phylogeographic Map of Y-Chromosomes Reveal the Genetic Signatures of Pleistocene Origin of Indian Populations". Anthropology Today. http://www.krepublishers.com/06-Special%20Volume-Journal/T-Anth-00-Special%20Volumes/T-Anth-SI-03-Anth-Today-Web/Anth-SI-03-31-Trivedi-R/Anth-SI-03-31-Trivedi-R-Tt.pdf. 
  37. ↑ Hirbo, Jibril Boru (2011). Complex Genetic History of East African Human Populations (PhD Thesis). 
  38. ↑ Sanchez, J.J. (2004). "Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in Danes, Greenlanders and Somalis". International Congress Series 1261: 347–349. doi:10.1016/S0531-5131(03)01635-2. 
  39. ↑ "Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages". European Journal of Human Genetics 18 (7): 800–7. July 2010. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.231. PMID 20051990. 
  40. ↑ yhrd.org
  41. ↑ Zhong, Hua; Shi, Hong; Qi, Xue-Bin; Duan, Zi-Yuan; Tan, Ping-Ping; Jin, Li; Su, Bing; Ma, Runlin Z. (2010). "Extended Y Chromosome Investigation Suggests Postglacial Migrations of Modern Humans into East Asia via the Northern Route". Molecular Biology and Evolution 28 (1): 717–27. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq247. PMID 20837606. 
  42. ↑ "PhyloTree Y - Minimal Y tree". http://www.phylotree.org/Y/tree/index.htm. 
  43. ↑ Magoon, Gregory R; Banks, Raymond H; Rottensteiner, Christian; Schrack, Bonnie E; Tilroe, Vincent O; Robb, Terry; Grierson, Andrew J (2013). "Generation of high-resolution a priori Y-chromosome phylogenies using 'next-generation' sequencing data". bioRxiv 10.1101/000802.
  44. ↑ [1]] YFull (2026), LT YTree (Accessed: 27 May 2026).
  45. ↑ "FamilyTreeDNA - Arab T Haplogroup". https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Arab_T/default.aspx?section=yresults. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Nagle, N.; Ballantyne, K. N.; Van Oven, M.; Tyler-Smith, C.; Xue, Y.; Taylor, D.; Wilcox, S.; Wilcox, L. et al. (2016). "Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 159 (3): 367–381. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22886. PMID 26515539. Bibcode: 2016AJPA..159..367N. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Poznik, G. David et al. (25 April 2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics 48 (6): 593–599. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. ISSN 1061-4036. PMID 27111036. Bibcode: 2016NaGen..48..593P. 
  48. ↑ "ISOGG 2018 Y-DNA Haplogroup S". http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpS.html. 
  49. ↑ As of 2017, S1a1a1 (P308) – formerly K2b1a1 – included an unnamed subclade, identified by the SNP P60 (and previously by P304, which has been removed by ISOGG as unreliable). S1a1a1 and any sublades have only been found among indigenous Australians.
  50. ↑ International Society of Genetic Genealogy, 2020, Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2019-2020 (8 May 2020).
Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1 [χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1  F2  F3  GHIJK
G HIJK
IJK H
IJ K
I   J     LT [χ 5]       K2 [χ 6]
L     T    K2a [χ 7]        K2b [χ 8]     K2c     K2d K2e [χ 9]  
K-M2313 [χ 10]     K2b1 [χ 11] P [χ 12]
NO   S [χ 13]  M [χ 14]    P1     P2
N O Q R



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