Biology:Hyalomma

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Hyalomma is a genus of hard-bodied ticks common in Asia, Europe, and North Africa. They are also found in Southern Africa. The name is derived from Greek: Hyalos (ὕαλος) crystal, glass; and omma (oμμα) eye. The genus is believed to have originated in Iran or Central Asia, and then spread further into Asia, including the Middle East, and to southern Europe and Africa.[1]

Description

Hyalomma are large ticks, with a dark scutum, distinct festoons and eyes. The genus is sometimes referred to as 'bont-legged ticks' due to the presence of light-colored bands on the legs; not to be confused with Amblyomma, which are called 'bont ticks'. Hyalomma species are often difficult to identify due to their hybridization and genetic and morphological variations, caused by harsh environmental conditions and lack of food sources. With few hosts available, they are required to be active as soon as a potential host is sensed.

Parasitism

Adult Hyalomma can bite humans and transmit serious pathogens. Immature (nymph) Hyalomma usually feed on birds, rodents, and hares and can be the cause of viral disease and rickettsias. Nymphs are often transmitted from one place to another by migrating birds. For example, a migrating bird carrying a Hyalomma marginatum nymph can cause Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.[1] Hyalomma species can also transmit rickettsias like Siberian tick typhus, Boutonneuse fever, and Q-fever.[1]

Taxonomy

Hyalomma form part of the Rhipicephalinae subfamily, in the broader Amblyocephalus clade of the Ixodidae.

Ixodidae
 
Prostriata

Ixodes

 
 
Metastriata
 

Robertsicus

 
 
Amblyocephalus
 

Amblyomma

 
 
 

Dermacentor

 
 
 

Rhipicentor

 
 
 

Hyalomma

 
 

Rhipicephalus

 
 
 
 
 
Haematobothrion
 
 

Cryptocroton

 
 

Bothriocroton

 
 
 
 

Archaeocroton

 
 

Alloceraea

 
 
 

Haemaphysalis

 
 
 
 
 
Ixodidae cladogram after Barker et al., (2024)[2]

Species

As of 2025, there are 28 species described as Hyalomma:[3]

  • Hyalomma aegyptium Linnaeus, 1758
  • Hyalomma albiparmatum Schulze, 1919 [lower-alpha 1]
  • Hyalomma anatolicum Koch, 1844[4]
  • Hyalomma arabica Pegram, Hoogstraal & Wassef, 1982
  • Hyalomma asiaticum Schulze and Schlottke, 1929
  • Hyalomma brevipunctatum Sharif, 1928
  • Hyalomma dromedarii Koch, 1844
  • Hyalomma erythraeum Tonelli-Rondelli, 1932
  • Hyalomma excavatum Koch, 1844 [lower-alpha 2]
  • Hyalomma franchinii Tonelli-Rondelli, 1932
  • Hyalomma glabrum Delpy, 1949
  • Hyalomma hussaini Sharif, 1928
  • Hyalomma hystricis Dhanda & Raja, 1974
  • Hyalomma impeltatum Schulze & Schlottke, 1930
  • Hyalomma impressum Koch, 1844
  • Hyalomma isaaci Sharif, 1928
  • Hyalomma kumari Sharif, 1928
  • Hyalomma lusitanicum Koch, 1844
  • Hyalomma marginatum Koch, 1844
  • Hyalomma nitidum Schulze, 1919
  • Hyalomma punt Hoogstraal, Kaiser & Pedersen, 1969
  • Hyalomma rhipicephaloides Neumann, 1901
  • Hyalomma rufipes Koch, 1844
  • Hyalomma schulzei Olenev, 1931
  • Hyalomma scupense Schulze, 1919[5]
  • Hyalomma somalicum Tonelli-Rondelli, 1935
  • Hyalomma truncatum Koch, 1844
  • Hyalomma turanicum Pomerantsev, 1946

Notes

  1. ↑ H. albiparmatum is poorly differentiated from H. nitidum and H. truncatum, and may be a synonym of the latter.
  2. ↑ Often regarded as a subspecies of H. anatolicum. Currently considered distinct as per Guglielmone et al. (2020)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Roberts, Larry S.; Janovy, John (2009). "Chapter 41: Parasitic Arachnids: Subclass Acari, Ticks and Mites". Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts' Foundations of Parasitology (8 ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 645. ISBN 978-0-07-302827-9. 
  2. ↑ Barker, Stephen C.; Kelava, Samuel; Mans, Ben J.; Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.; Seeman, Owen D.; Gofton, Alexander; Shao, Renfu; Teo, Ernest J. M. et al. (2024-02-12). "The first cryptic genus of Ixodida, Cryptocroton n. gen. for Amblyomma papuanum Hirst, 1914: a tick of North Queensland, Australia, and Papua New Guinea" (in en). Zootaxa 5410 (1): 91–111. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5410.1.5. ISSN 1175-5334. https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5410.1.5. 
  3. ↑ Guglielmone, Alberto A.; Petney, Trevor N.; Robbins, Richard G. (2020-11-05). "Ixodidae (Acari: Ixodoidea): descriptions and redescriptions of all known species from 1758 to December 31, 2019" (in en). Zootaxa 4871 (1): 1–322. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4871.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334. https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.4871.1.1. 
  4. ↑ Sonenshine, Daniel E. (2006). "Tick pheromones and their use in tick control". Annual Review of Entomology 51 (1): 557–580. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151150. PMID 16332223. https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/biology_fac_pubs/63. 
  5. ↑ Gharbi, M.; Darghouth, M.A. (2014). "A review of Hyalomma scupense (Acari, Ixodidae) in the Maghreb region: from biology to control". Parasite 21: 2. doi:10.1051/parasite/2014002. PMID 24507485. 

Wikidata ☰ Q2714090 entry




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