Biology:List of recovering species

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This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

This is a list of species that have recovered from endangered status or threatened status.

Introduction

Criteria for inclusion

To be included, the conservation status of a species must have been identified as threatened (comparable to IUCN Vulnerable or worse) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature – IUCN Red List, or NatureServe – NatureServe conservation status, or any another comparable agency such as the New Zealand's Threat Classification System.

In addition, the species recovered to a significant extent. Merely arresting a population decline is not sufficient. The recovery does not need to result in a change to the conservation status, but the sources must be clear that the recovery is significant and long-term. The sources should document an increase in the estimated number of individuals, enduring for several years. The recovery does not need to be recent. The decrease in population does not need to be caused by humans.

A local recovery may be included it if is a notable local recovery. For example, if a species were extirpated on a continent or major archipelago, and later successfully re-introduced. Local recoveries in a province or small region should not be included, unless there is significant sourcing.

A recovery of a subspecies may be included only if it is a notable subspecies.

Discovery of living fossils thought to be extinct is not appropriate for this list (unless the discovery is followed by a population increase).

Recoveries limited to captive breeding in zoos or cultivation in botanical gardens (and the wild population is stable or declining) may be included, but the "increasing only in captivity or cultivation" fact should be emphasized in the body text.

Once a species is added to this list, it should remain in the list as a permanent record of the recovery, even if the recovery is reversed or the species becomes extinct. In that event, a note should be added to the species material below describing the reversal.

Completeness

The set of currently recovering species is continually changing, and the definition of "recovery" is not well-defined, so this list may not be complete.

Recovering species

Birds

California condor
  • Mauritius kestrel – Only four known individuals remained in 1974. Intensive management increased the population into the hundreds.[1]
  • California Condor – Only 22 birds remained in 1982. Captive breeding has increased the population to over 500, with many flying free.[2]
  • Bald eagle – Around 400 nesting pairs remained in the contiguous U.S. in the 1960s. Recovered after the ban on DDT, habitat protection, and reintroduction programs.[3]
  • Whooping crane – Fell to just 21 wild birds in 1941. Today there are over 800 individuals across wild and captive populations.[4]
  • Peregrine falcon – Nearly disappeared from much of North America because of DDT. Now widespread after pesticide bans and reintroductions.[5]
  • Kakapo – Declined to 51 birds in the 1990s. Intensive management has increased the population to more than 250.[7]
  • Chatham Island Black Robin Recovered from just five birds, including only one breeding female.[8]
  • Echo parakeet – Increased from fewer than 20 individuals to several hundred.[9]

Mammals

Arabian Oryx
Przewalski's horse
  • Arabian Oryx – Extinct in the wild by 1972. Reintroduced successfully; now several thousand exist in managed wild populations.[10]
  • Black footed ferret – Thought extinct until a tiny population of 18 was found in 1981. Breeding and reintroduction have established multiple wild populations.[11]
  • Przewalski's horse – Extinct in the wild by the 1960s. Reintroduced to Mongolia and China from captive populations.[12]
  • European bison – Extinct in the wild after World War I. Reintroduced from captive animals; several thousand now live in Europe.[13][14]
  • Giant panda – Downlisted from Endangered to Vulnerable after decades of habitat protection.[15]
  • Iberian Lynx – Increased from fewer than 100 adults in the early 2000s to several thousand today.[16]
  • Mountain gorilla – Population has surpassed 1,000 thanks to anti-poaching and habitat conservation.[17]
  • Southern White Rhinoceros – Fewer than 100 individuals survived around 1900. Population grew to over 15,000, though poaching has caused recent declines.[18]
  • Grey wolf – Globally rated "Least Concern", but was severely reduced in numbers in western U.S. and Europe. Reintroduction in those areas has restored populations in several regions.[19]
  • European beaver – Nearly exterminated across Europe but has returned to many rivers through reintroductions.[20]
  • American bison – Dropped from tens of millions to only a few hundred in the late 1800s. Conservation has increased the total population to hundreds of thousands, though most live in managed herds.[21]
  • Golden lion tamarin – Fewer than 200 remained in the wild in the 1970s; populations have grown through breeding and habitat restoration.[22]
  • Channel Island fox – Some island populations fell below 20 animals before recovering rapidly through conservation.[23]

Marine mammals

Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris)
  • Blue whale – Numbers have increased since commercial whaling ended, though they remain endangered.[24]
  • Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae – Severely depleted by commercial whaling. Many populations have rebounded since the global whaling moratorium.[25][26]
  • Gray whale Eschrichtius robustus – The Western Gray Whale subspecies (that resides near North America) recovered from commercial whaling to tens of thousands, however continues to face environmental challenges.[27]
  • Sea otter Enhydra lutris -The Southern sea otter subspecies (that lives near California - Enhydra lutris nereis) increased from about 50 surviving animals in the early 1900s to several thousand in 2024.[28][29]
  • Hawaiian monk seal Neomonachus schauinslandi – After decades of decline, recent conservation efforts have led to population growth, particularly around the main Hawaiian Islands.[30]
  • Northern elephant seal Mirounga angustirostris – Hunted to near extinction, with perhaps 20–100 survivors in the late 1800s. Today there are well over 200,000.[31]

Reptiles

  • American Alligator Alligator mississippiensis – Nearly wiped out by hunting and habitat loss. Now common across much of the southeastern U.S. and removed from the endangered species list.[32]
  • Kemp's Ridley sea turtle Lepidochelys kempii – Once the world's rarest sea turtle; intensive nest protection has increased nesting numbers.[34][35]
  • Galapagos giant tortoise Chelonoidis hoodensis – This species is critically endangered, but one of the subspecies – from Española Island – has rebounded through captive breeding and invasive species removal. Subspecees on several other of the Galápagos Islands are not recovering.[36][37][38]

Fish

Devil's hole pupfish Cyprinodon diabolis
  • Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus – Some populations are showing signs of recovery after fishing restrictions, although the species remains threatened.[42]
  • Adriatic sturgeon Acipenser naccarii – Extinct in its former range near Albania, it was nearly extinct in the northern Adriatic, but the northern population is showing signs of slow recovery since a breeding fish farm program was established in 1988.[43]
  • Devil's hole pupfish Cyprinodon diabolis – Only found in a single a water-filled cavern in the US, which was nearly eliminated due to water withdrawals by a nearby ranch, until a US Supreme Court case halted the water removal. The population has never exceeded 500, and in 2006 it fell to 38 individuals. Recovery since then has been irregular and uncertain.[44]

Amphibians

  • Mallorcan midwife toad Alytes muletensis – A living fossil, known only from fossil records, until discovered alive in 1977. Captive breeding program was initiated in the 1980s, but recovery is slow and irregular.[45][46]

Plants

  • Wollemi pine Wollemia nobilis – A critically endangered tree, discovered in 1994. There are fewer than 100 trees in its only wild location in Australia. A successful ex situ cultivation program has resulted in the tree now growing in over 30 countries, and has greatly reduced extinction risk.[47][48][49]

Butterflies and moths

Large blue butterfly Phengaris arion
  • Large blue butterfly Phengaris arion[lower-alpha 1] – Became locally extinct in Netherlands and United Kingdom in 1970s. Scientists discovered it depended on a specific ant species for its caterpillars to survive. After restoring the right grassland habitat and reintroducing butterflies from Sweden, it is now established again in areas where it was locally extinct.[50][51][52]
  • Mission blue butterfly Icaricia icarioides missionensis – This subspecies is restricted to a handful of fragmented habitats around San Francisco. Habitat restoration and protection have stabilized several populations, but recovery is uncertain.[53][54]
  • Schaus' swallowtail Papilio aristodemus – Reduced to very low numbers after hurricanes and habitat loss. Captive breeding and habitat management have helped stabilize wild populations.[55]

Insects and beetles

  • Lord Howe Island stick insect Dryococelus australis – Thought extinct for about 80 years after invasive rats devastated its island home, it was rediscovered in 2001 on a tiny offshore sea stack. Fewer than 30 individuals were found. Captive breeding has produced thousands, and as of 2024, reintroduction is planned after rat eradication is confirmed.[56][57][58]

Snails

Moorean viviparous tree snail Partula taeniata
  • Polynesian tree snails, genus Partula – Many species of this genus of Polynesian snails were driven extinct or made nearly extinct by introduced predatory snails. Zoos around the world maintained captive populations, including species Partula taeniata, allowing some species to be reintroduced.[59][60]

Spiders

  • Desertas giant wolf spider Hogna ingens – Nearly extinct in the only place it is endemic: Deserta Grande Island. As of 2024, the Bristol Zoo is breeding it in captivity while preparations for re-introduction are underway.[61][62]

Freshwater mussels

  • Pink mucket Lampsilis abrupta – Populations in the wild are decreasing, but an active breeding program has introduced populations into two rivers.[63][64]

Crustaceans

Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish Astacopsis gouldi

Corals

  • Elkhorn coral Acropora palmata – The overall population of this important coral in the Caribbean Sea is declining, but conservation efforts have successfully rebuilt some local populations.[67]

Other

  • Tri-spine horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus – Found in Southeast Asia.[69]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Not to be confused with Phengaris arionides

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Nicoll, Malcolm (2021). "Contrasting recovery trajectories of four reintroduced populations of the Endangered Mauritius Kestrel (Falco punctatus)". Ibis 163 (4): 1294–1309. doi:10.1111/ibi.12987. ISSN 0019-1019. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/92581/1/Contrasting_Groombridge.pdf. Retrieved 23 July 2026. 
  2. ↑ Walters, J. R. (2010). "Status of the California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus) and Efforts to Achieve Its Recovery". The Auk 127 (4): 969–1001. doi:10.1525/auk.2010.127.4.969. ISSN 0004-8038. Bibcode: 2010Auk...127..969W. https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2010.127.4.969. Retrieved 23 July 2026. 
  3. ↑ Cruz, Jennyffer (2019). "Top-down effects of repatriating bald eagles hinder jointly recovering competitors". Journal of Animal Ecology 88 (7): 1054–1065. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12990. ISSN 0021-8790. PMID 30951204. Bibcode: 2019JAnEc..88.1054C. https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1365-2656.12990. Retrieved 23 July 2026. 
  4. ↑ International Recovery Plan for the Whooping Crane (Grus americana), Third Revision (Report). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Canadian Wildlife Service. 2007. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/endangeredspeciesbull/45. Retrieved 23 July 2026. 
  5. ↑ "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Rule to Remove the American Peregrine Falcon from the Federal List". Federal Register, 64(164), 46542–46558. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 1999. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1999-08-25/pdf/99-21959.pdf. Retrieved 23 July 2026. 
  6. ↑ Anderson, D. W. (2017). "California Brown Pelican: Conservation History and Recovery". Ciencias Marinas 43 (1): 1–34. doi:10.7773/cm.v43i1.2710. ISSN 0185-3880. https://escholarship.org/content/qt0tv9z4fp/qt0tv9z4fp_noSplash_3260ac1c7b98e4384d5bf9178672174c.pdf. Retrieved 23 July 2026. 
  7. ↑ Clout, M. N. (1998). "Saving the Kakapo: the conservation of the world's most peculiar parrot". Bird Conservation International 8 (3): 281–296. doi:10.1017/S0959270900001933. ISSN 0959-2709. Bibcode: 1998BirdC...8..281C. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bird-conservation-international/article/saving-the-kakapo-the-conservation-of-the-worlds-most-peculiar-parrot/409205EB89D11D80BAE4FF9A7C30A9B0. Retrieved 23 July 2026. 
  8. ↑ Butler, D. (1992). The Black Robin: Saving the World's Most Endangered Bird. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195582604. https://archive.org/details/blackrobinsaving0000butl. Retrieved 23 July 2026. 
  9. ↑ Gath, Helen; et al. (2017). Conservation Management of the Endangered Mauritius Parakeet Psittacula echo (PDF) (Thesis). University College London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2025. Retrieved 23 July 2026.
  10. ↑ Spalton, J. A. (1999). "Arabian oryx reintroduction in Oman: successes and setbacks". Oryx (journal) 33 (2): 168–175. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00062.x. Bibcode: 1999Oryx...33..168S. https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/B52D89DD9B8AF520DA9CD5D6A4378C0A/S003060530003043Xa.pdf/arabian-oryx-reintroduction-in-oman-successes-and-setbacks.pdf. Retrieved 23 July 2026. 
  11. ↑ Biggins, Dean (2017). "Evolution, natural history, and conservation of black footed ferret". in Macdonald, D.W.. Biology and Conservation of Musteloids. Oxford University Press. pp. 340–356. ISBN 9780198759805. https://books.google.com/books?id=wfU-DwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 23 July 2026.  See also https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/20131108%20BFF%202nd%20Rev
  12. ↑ Turghan, Mardan (2022). "An Update on Status and Conservation of the Przewalski's Horse (Equus ferus przewalskii)". Animals 12 (22). doi:10.3390/ani12223158. ISSN 2076-2615. PMID 36428386. 
  13. ↑ Krasińska, Małgorzata (19 June 2013). European Bison: The Nature Monograph. Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences. ISBN 9783642365553. https://books.google.com/books?id=nR1GAAAAQBAJ. 
  14. ↑ Llamas, B. (2025). "Coexistence, Extinction and Survival—The Evolutionary History of Bison Species in Western Eurasia". Global Change Biology 31 (8). doi:10.1111/gcb.70354. PMID 40762062. PMC 12322808. Bibcode: 2025GCBio..3170354L. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70354. Retrieved 24 July 2026. 
  15. ↑ "Giant pandas no longer endangered in the wild, China announces". The Guardian. 9 July 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/09/giant-pandas-no-longer-endangered-in-the-wild-china-announces. 
  16. ↑ Godoy, JA (2025). "Genomic Insights Into the Origin, Decline and Recovery of the Once Critically Endangered Iberian Lynx". Molecular Ecology 34 (23). doi:10.1111/mec.17719. PMID 40067056. Bibcode: 2025MolEc..3417719G. 
  17. ↑ Hickey, J.R. (2026). "Gorilla beringei ssp. beringei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2026. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T39999A176396749.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39999/176396749#green-assessment-information. Retrieved 24 July 2026. 
  18. ↑ Emslie, R. (2020). "White Rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T4185A45813880.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4185/45813880. Retrieved 24 July 2026. 
  19. ↑ Di Bernardi, Cecilia (2025). "Continuing Recovery of Wolves in Europe". Sustainability and Transformation (Public Library of Science) 4 (2). doi:10.1371/journal.pstr.0000158. 
  20. ↑ Batbold, J. (2021). "Castor fiber". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T4007A197499749.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4007/197499749. Retrieved 16 July 2024. 
  21. ↑ Sanderson, Eric (2008). "The Ecological Future of the North American Bison: Conceiving Long-Term, Large-Scale Conservation of Wildlife". Conservation Biology 22 (2): 252–266. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00899.x. PMID 18402580. https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00899.x. Retrieved 30 July 2026. 
  22. ↑ Kleiman, D.G. (2002). Lion Tamarins: Biology and Conservation. Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 9781588340726. https://archive.org/details/liontamarinsbiol0000unse. Retrieved 30 July 2026. 
  23. ↑ Coonan, T.J. (2010). Decline and Recovery of the Island Fox: A Case Study for Population Recovery. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139491563. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQ-cfo4hDzsC. Retrieved 30 July 2026. 
  24. ↑ Cooke, J.G. (2018). "Blue Whale Balaenoptera musculus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T2477A156923585.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/2477/156923585. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  25. ↑ Cooke, J.G. (2018). "Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeangliae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T13006A50362794.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13006/50362794. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  26. ↑ "Whale 'supergroups' show numbers are rebounding from hunting. But Iran war holds dangers for them". https://apnews.com/article/whales-environment-wildlife-africa-iran-war-49a0dce058459a8c9832910c2310f37e. 
  27. ↑ Cooke, J.G. (2018). "Western Gray Whale Eschrichtius robustus (western subpopulation)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T8099A50345475.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/8099/50345475. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  28. ↑ Doroff, A.. "Sea Otter Enhydra lutris - Red List Assessment". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T7750A219377647.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7750/219377647. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  29. ↑ Larson, S. (2021). "Sea Otter Enhydra lutris - Green List Assessment". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T7750A219377647.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7750/219377647. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  30. ↑ Baker, J. (2025). "Hawaiian Monk Seal Neomonachus schauinslandi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T13654A272355581.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13654/272355581. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  31. ↑ Hückstädt, L. (2015). "Northern Elephant Seal Mirounga angustirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T13581A45227116.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13581/45227116. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  32. ↑ Elsey, R. (2019). "American Alligator Alligator mississippiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T46583A3009637.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/46583/3009637. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  33. ↑ Rainwater, T.R. (2022). "American Crocodile Crocodylus acutus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T5659A212805700.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/5659/212805700. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  34. ↑ Wibbels, T. (2019). "Kemp's Ridley Lepidochelys kempii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T11533A155057916.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/11533/155057916. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  35. ↑ Bi-National Recovery Plan for the Kemp's Ridley Turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) (Report). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Secretaría del Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Pesca. 2011. https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/4368. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  36. ↑ Cayot, L.J. (2017). "Española Giant Tortoise Chelonoidis hoodensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T9024A82777079.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/9024/82777079. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  37. ↑ Gibbs, J.P. (2020). Galapagos Giant Tortoises. Academic Press. pp. 435–450. ISBN 9780128175552. https://books.google.com/books?id=auTsDwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  38. ↑ Gibbs, James P. (2014). "Demographic Outcomes and Ecosystem Implications of Giant Tortoise Reintroduction to Española Island, Galapagos". PLOS ONE (Public Library of Science) 9 (10): 1–15. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110742. PMID 25350744. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...9k0742G. 
  39. ↑ Senko, J.F., Burgher, K.M., del Mar Mancha‐Cisneros, M., Godley, B.J., Kinan‐Kelly, I., Fox, T., Humber, F., Koch, V., Smith, A.T. and Wallace, B.P. 2022. Global patterns of illegal marine turtle exploitation. Global Change Biology 28(22): 6509–6523. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16378.
  40. ↑ Wallace, B.P. & Broderick, A.C. 2025. Chelonia mydas. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025: e.T4615A285108125. Accessed on 23 October 2025.
  41. ↑ "Global green turtle population rebounds thanks to conservation efforts" (in en). https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?14878416/Global-green-turtle-population-rebounds-thanks-to-conservation-efforts. 
  42. ↑ Hilton, E. (2022). "Atlantic Sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T245A2785934.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/245/2785934. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  43. ↑ Bronzi, P. (2022). "Adriatic sturgeon Acipenser naccarii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T224A135061929.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/224/135061929. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  44. ↑ "Devil's hole pupfish Cyprinodon diabolis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014. 2014. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T6149A15362335.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6149/15362335. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  45. ↑ Martínez-Solano, I. (2024). "Mallorcan Midwife Toad Alytes muletensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2024. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T977A207979274.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/977/207979274. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  46. ↑ "Alytes muletensis ". AmphibiaWeb. 2026. https://amphibiaweb.org/species/1521. 
  47. ↑ Auld, T.D. (2024). "Wollemi Pine Wollemia nobilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2024. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T34926A276111449.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/34926/276111449. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  48. ↑ Offord, Catherine A; Zimmer, Heidi C (26 July 2023). "Home gardens contribute to conservation of the critically endangered Wollemi Pine: Evaluation of a botanic garden-led horticultural release programme". Plants People Planet 6: 116–127. doi:10.1002/ppp3.10410. 
  49. ↑ Offord, Cathy (2025). "The contribution of horticulture to the conservation of critically endangered Wollemia nobilis". Sibbaldia: the International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture 24. doi:10.24823/Sibbaldia.2025.2086. https://journals.rbge.org.uk/rbgesib/article/view/2086. Retrieved 1 August 2026. 
  50. ↑ Thomas, J.A. (2009). "Successful conservation of a threatened Maculinea butterfly". Science 325 (5936): 80–83. doi:10.1126/science.1175726. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 19541953. Bibcode: 2009Sci...325...80T. 
  51. ↑ Gimenez Dixon, M. (1996). "Large Blue Phengaris arion". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T12659A3371159.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/12659/3371159. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  52. ↑ Spitzer, L. (2009). "The Large Blue butterfly, Phengaris [Maculinea arion, as a conservation umbrella on a landscape scale: The case of the Czech Carpathians"]. Ecological Indicators 9 (6): 1056–1063. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.12.006. Bibcode: 2009EcInd...9.1056S. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1470160X08001854. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  53. ↑ New, T. R., ed (1993). Conservation Biology of Lycaenidae (Butterflies). IUCN. ISBN 2-8317-0159-7. https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/ssc-op-008.pdf. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  54. ↑ Don, S. (2026). "Boisduval's Blue Icaricia icarioides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2026. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2026-1.RLTS.T62096A210974214.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/62096/210974214. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  55. ↑ Puttick, A. (2020). "Papilio aristodemus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T62156A110591422.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/62156/110591422. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  56. ↑ Rudolf, E. (2017). "Lord Howe Island Stick-insect Dryococelus australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T6852A21426226.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6852/21426226. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  57. ↑ Carlile, Nicholas (2009). "The recovery programme for the Lord Howe Island Phasmid (Dryococelus australis) following its rediscovery". Ecological Management & Restoration 10 (s1): S124-S128. doi:10.1111/j.1442-8903.2009.00450.x. 
  58. ↑ Doidge NP, Allen JL, Bushell R, Whittle KM, Zane-Todd L, Lynch M, Browning GF, Marenda MS. Detection and Differentiation of Entomopathogenic Serratia spp. to Inform Reintroduction of the Critically Endangered Lord Howe Island Stick Insect Dryococelus australis. J Wildl Dis. 2024 Apr 1;60(2):306-318. doi: 10.7589/JWD-D-23-00125. PMID 38243844.
  59. ↑ Gerlach, Justin (2023). "Partula tree snail conservation back on track". Oryx (Cambridge University Press) 57 (6): 696. doi:10.1017/S003060532300114X. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/partula-tree-snail-conservation-back-on-track/CA79AF8B29D640AC0C60E08CE4DF32AB. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  60. ↑ Coote, T. (2022). "Moorean Viviparous Tree Snail Partula taeniata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T16282A119135729.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/16282/119135729. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  61. ↑ Cardoso, P. (2014). "Desertas Wolf Spider Hogna ingens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-2.RLTS.T58048571A58061007.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/58048571/58061007. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  62. ↑ Bushell, Mark, ed (2018). "Best Practice Guidelines for Desertas Wolf Spiders". European Association of Zoos and Aquaria. https://media.eaza.net/uploads/2018_Hogna_ingens_EAZA_Best_Practice_Guidelines_Approved_NV_451747ee60.pdf. 
  63. ↑ Cummings, K. (2012). "Pink Mucket Lampsilis abrupta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T11249A501876.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/11249/501876. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  64. ↑ "Pink Mucket (Lampsilis abrupta) Status Review: Summary and Evaluation". US Fish and Wildlife Service. 2024. https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2024-10/pink-mucket-lampsilis-abrupta-5-year-review-2024.pdf. 
  65. ↑ Walsh, T. (2010). "Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish Astacopsis gouldi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T2190A9337732.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/2190/9337732. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  66. ↑ "Recovery Plan for the Giant Freshwater Crayfish (Astacopsis gouldi)". Australia Department of the Environment and Energy. 2017. https://nre.tas.gov.au/Documents/Accepted-Astacopsis-gouldi-RP.pdf. 
  67. ↑ Miller, M. (2022). "Elkhorn Coral Acropora palmata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/133006/165672016. Retrieved 31 July 2026. 
  68. ↑ Smith, D.R. (2022). "American Horseshoe Crab Limulus polyphemus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/11987/80159830. Retrieved 31 July 2026.  Article T11987A1198720261.
  69. ↑ Cheung, S.G. (2026). "Tri-spine Horseshoe Crab Tachypleus tridentatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2026. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/21309/149768986. Retrieved 31 July 2026.  Article T21309A2130920261.



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