Biology:List of hyperaccumulators

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This article covers known hyperaccumulators, accumulators or species tolerant to the following: Aluminium (Al), Silver (Ag), Arsenic (As), Beryllium (Be), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Mercury (Hg), Molybdenum (Mo), Naphthalene, Lead (Pb), Selenium (Se) and Zinc (Zn).

See also:

Hyperaccumulators table – 1

hyperaccumulators and contaminants : Al, Ag, As, Be, Cr, Cu, Mn, Hg, Mo, naphthalene, Pb, Se, Zn – accumulation rates
Contaminant Accumulation rates (in mg/kg dry weight) Binomial name English name H-Hyperaccumulator or A-Accumulator P-Precipitator T-Tolerant Notes Sources
Al A- Agrostis castellana highland bentgrass As(A), Mn(A), Pb(A), Zn(A) Origin: Portugal. [1]:{{{1}}}
Al 1000 Hordeum vulgare Barley 25 records of plants. [1]:891[2]
Al Hydrangea spp. Hydrangea (a.k.a. Hortensia)
Al Aluminium concentrations in young leaves, mature leaves, old leaves, and roots were found to be 8.0, 9.2, 14.4, and 10.1 mg g1, respectively.[3] Melastoma malabathricum L. Blue Tongue, or Native Lassiandra P competes with Al and reduces uptake.[4]
Al Solidago hispida (Solidago canadensis L.) Hairy Goldenrod Origin Canada. [1]:891[2]
Al 100 Vicia faba Horse Bean [1]:891[2]
Ag 10-1200 Salix miyabeana Willow Ag(T) Seemed able to adapt to high AgNO
3 concentrations on a long timeline		 [5]
Ag Brassica napus Rapeseed plant Cr, Hg, Pb, Se, Zn Phytoextraction [1]:19[6]
Ag Salix spp. Osier spp. Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[1]:19 Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix);[7] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[8] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) [1]:19
Ag Amanita strobiliformis European Pine Cone Lepidella Ag(H) Macrofungi, Basidiomycete. Known from Europe, prefers calcareous areas [9]
Ag 10-1200 Brassica juncea Indian Mustard Ag(H) Can form alloys of silver-gold-copper [10]
As 100 Agrostis capillaris L. Common Bent Grass, Browntop. (= A. tenuris) Al(A), Mn(A), Pb(A), Zn(A) [1]:891
As H- Agrostis castellana Highland Bent Grass Al(A), Mn(A), Pb(A), Zn(A) Origin Portugal. [1]:898
As 1000 Agrostis tenerrima Trin. Colonial bentgrass 4 records of plants [1]:891[11]
As 2-1300 Cyanoboletus pulverulentus Ink Stain Bolete contains dimethylarsinic acid Europe [12]
As 27,000 (fronds)[13] Pteris vittata L. Ladder brake fern or Chinese brake fern 26% of As in the soil removed after 20 weeks' plantation, about 90% As accumulated in fronds.[14] Root extracts reduce arsenate to arsenite.[15]
As 100-7000 Sarcosphaera coronaria pink crown, violet crown-cup, or violet star cup As(H) Ectomycorrhizal ascomycete, known from Europe [16][17]
Be No reports found for accumulation [1]:891
Cr Azolla spp. mosquito fern, duckweed fern, fairy moss, water fern [1]:891[18]
Cr H- Bacopa monnieri Smooth Water Hyssop, Water hyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiola Cd(H), Cu(H), Hg(A), Pb(A) Origin India. Aquatic emergent species. [1]:898[19]
Cr Brassica juncea L. Indian mustard Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(H) Cultivated in agriculture. [1]:19,898[20]
Cr Brassica napus Rapeseed plant Ag, Hg, Pb, Se, Zn Phytoextraction [6][1]:19
Cr A- Vallisneria americana Tape Grass Cd(H), Pb(H) Native to Europe and North Africa. Widely cultivated in the aquarium trade. [1]:898
Cr 1000 Dicoma niccolifera 35 records of plants [1]:891
Cr roots naturally absorb pollutants, some organic compounds believed to be carcinogenic,[21] in concentrations 10,000 times that in the surrounding water.[22] Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth Cd(H), Cu(A), Hg(H),[21] Pb(H),[21] Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U,[21][23] and pesticides.[24] Pantropical/Subtropical. Plants sprayed with 2,4-D may accumulate lethal doses of nitrates.[25] 'The troublesome weed' – hence an excellent source of bioenergy.[21] [1]:898
Cr Helianthus annuus Sunflower Phytoextraction and rhizofiltration [1]:19,898
Cr A- Hydrilla verticillata Hydrilla Cd(H), Hg(H), Pb(H) [1]:898
Cr Pistia stratiotes Water lettuce Cd(T), Hg(H), Cr(H), Cu(T) [1]:891,898[26]
Cr Salix spp. Osier spp. Ag, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[1]:19 Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix);[7] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[8] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) [1]:19
Cr Salvinia molesta Kariba weeds or water ferns Cr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A) [1]:891,898[27]
Cr Spirodela polyrhiza Giant Duckweed Cd(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A) Native to North America. [1]:891,898[27]
Cr A- Thlaspi caerulescens Alpine Pennycress, Alpine Pennygrass Cd(H), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H) Phytoextraction. T. caerulescens may acidify its rhizosphere, which would affect metal uptake by increasing available metals[28] [1]:19,891,898[29][30][31]
Cu 9000 Aeollanthus biformifolius [32]
Cu Athyrium yokoscense (Japanese false spleenwort?) Cd(A), Pb(H), Zn(H) Origin Japan. [1]:898
Cu A- Azolla filiculoides Pacific mosquitofern Ni(A), Pb(A), Mn(A) Origin Africa. Floating plant. [1]:898
Cu H- Bacopa monnieri Smooth Water Hyssop, Water hyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiola Cd(H), Cr(H), Hg(A), Pb(A) Origin India. Aquatic emergent species. [1]:898[19]
Cu Brassica juncea L. Indian mustard Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(H) cultivated [1]:19,898[20]
Cu H- Vallisneria americana Tape Grass Cd(H), Cr(A), Pb(H) Native to Europe and North Africa. Widely cultivated in the aquarium trade. [1]:898
Cu Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth Cd(H), Cr(A), Hg(H), Pb(H), Zn(A), Also Cs, Sr, U,[23] and pesticides.[24] Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'. [1]:898
Cu 1000 Haumaniastrum robertii
(Lamiaceae)		 Copper flower 27 records of plants. Origin Africa. This species' phanerogam has the highest cobalt content. Its distribution could be governed by cobalt rather than copper.[33] [1]:891[30]
Cu Helianthus annuus Sunflower Phytoextraction with rhizofiltration [1]:898[30]
Cu 1000 Larrea tridentata Creosote Bush 67 records of plants. Origin U.S. [1]:891[30]
Cu H- Lemna minor Duckweed Pb(H), Cd(H), Zn(A) Native to North America and widespread worldwide. [1]:898
Cu Ocimum centraliafricanum Copper plant Cu(T), Ni(T) Origin Southern Africa [34]
Cu T- Pistia stratiotes Water Lettuce Cd(T), Hg(H), Cr(H) Pantropical. Origin South U.S.A. Aquatic herb. [1]:898
Cu Thlaspi caerulescens Alpine pennycress, Alpine Pennycress, Alpine Pennygrass Cd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H) Phytoextraction. Cu noticeably limits its growth.[31] [1]:19,891,898[28][29][30][31]
Mn A- Agrostis castellana Highland Bent Grass Al(A), As(A), Pb(A), Zn(A) Origin Portugal. [1]:898
Mn Azolla filiculoides Pacific mosquitofern Cu(A), Ni(A), Pb(A) Origin Africa. Floating plant. [1]:898
Mn Brassica juncea L. Indian mustard [1]:19[20]
Mn 23,000 (maximum) 11,000 (average) leaf Chengiopanax sciadophylloides (Franch. & Sav.) C.B.Shang & J.Y.Huang koshiabura Origin Japan. Forest tree. [35]
Mn Helianthus annuus Sunflower Phytoextraction and rhizofiltration [1]:19
Mn 1000 Macadamia neurophylla
(now Virotia neurophylla (Guillaumin) P. H. Weston & A. R. Mast)		 28 records of plants [1]:891[36]
Mn 200 [1]:891
Hg A- Bacopa monnieri Smooth Water Hyssop, Water hyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiola Cd(H), Cr(H), Cu(H), Hg(A), Pb(A) Origin India. Aquatic emergent species. [1]:898[19]
Hg Brassica napus Rapeseed plant Ag, Cr, Pb, Se, Zn Phytoextraction [1]:19[6]
Hg Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Pb(H), Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U,[23] and pesticides.[24] Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'. [1]:898
Hg H- Hydrilla verticillata Hydrilla Cd(H), Cr(A), Pb(H) [1]:898
Hg 1000 Pistia stratiotes Water lettuce Cd(T), Cr(H), Cu(T) 35 records of plants [1]:891,898[30][37][full citation needed]
Hg Salix spp. Osier spp. Ag, Cr, Se, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[1]:19 Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix);[7] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[8] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) [1]:19
Mo 1500 Thlaspi caerulescens (Brassicaceae) Alpine pennycress Cd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H) phytoextraction [1]:19,891,898[28][29][30][31]
Naphthalene Festuca arundinacea Tall Fescue Increases catabolic genes and the mineralization of naphthalene. [38]
Naphthalene Trifolium hirtum Pink clover, rose clover Decreases catabolic genes and the mineralization of naphthalene. [38]
Pb A- Agrostis castellana 'Highland Bent Grass Al(A), As(H), Mn(A), Zn(A) Origin Portugal. [1]:898
Pb Ambrosia artemisiifolia Ragweed [6]
Pb Armeria maritima Seapink Thrift [6]
Pb Athyrium yokoscense (Japanese false spleenwort?) Cd(A), Cu(H), Zn(H) Origin Japan. [1]:898
Pb A- Azolla filiculoides Pacific mosquitofern Cu(A), Ni(A), Mn(A) Origin Africa. Floating plant. [1]:898
Pb A- Bacopa monnieri Smooth Water Hyssop, Water hyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiola Cd(H), Cr(H), Cu(H), Hg(A) Origin India . Aquatic emergent species. [1]:898[19]
Pb H- Brassica juncea Indian mustard Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(H) 79 recorded plants. Phytoextraction [1]:19,891,898[6][20][28][30][31][39]
Pb Brassica napus Rapeseed plant Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, Zn Phytoextraction [1]:19[6]
Pb Brassica oleracea Ornemental Kale and Cabbage, Broccoli [6]
Pb H- Vallisneria americana Tape Grass Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(H) Native to Europe and North Africa. Widely cultivated in the aquarium trade. [1]:898
Pb Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U,[23] and pesticides.[24] Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'. [1]:898
Pb Festuca ovina Blue Sheep Fescue [6]
Pb Ipomoea trifida Morning glory Phytoextraction and rhizofiltration [1]:19,898[6][7][39]
Pb H- Hydrilla verticillata Hydrilla Cd(H), Cr(A), Hg(H) [1]:898
Pb H- Lemna minor Duckweed Cd(H), Cu(H), Zn(H) Native to North America and widespread worldwide. [1]:898
Pb Salix viminalis Common Osier Cd, U, Zn,[7] Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products (S. spp.);[1]:19 Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[8] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) [7]
Pb H- Salvinia molesta Kariba weeds or water ferns Cr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A) Origin India. [1]:898
Pb Spirodela polyrhiza Giant Duckweed Cd(H), Cr(H), Ni(H), Zn(A) Native to North America. [1]:891,898[27]
Pb Thlaspi caerulescens (Brassicaceae) Alpine pennycress, Alpine pennygrass Cd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo(H), Ni(H), Zn(H) Phytoextraction. [1]:19,891,898[28][29][30][31]
Pb Thlaspi rotundifolium Round-leaved Pennycress [6]
Pb Triticum aestivum Common Wheat [6]
Se .012-20 Amanita muscaria Fly agaric Cap contains higher concentrations than stalks[40]
Se Brassica juncea Indian mustard Rhizosphere bacteria enhance accumulation.[41] [1]:19
Se Brassica napus Rapeseed plant Ag, Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn Phytoextraction. [1]:19[6]
Se Low rates of selenium volatilization from selenate-supplied Muskgrass (10-fold less than from selenite) may be due to a major rate limitation in the reduction of selenate to organic forms of selenium in Muskgrass. Chara canescens Desv. & Lois Muskgrass Muskgrass treated with selenite contains 91% of the total Se in organic forms (selenoethers and diselenides), compared with 47% in Muskgrass treated with selenate.[42] 1.9% of the total Se input is accumulated in its tissues; 0.5% is removed via biological volatilization.[43] [44]
Se Bassia scoparia
(a.k.a. Kochia scoparia)		 burningbush, ragweed, summer cypress, fireball, belvedere and Mexican firebrush, Mexican fireweed U,[7] Cr, Pb, Hg, Ag, Zn Perchlorate (wetland halophytes). Phytoextraction. [1]:19,898
Se Salix spp. Osier spp. Ag, Cr, Hg, petroleum hydrocarbures, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[1]:19 Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis);[7] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[8] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes). [1]:19
Zn A- Agrostis castellana Highland Bent Grass Al(A), As(H), Mn(A), Pb(A) Origin Portugal. [1]:898
Zn Athyrium yokoscense (Japanese false spleenwort?) Cd(A), Cu(H), Pb(H) Origin Japan. [1]:898
Zn Brassicaceae Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or cabbage family Cd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H) Phytoextraction [1]:19
Zn Brassica juncea L. Indian mustard Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A). Larvae of Pieris brassicae do not even sample its high-Zn leaves. (Pollard and Baker, 1997) [1]:19,898[20]
Zn Brassica napus Rapeseed plant Ag, Cr, Hg, Pb, Se Phytoextraction [1]:19[6]
Zn Helianthus annuus Sunflower Phytoextraction and rhizofiltration [1]:19[7]
Zn Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb(H). Also Cs, Sr, U,[23] and pesticides.[24] Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'. [1]:898
Zn Salix viminalis Common Osier Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[1]:19 Cd, Pb, U (S. viminalis);[7] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[8] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes). [7]
Zn A- Salvinia molesta Kariba weeds or water ferns Cr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(A) Origin India. [1]:898
Zn 1400 Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke (Caryophyllaceae) Bladder campion Ernst et al. (1990)
Zn Spirodela polyrhiza Giant Duckweed Cd(H), Cr(H), Ni(H), Pb(H) Native to North America. [1]:891,898[27]
Zn H-10,000 Thlaspi caerulescens (Brassicaceae) Alpine pennycress Cd(H), Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H) 48 records of plants. May acidify its own rhizosphere, which would facilitate absorption by solubilization of the metal[28] [1]:19,891,898[29][30][31][39]
Zn Trifolium pratense Red Clover Nonmetal accumulator. Its rhizosphere is denser in bacteria than that of Thlaspi caerulescens, but T. caerulescens has relatively more metal-resistant bacteria.[28]

Cs-137 activity was much smaller in leaves of larch and sycamore maple than of spruce: spruce > larch > sycamore maple.

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.66 1.67 1.68 1.69 1.70 1.71 1.72 1.73 1.74 1.75 1.76 1.77 1.78 1.79 1.80 1.81 1.82 McCutcheon, Steven C.; Schnoor, Jerald L. (2003). Phytoremediation: Transformation and Control of Contaminants. Environmental Science and Technology. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-39435-8. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Grauer, U. E.; Horst, W. J. (September 1990). "Effect of pH and nitrogen source on aluminium tolerance of rye (Secale cereale L.) and yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.)". Plant and Soil (Springer) 127 (1): 13–21. doi:10.1007/BF00010832. 
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  4. ↑ Shoellhorn, Rick; Richardson, Alexis A. (2005). "Warm Climate Production Guidelines for Japanese Hydrangeas". EDIS (Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida) 2005 (4). doi:10.32473/edis-ep177-2005. ENH910/EP177. 
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  14. ↑ Tu, Cong; Ma, Lena Q.; Bondada, Bhaskhar (2002). "Arsenic Accumulation in the Hyperaccumulator Chinese Brake and Its Utilization Potential for Phytoremediation". Journal of Environmental Quality 31 (5): 1671–5. doi:10.2134/jeq2002.1671. PMID 12371185. 
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  16. ↑ Stijve, Tjakko; Vellinga, Else C.; Herrmann, André (1990). "Arsenic accumulation in some higher fungi". Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 14 (2): 161–166. https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/531714. 
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  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 Duke, James A. (1983). "Handbook of Energy Crops". West Lafayette, IN: Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University. https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/dukeindex.html. 
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  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 "Phytoremediation of Radionuclides". Colorado State University. http://rydberg.biology.colostate.edu/Phytoremediation/2000/Lawra/BZ580.htm. 
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  25. ↑ Göhl, Bo; International Foundation for Science (1981). Tropical feeds. Feeds information summaries and nutritive values. FAO Animal Production and Health. 12. Stockholm: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 
  26. ↑ Sen, A. K.; Mondal, N. G.; Mandal, S. (1 January 1987). "Studies of Uptake and Toxic Effects of Cr(VI) on Pistia stratiotes". Water Science and Technology (International Water Association) 19 (1–2): 119–127. doi:10.2166/wst.1987.0194. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Srivastav, R. K.; Gupta, S. K.; Nigam, K. D. P.; Vasudevan, P. (July 1994). "Treatment of chromium and nickel in wastewater by using aquatic plants". Water Research 28 (7): 1631–1638. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(94)90231-3. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 Delorme, Thierry A.; Gagliardi, Joel V.; Angle, J. Scott; Chaney, Rufus L. (2001). "Influence of the zinc hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens J. & C. Presl. and the nonmetal accumulator Trifolium pratense L. on soil microbial populations". Canadian Journal of Microbiology (Canadian Science Publishing) 47 (8): 773–776. doi:10.1139/w01-067. PMID 11575505. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad (2005). "Nickelophilous plants and their significance in phytotechnologies". Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 17 (1): 113–128. doi:10.1590/s1677-04202005000100010. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.6 30.7 30.8 30.9 Baker, Alan J. M.; Brooks, Robert R. (1989). "Terrestrial higher plants which hyperaccumulate metallic elements: A review of their distribution, ecology and phytochemistry". Biorecovery 1: 81–126. ISSN 0269-7572. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247713966. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 Lombi, Enzo; Zhao, Fang-Jie; Dunham, Sarah J.; McGrath, Steve P. (2001). "Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal, Contaminated Soils, Natural Hyperaccumulation versus Chemically Enhanced Phytoextraction". Journal of Environmental Quality 30 (6): 1919–1926. doi:10.2134/jeq2001.1919. PMID 11789997. 
  32. ↑ Morrison, Richard S.; Brooks, Robert R.; Reeves, Roger D.; Malaisse, François (1979). "Copper and cobalt uptake by metallophytes from Zaïre". Plant and Soil (Kluwer) 53 (4): 535–539. doi:10.1007/bf02140724. https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/266081/1/Copper-and-cobalt-uptake-by-metallophytes-from-ZarePlant-and-Soil.pdf. 
  33. ↑ Brooks, Robert R. (1977). "Copper and cobalt uptake by Haumaniustrum species". Plant and Soil 48 (2): 541–544. doi:10.1007/BF02187261. 
  34. ↑ Howard-Williams, Clive (1970). "The ecology of Becium homblei in Central Africa with special reference to metalliferous soils". Journal of Ecology 58 (3): 745–763. doi:10.2307/2258533. 
  35. ↑ Mizuno, Takafumi; Emori, Kanae; Ito, Shin-ichiro (2013). "Manganese hyperaccumulation from non-contaminated soil in Chengiopanax sciadophylloides Franch. and Sav. and its correlation with calcium accumulation". Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 59 (4): 591–602. doi:10.1080/00380768.2013.807213. 
  36. ↑ Baker, Alan J. M.; Walker, Philip L. (1990). "Ecophysiology of Metal Uptake by Tolerant Plants". in Shaw, A. Jonathan. Heavy metal tolerance in plants: evolutionary aspects. Boca Raton, FL.: CRC Press. pp. 155–177. ISBN 0-8493-6852-9. 
  37. ↑ Atri 1983
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Siciliano, Steven D.; Germida, James J.; Banks, Kathy; Greer, Charles W. (January 2003). "Changes in Microbial Community Composition and Function during a Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Phytoremediation Field Trial". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69 (1): 483–9. doi:10.1128/AEM.69.1.483-489.2003. PMID 12514031. Bibcode: 2003ApEnM..69..483S. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Template:Cite tech report
  40. ↑ Stijve, Tjakko (September 1977). "Selenium content of mushrooms". Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung A 164 (3): 201–3. doi:10.1007/BF01263031. PMID 562040. 
  41. ↑ de Souza, Mark P.; Chu, Dara; Zhao, May; Zayed, Adel M.; Ruzin, Steven E.; Schichnes, Denise; Terry, Norman (1999). "Rhizosphere Bacteria Enhance Selenium Accumulation and Volatilization by Indian mustard". Plant Physiology 119 (2): 565–574. doi:10.1104/pp.119.2.565. PMID 9952452. 
  42. ↑ X-ray absorption spectroscopy speciation analysis.
  43. ↑ Average Se concentration of 22 µg L-1 supplied over a 24-d experimental period.
  44. ↑ Z.-Q. Lin; M.P. de Souza; I. J. Pickering; N. Terry (2002). "Evaluation of the Macroalga, Muskgrass, for the Phytoremediation of Selenium-Contaminated Agricultural Drainage Water by Microcosms". Journal of Environmental Quality 31 (6): 2104–10. doi:10.2134/jeq2002.2104. PMID 12469862. 



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