Company:MDPI

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Short description: Scientific journal publisher
MDPI
MDPI-logo.png
StatusActive
Founded1996
Country of origin
  • Switzerland
Headquarters locationBasel, Switzerland
DistributionWorldwide
Key peopleShu-Kun Lin
Publication typesOpen access scientific journals
No. of employees5,700 (in 2022)[1]
Official websitemdpi.com

MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute) is a publisher of open access scientific journals. Founded by Shu-Kun Lin as a chemical sample archive, it now publishes over 390 peer-reviewed, open access journals.[2][3] MDPI is among the largest publishers in the world in terms of journal article output,[4][5] and is the largest publisher of open access articles.[6]

Between 2016 and 2020, the number of peer-reviewed papers published by MDPI grew significantly, with year-over-year growth of over 50% in 2017, 2018 and 2019, attracting attention to their very fast article processing times.[4][6][7][8] In a review of 26 open-access "mega-journals" that published over 3,500 papers in 2022, 11 or 42% were from MDPI.[9]

As of June 2022, MDPI publishes 393 academic journals, including 93 journals indexed within the Science Citation Index Expanded, 8 journals indexed within the Social Sciences Citation Index,[10] 120 journals listed in SciFinder,[11] and 190 in Scopus.[12]

MDPI journals are included in the Directory of Open Access Journals.[13] MDPI is a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association,[14] a participating publisher and supporter of the Initiative for Open Citations,[15] and a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).[16]

MDPI's business model is based on establishing entirely open access broad-discipline journals, with fast processing times from submission to publication and article processing charges paid by the author.[6] MDPI's business practices have attracted controversy, with critics suggesting it sacrifices editorial and academic rigor in favor of operational speed and business interests.[4][7][17][18][19] MDPI was included on Jeffrey Beall's list of predatory open access publishing companies in 2014[20][21] but was removed in 2015 following a successful appeal[19][20] while applying pressure on Beall's employer.[22] Some journals published by MDPI have also been noted by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Norwegian Scientific Publication Register, two major scientific bodies, for lack of rigour and possible predatory practice.[23][24][25]

History

MDPI traces its roots to Molecular Diversity Preservation International, also abbreviated MDPI, which was founded by Shu-Kun Lin in 1996 as a chemical sample archive, with some scholarly publishing and conference activities. The second organisation, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, was founded in 2010, primarily as a publisher. All of MDPI's journals have been open access and since 2008 published under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY).[26]

Molecular Diversity Preservation International

Molecular Diversity Preservation International was founded and registered as a non-profit association (Verein) by Shu-Kun Lin and Benoit R. Turin in Basel in 1996 to enable the deposit and exchange of rare molecular and biomolecular research samples.[27]

The journal Molecules was established in 1996 in collaboration with Springer-Verlag (now Springer Science+Business Media) in order to document the chemical samples of the MDPI collection. Several other journals were established by the MDPI Verein, including Entropy (1999), the International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2000), Sensors (2001), Marine Drugs (2003), and the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2004). The publisher MDPI AG (see below) was spun off from MDPI Verein in 2010.[citation needed]

MDPI Verein co-organized several academic conferences, including the International Symposium on Frontiers in Molecular Science. It also runs virtual conferences, such as the Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry, which was started in 1997. In 2010 MDPI launched the platform Sciforum.net to host virtual conferences. In 2014, various virtual conferences were hosted in the areas of synthetic organic chemistry, material sciences, sensors, and sustainability. In 2015, MDPI co-organized two physical conferences with and at the University of Basel, the 4th Internationational Symposium on Sensor Science and the 5th World Sustainability Forum. Since 2015, scholars can organize their own conference for free on the Sciforum platform.[citation needed]

MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute)

MDPI as a publisher of open-access scientific journals was spun off from the Molecular Diversity Preservation International organization. It was formally registered by Shu-Kun Lin and Dietrich Rordorf in May 2010 with its official headquarters in Basel, Switzerland. Including Switzerland, MDPI has editorial offices in 11 countries, with five offices in China, two offices in both Romania and Serbia, and offices in the United Kingdom, Canada, Spain, Poland, Japan, Thailand, and Singapore.[2][27][28]

The number of published papers has been growing significantly in the last decade with year over year growth of over 50% in 2017, 2018 and 2019, with 110,000 papers published in 2019.[6] MDPI reported publishing 235,638 papers in 2021 alone.[29] As of 2020, MDPI was the largest publisher of open access papers in the world and the 5th largest publisher overall in terms of journal paper output.[6]

Many MDPI papers are published in special issues. The number of special issues has grown rapidly, alongside significant year-over-year growth in total papers published: in 2020, MDPI journals hosted a total of 6,756 special issues, compared to 39,587 special issues in 2021.[7][8] However, only 10,504 of these 2021 special issues ultimately resulted in published papers. The number of special issues publishing papers rose to 17,777 in 2022.[7][8]

Evaluation and controversies

Who's Afraid of Peer Review?

In 2013, the MDPI journal Cancers was targeted in the Who's Afraid of Peer Review? sting operation and rejected the fake paper.[30]

Inclusion in Beall's list

MDPI was included on Jeffrey Beall's list of predatory open access publishing companies in February 2014.[21] Beall's concern was that "MDPI's warehouse journals contain hundreds of lightly-reviewed articles that are mainly written and published for promotion and tenure purposes rather than to communicate science."[21] Beall also claimed that MDPI used email spam to solicit manuscripts[31] and that the company listed researchers, including Nobel laureates, on their editorial boards without their knowledge.[21] MDPI responded to Beall's claims, seeking to debunk them.[32] Chemist Peter Murray-Rust criticized the inclusion of MDPI in Beall's list, stating that his criticism of the publisher "lacks evidence" and is "irresponsible".[33]

MDPI made a successful appeal to the Beall's list appeals board in October 2015, and was removed from the list.[19][34][35] Even after its removal, Beall remained critical of MDPI; in December 2015 he wrote: "it is clear that MDPI sees peer review as merely a perfunctory step that publishers have to endure before publishing papers and accepting money from the authors," and "it's clear that MDPI's peer review is managed by clueless clerical staff in China."[36][37]

Beall's list was shut down in 2017.[38] Beall later wrote that he had been pressured to shut down the list by his employer University of Colorado Denver and various publishers, specifically mentioning MDPI as a publisher that had "tried to be as annoying as possible to the university so that the officials would get so tired of the emails that they would silence me just to make them stop."[22]

2014 OASPA evaluation

Following Beall's criticism of MDPI, the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) conducted an investigation in April 2014. This investigation was based on the controversy surrounding two papers, one in Life,[39] the other in Nutrients;[40] the listing of Nobel Prize winners on the website; the roles of editorial board members and of Shu-Ki Lin within the company; and the functions of the different office locations. OASPA concluded that MDPI satisfactorily meets the OASPA Membership Criteria.[41]

2016 data breach

In August 2016, MDPI was breached, leaving exposed 17.5 GB of data, including 845,000 e-mail addresses and e-mail exchanges between authors, editors and reviewers.[42] According to MDPI, the unprotected instance at which the data was breached has since been protected.[43]

Resignations of editors

In August 2018, 10 senior editors (including the editor-in-chief) of the journal Nutrients resigned, alleging that MDPI forced the replacement of the editor-in-chief because of his high editorial standards and for resisting pressure to "accept manuscripts of mediocre quality and importance."[18]

In June 2020, the would-be guest editors of a special issue in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Health resigned after being informed by an MDPI representative that a quota of publication-fee exemptions allocated to the special issue could only be given to scholars from developed countries.[44][45]

In 2021, five members of the editorial board of the journal Vaccines resigned after Vaccines published a controversial article that misused data to reach the incorrect conclusion that vaccines against COVID-19 had no clear benefit.[46][47]

Withdrawals of support by faculties and universities

In December 2021, the Faculty of Science of the University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice announced that it will stop financial support for publishing in MDPI journals, officially recommended against publishing in or reviewing for MDPI, and warned that publications in MDPI journals might not be taken into account for evaluations of employees and departments.[48] In January 2023, Zhejiang Gongshang University (浙江工商大学) in Hangzhou, China, announced it would no longer include articles published in Hindawi, MDPI, and Frontiers journals when evaluating researcher performance.[49][50]

Inclusion in Early Warning List of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

In December 2020, the Chinese Academy of Sciences published a list of journals that may suffer from issues of scientific quality and other risk characteristics.[25] There were 22 MDPI group journals in the 65 journals given in its initial list. MDPI responded to the list promising to communicate with the academy and improve its journals' parameters to remove the affected journals from the list as soon as possible.[51] The list was updated in December 2021 and reduced to only 41 journals, of which seven MDPI journals were included.[52]

Perception of Hungarian researchers

A survey published in 2022 asked Hungarian researchers for their perception of MDPI journals. Those Hungarian researchers generally felt MDPI journals were sufficiently prestigious to be worth publishing in, being indexed in major databases and having reasonable Journal Impact Factor. However, most researchers felt the primary driving force to publish with MDPI journals was their fast article turnaround time;[5] MDPI article turnaround times take approximately 35–37 days to publish the final article after its initial submission, including revisions.[4][7]

Assessments in the Nordic countries

MDPI has been criticized by scientific bodies in Norway, Finland, and Denmark that rank academic journals for their quality and relevance. In the Finnish and Danish lists, the majority of MDPI journals do not meet the criteria of the body to be ranked in the list.[2][53] The Norwegian Scientific Index has been less critical, giving the vast majority of individual MDPI journals designations as "level 1", denoting a publisher as academic; although some journals are ranked "level 0" denoting non-academic status, including one of MDPI's flagship journals, Sustainability.[54][55][56] In 2021, following a survey sent to Norwegian scientists,[57] the Norwegian Scientific Index also created a special rank called "level X", which was used to denote journals undergoing evaluation as possible predatory journals, specifically citing concerns over MDPI journals for the new rank's creation.[24]

The head of the National Publication Committee of Norway and a number of Norwegian scholars have been highly critical of MDPI, with some lobbying to remove MDPI from the Norwegian Scientific Index entirely.[2][58] They cite the poor reputation of MDPI among Nordic scientific bodies,[2] how there are many academics that boycott MDPI journals outright,[2] or accuse MDPI journals of having a peer review process that is not up to academic standards.[59][60][61] Among their descriptions, they call MDPI a Chinese organization with a "small artificial office in Switzerland",[2] and "a money-making machine" that plays on the desire of academics to embellish their CV.[60][61]

Concerns over papers connected to a research paper mill

In December 2021, it was reported how the research paper mill International Publisher Ltd. had sold authorships to hundreds of publications published across most major publishers;[62] a controversy attracting international attention that affected many major publishing groups.[63][64][65][66] The report highlighted a ring of MDPI guest editors that provided a network for the sale of authorship for articles published across multiple MDPI journals (Sustainability, Mathematics, Energies, and the Journal of Theoretical and Applied Commerce Research).[64][65][67][68] Also in December 2021, Dr. Brian Perron highlighted how International Publisher Ltd. had published articles in the International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJet), and MDPI including articles from Energies.[69][70] In response, iJet retracted thirty articles, and thanked Perron and his team for their concerning findings.[71] Perron later expressed appreciation with how iJet had handled its response, but frustration with MDPI for not taking his allegations of fraud seriously, citing how one Energies article still did not even have an expression of concern added six months later.[72][73]

2023 Clarivate delistings

In February 2023, Clarivate discontinued coverage of two MDPI journals, the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health and the Journal of Risk and Financial Management in the Web of Science, for publishing content not related to their scope.[74][75] As a result, both were removed from the Clarivate Web of Science database, losing their impact factors. Also, citations from these journals no longer affect the impact factors of other journals.[74][75][76]

Controversial articles

In December 2011, the MDPI journal Life published Erik D. Andrulis' theoretical paper, Theory of the Origin, Evolution, and Nature of Life, aiming at presenting a framework to explain life.[39] It attracted coverage by the popular science and technology magazines Ars Technica and Popular Science, which characterized it as "crazy"[77] and "hilarious".[78] A member of the editorial board of Life resigned in response.[78][79]

In 2013, another MDPI journal, Entropy, published a review paper claiming glyphosate may be the most important factor in the development of obesity, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, cancer, and infertility.[80] The paper itself does not contain any primary research results.[80] It was criticized as pseudo-science by the popular science magazine Discover.[81] With regard to the same controversial study, Jeffrey Beall has rhetorically asked, "When publishers like MDPI disseminate research by science activists like Stephanie Seneff and her co-authors, I think it’s fair to question the credibility of all the research that MDPI publishes. Will MDPI publish anything for money?".[82]

A study published in the MDPI journal Nutrients in 2011 went through a series of corrections first in August 2011, then in April 2012, and then again in February 2014.[83] The article claimed that obesity rates in Australia increased in the same timeframe that sugary soft drink consumption declined by 10%. The article was used by soft drink industry lobbyists to argue that sugary drinks were not significantly contributing to obesity rates.[84] However the article itself debunked its own claim, with one figure showing that soft drink consumption had increased by 30% during the time period where the authors claimed a 10% reduction in consumption. Nutrients issued a correction claiming that the previously described 10% drop in consumption referred to an increase in the use of artificial sweeteners, and reflected overall sugar consumption rather than soft drink consumption. The correction said that "some words were missing." This correction has been derided by some as "nonsense" and untrue, suggesting that the correction does not address the core issue of whether sugar consumption increased in Australia over the time period investigated. The journal Nutrients and the senior author of the article maintain that the thrice-corrected article is now accurate, and that corrections that were made were immaterial to the conclusions of the study.[84]

In 2016, MDPI journal Behavioral Sciences published a review paper that claimed that watching pornography is a cause of erectile dysfunction.[85] After critics raised concerns, an independent review by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) recommended that the article be retracted, based on issues including an unusual editorial process in which the listed journal editor declared that he "was not involved in the final decision regarding correction/retraction/authorship," an inaccurate and incomplete conflict of interest declaration that failed to disclose author connections with anti-pornography activist groups, failure to obtain informed consent from the study subjects, and failure to protect the identities of those subjects. Instead of retracting the paper, MDPI removed the editor's name from the paper and issued an amended conflict of interest statement which, according to Retraction Watch, did not fully address the conflicts of interest identified by COPE, nor the other issues identified by them. When contacted by Retraction Watch, MDPI's response was "The argument is already done. Both sides got large audience. Time to stop and made peace."[86]

The journal Magnetochemistry accepted a paper in 2019 by a controversial scientist Susan Pockett which stated that "scientists are suppressing evidence that microwave radiation from smartphones and other devices cause harm to people". The paper was later that year retracted due to lack of a scientific contribution and being an opinion article. The journal initially invited Susan Pockett to submit a paper according to the author's own account.[87]

In 2019, MDPI journal Psych published an editorial on race and intelligence by Richard Lynn, who had previously had his emeritus status revoked due to his promotion of discredited sexist and racist views, such as scientific racism.[88][89][90][91] MDPI later issued an expression of concern and changed the status of the article from editorial to opinion,[92] three months after publication. According to science journalist Angela Saini, Psych had also published other similar work defending scientific racism.[91][88]

In 2021, the MDPI journal Vaccines published an article by pseudoscience advocate Harald Walach and colleagues claiming a "lack of clear benefit" for COVID-19 vaccines.[93][46] The article was heavily criticized for misusing data and as a result reaching a false conclusion.[47] Katie Ewer, one of the journal's editors, called the publication of the article "grossly irresponsible" and resigned from the editorial board as a protest against its publication.[47] Subsequently, four other members of the editorial board also resigned. Shortly afterwards, the journal published an "expression of concern" regarding the article and opened an investigation into the review process.[94][47] The paper had received three reviewer reports (which the journal later made public)[95] which were however not very detailed and had apparently been written by reviewers who did not have topic expertise.[47] Vaccines eventually decided to retract the article.[96][97]

See also

  • List of MDPI journals

References

  1. ↑ "History of MDPI" (in en). MDPI. 1 September 2019. https://www.mdpi.com/about/history. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Fosso, Olav Bjarte; Nøland, Jonas Kristiansen (6 January 2020). "Forskere blir ledet til etiske overtramp". Universitetsavisa. https://www.universitetsavisa.no/ytring/forskere-blir-ledet-til-etiske-overtramp/114691. 
  3. ↑ "MDPI | Journals A–Z". https://www.mdpi.com/about/journals. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Petrou, Christos (2022-11-08). "Guest Post – Publishing Fast and Slow: A Review of Publishing Speed in the Last Decade" (in en-US). https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2022/11/08/guest-post-publishing-fast-and-slow-a-review-of-publishing-speed-in-the-last-decade/. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Csomós, György; Farkas, Jenő Zsolt (2022-11-14). "Understanding the increasing market share of the academic publisher "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute" in the publication output of Central and Eastern European countries: a case study of Hungary" (in en). Scientometrics 128: 803–824. doi:10.1007/s11192-022-04586-1. ISSN 1588-2861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-022-04586-1. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 "Guest Post – MDPI's Remarkable Growth" (in en-US). 10 August 2020. https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2020/08/10/guest-post-mdpis-remarkable-growth/. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Crosetto, Paolo (2021-04-12). "Is MDPI a predatory publisher?" (in en). https://paolocrosetto.wordpress.com/2021/04/12/is-mdpi-a-predatory-publisher/. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Quality questions as publisher's growth challenges big players" (in en). 2023-03-15. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/quality-questions-publishers-growth-challenges-big-players. 
  9. ↑ Ioannidis, John P. A.; Pezzullo, Angelo Maria; Boccia, Stefania (20 March 2023). "The Rapid Growth of Mega-Journals: Threats and Opportunities". JAMA 329 (15): 1253–1254. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.3212. PMID 36939740. 
  10. ↑ "Web of Science Master Journal List". Web of Science Group, a Clarivate company. https://mjl.clarivate.com/. 
  11. ↑ "SciFinderⁿ Login". https://scifinder-n.cas.org/search/reference/63e15d979eb0592f00dce02a/1. 
  12. ↑ "Scopus preview - Scopus - Sources". https://www.scopus.com/sources.uri. 
  13. ↑ DOAJ. "Directory of Open Access Journals" (in en). https://doaj.org/. 
  14. ↑ "OASPA Members". https://oaspa.org/membership/members/. 
  15. ↑ "Initiative for Open Citations". https://i4oc.org/. 
  16. ↑ "COPE: MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute), 190 Member Journals". https://publicationethics.org/taxonomy/term/584/. 
  17. ↑ "There is no black and white definition of predatory publishing". 13 May 2020. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2020/05/13/there-is-no-black-and-white-definition-of-predatory-publishing/. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 de Vrieze, Jop (2018). "Open-access journal editors resign after alleged pressure to publish mediocre papers". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aav3129. https://www.science.org/content/article/open-access-editors-resign-after-alleged-pressure-publish-mediocre-papers. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Pal, Shalmali (1 January 2017). "Predatory Publishing: The Dark Side of the Open-Access Movement". ASH Clinical News. https://www.ashclinicalnews.org/features/predatory-publishing-dark-side-open-access-movement/. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Gillis, Alex (12 January 2017). "Beware! Academics are getting reeled in by scam journals". University Affairs. http://www.universityaffairs.ca/features/feature-article/beware-academics-getting-reeled-scam-journals/. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Beall, Jeffrey (18 February 2014). "Chinese Publisher MDPI Added to List of Questionable Publishers". http://scholarlyoa.com/2014/02/18/chinese-publishner-mdpi-added-to-list-of-questionable-publishers/. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Beall, Jeffrey (2017). "What I learned from predatory publishers". Biochemia Medica 27 (2): 273–279. doi:10.11613/BM.2017.029. PMID 28694718. "Still others tried different strategies. Some tried annoying university officials with numerous emails and letters, often sent as PDF attachments, with fancy letterhead, informing the university how I was hurting its reputation. They kept sending the emails to the university chancellor and others, hoping to implement the heckler’s veto. They tried to be as annoying as possible to the university so that the officials would get so tired of the emails that they would silence me just to make them stop. The publisher MDPI used this strategy.". 
  23. ↑ "Plasserer tretten vitenskapelige tidsskrift på gråsone-nivå". Universitetsavisa. https://www.universitetsavisa.no/anne-kristine-borresen-publisering-uhr/plasserer-tretten-vitenskapelige-tidsskrift-pa-grasone-niva/198795. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Vi innfører nivå X for tvilsomme tidsskrifter". Khrono. 27 May 2021. https://khrono.no/vi-innforer-niva-x-for-tvilsomme-tidsskrifter/582556. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 CoS partition table team, Chinese Academy of Sciences (31 December 2020). "《国际期刊预警名单（试行）》正式发布 - "International Journal Early Warning List officially released (Trial)"". https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzI1MzA2MzM1NA==&mid=2659567089&idx=1&sn=f4cad93ba3a425524eb19d25ffb25960&chksm=f2ab5c24c5dcd53275aa36b9167d9788577a6a919e2bc80b1144088ea78b32bae8350535b344&scene=0&xtrack=1. 
  26. ↑ "MDPI Open Access Information and Policy". 2019. https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess/. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "History of MDPI". http://www.mdpi.com/about/history. 
  28. ↑ "MDPI | About". https://www.mdpi.com/about/contact. 
  29. ↑ "MDPI | History". https://www.mdpi.com/about/history. 
  30. ↑ See the Data and Documents of Bohannon, John (2013). "Who's Afraid of Peer Review?". Science 342 (6154): 60–65. doi:10.1126/science.342.6154.60. PMID 24092725. Bibcode: 2013Sci...342...60B. 
  31. ↑ Beall, Jeffery (11 June 2015). "Guest Editing a Special Issue with MDPI: Evidences of Questionable Actions by the Publisher". http://scholarlyoa.com/2015/06/11/guest-editing-a-special-issue-with-mdpi-evidences-of-questionable-actions-by-the-publisher/. 
  32. ↑ "Update: Response to Mr. Jeffrey Beall's Repeated Attacks on MDPI" (in en). https://www.mdpi.com/about/announcements/534. 
  33. ↑ "Beall's criticism of MDPI lacks evidence and is irresponsible | petermr's blog" (in en-US). https://blogs.ch.cam.ac.uk/pmr/2014/02/18/bealls-criticism-of-mdpi-lacks-evidence-and-is-irresponsible/. 
  34. ↑ "Update: Response to Mr. Jeffrey Beall's Repeated Attacks on MDPI" (in en). https://www.mdpi.com/about/announcements/534. 
  35. ↑ Xia, Jingfeng (2021). Predatory Publishing. Routledge. ISBN 9780367465322. 
  36. ↑ Beall, Jeffrey (17 December 2015). "Instead of a Peer Review, Reviewer Sends Warning to Authors". https://scholarlyoa.com/2015/12/17/instead-of-a-peer-review-reviewer-sends-warning-to-authors/. 
  37. ↑ "Beall Twitter statement calling MDPI predatory in 2021". 29 March 2021. https://twitter.com/Jeffrey_Beall/status/1376534050656018435. 
  38. ↑ "Who will keep predatory science journals at bay now that Jeffrey Beall's blog is gone?". 20 January 2017. https://theconversation.com/who-will-keep-predatory-science-journals-at-bay-now-that-jeffrey-bealls-blog-is-gone-71613. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Andrulis, Erik D. (2011). "Theory of the Origin, Evolution, and Nature of Life". Life 2 (1): 1–105. doi:10.3390/life2010001. PMID 25382118. Bibcode: 2011Life....2....1A. 
  40. ↑ Barclay, Alan W.; Brand-Miller, Jennie (2011). "The Australian Paradox: A Substantial Decline in Sugars Intake over the Same Timeframe that Overweight and Obesity Have Increased". Nutrients 3 (4): 491–504. doi:10.3390/nu3040491. PMID 22254107. 
  41. ↑ Redhead, Claire (11 April 2014). "Conclusions from OASPA Membership Committee Investigation into MDPI". OASPA. https://oaspa.org/conclusions-from-oaspa-membership-committee-investigation-into-mdpi/. 
  42. ↑ www.ITSecurityNews.info (26 March 2018). "MDPI – 845,012 breached accounts" (in en-US). IT Security News - cybersecurity, infosecurity news. https://www.itsecuritynews.info/mdpi-845012-breached-accounts/. 
  43. ↑ "Have I Been Pwned: Pwned websites" (Press release). haveibeenpwned.com.
  44. ↑ ""What the F?": How we failed to publish a journal special issue on failures : Water, Sanitation and Health (WASH) Blog". https://wash.leeds.ac.uk/what-the-f-how-we-failed-to-publish-a-journal-special-issue-on-failures/. 
  45. ↑ Marcus, Adam (16 June 2020). "Failure fails as publisher privileges the privileged" (in en-US). https://retractionwatch.com/2020/06/16/failure-fails-as-publisher-privileges-the-privileged/. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Walach, Harald; Klement, Rainer J.; Aukema, Wouter (2021). "The Safety of COVID-19 Vaccinations—We Should Rethink the Policy". Vaccines 9 (7): 693. doi:10.3390/vaccines9070693. PMID 34202529.  (Retracted)
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 47.4 Wadman, Meredith (1 July 2021). "Scientists quit journal board, protesting 'grossly irresponsible' study claiming COVID-19 vaccines kill". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abk2629. https://www.science.org/content/article/scientists-quit-journal-board-protesting-grossly-irresponsible-study-claiming-covid-19. Retrieved 2 July 2021. 
  48. ↑ "Regulation of the management of FSc USB concerning publishing in journals published by MDPI". 8 December 2021. https://www.prf.jcu.cz/data/files/498/530/6405mdpi.pdf. 
  49. ↑ ForeignFriends. "MDPI, Frontiers & Hindawi are blacklisted by a university". http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5OTY5OTU0Nw==&mid=2454145404&idx=1&sn=e4c8a9cb19c88c120946a4d65403cb0e&chksm=b0849c4887f3155e23aad0563c372f92a6cfdbc8e7fa828ccfc54ec6ccde229cee15e6a49247#rd. 
  50. ↑ 弗雷赛斯-freescience (2023-01-08). "霸气！这所高校直接将Frontiers、MDPI、Hindawi三个出版社的所有期刊都纳入黑名单！". https://t.cj.sina.cn/articles/view/6468995530/1819509ca019011lpg?from=tech. 
  51. ↑ MDPI, China Marketing Department (7 January 2021). "关于中科院发布《国际期刊预警名单（试行）》的声明 Announcement on the Chinese Academy of Sciences' release of the "Warning List of International Journals (Trial)"". https://mdpi.cn/announcements/284. 
  52. ↑ CoS partition table team, Chinese Academy of Sciences (31 December 2021). "《国际期刊预警名单（试行）》正式发布 - "International Journal Early Warning List officially released (Trial)"". https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzI1MzA2MzM1NA==&mid=2659568109&idx=1&sn=576f0a8198b7f58fb4e4c9d410ebf5e8&chksm=f2ab5038c5dcd92e4b91149cb2348a9c6ea163fd61f6391efc8cdd80f0d7f3b7bdbbaab89db9&scene=178&cur_album_id=1634277489231314948#rd. 
  53. ↑ "The BFI lists". Ministry of Higher Education and Science. https://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/statistics-and-analyses/bibliometric-research-indicator/bfi-lists. 
  54. ↑ "MDPI". https://kanalregister.hkdir.no/publiseringskanaler/KanalForlagInfo.action?id=26778&bibsys=false. 
  55. ↑ "Forlag info | Kanalregisteret". https://kanalregister.hkdir.no/publiseringskanaler/KanalForlagInfo.action?id=26778. 
  56. ↑ "Stryker et av verdens største fra listen over godkjente tidsskrifter". Khrono. https://khrono.no/stryker-et-av-verdens-storste-fra-listen-over-godkjente-tidsskrifter/689264. 
  57. ↑ Børresen, Anne Kristine; Røeggen, Vidar; Sivertsen, Gunnar (16 January 2020). "Innlegg: Forlag sluker forfatterbetaling". https://www.dn.no/innlegg/forskning/forlag/vitenskap/innlegg-forlag-sluker-forfatterbetaling/2-1-736132. 
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  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 "Dårlig og farlig forskning". VG. https://www.vg.no/nyheter/meninger/i/LnvX0x/daarlig-og-farlig-forskning. 
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  63. ↑ "Russian site peddles paper authorship in reputable journals for up to $5000 a pop" (in en). https://www.science.org/content/article/russian-website-peddles-authorships-linked-reputable-journals. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 "Publication and Collaboration Anomalies in Academic Papers Originating From a Russian-Based Paper Mill" (in en-US). https://peerreviewcongress.org/abstract/publication-and-collaboration-anomalies-in-academic-papers-originating-from-a-russian-based-paper-mill/. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 "Academic fraud factories are booming, warns plagiarism sleuth" (in en). 2022-01-19. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/academic-fraud-factories-are-booming-warns-plagiarism-sleuth. 
  66. ↑ Else, Holly (2023-01-18). "Multimillion-dollar trade in paper authorships alarms publishers" (in en). Nature 613 (7945): 617–618. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-00062-9. PMID 36653614. Bibcode: 2023Natur.613..617E. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00062-9. 
  67. ↑ Abalkina, Anna (2022-03-20). "Publication and collaboration anomalies in academic papers originating from a paper mill: evidence from a Russia-based paper mill". arXiv:2112.13322 [cs.DL].
  68. ↑ Abalkina, Anna, ENAI Monthly Webinars (2023-02-10). "The rising threat of Paper Mills" (in en-GB). https://www.academicintegrity.eu/wp/enai-monthly-webinars/. 
  69. ↑ "Ghostwriting and Academic Fraud" (in en-US). 2022-01-21. https://www.caperay.com/blog/ghostwriting-and-academic-fraud/. 
  70. ↑ Perron, Brian E.; Hiltz-Perron, Oliver T.; Victor, Bryan G. (20 December 2021). "Revealed: The inner workings of a paper mill". https://retractionwatch.com/2021/12/20/revealed-the-inner-workings-of-a-paper-mill/. 
  71. ↑ "Recently Retracted Articles". https://online-journals.org/index.php/i-jet/announcement/view/17. 
  72. ↑ Perron, Brian E.. "'Our deepest apology': Journal retracts 30 likely paper mill articles after investigation published by Retraction Watch". https://retractionwatch.com/2022/07/05/our-deepest-apology-journal-retracts-30-likely-paper-mill-articles-after-investigation-published-by-retraction-watch/. 
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  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 "Clarivate Discontinues IJERPH and JRFM Coverage in Web of Science". https://www.mdpi.com/about/announcements/5536. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 "Fast-growing open-access journals stripped of coveted impact factors" (in en). https://www.science.org/content/article/fast-growing-open-access-journals-stripped-coveted-impact-factors. 
  76. ↑ Petrou, Christos (2023-03-30). "Guest Post – Of Special Issues and Journal Purges" (in en-US). https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2023/03/30/guest-post-of-special-issues-and-journal-purges/. 
  77. ↑ Timmer, John. "How the craziest f#@!ing "theory of everything" got published and promoted". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2012/01/how-the-craziest-fing-theory-of-everything-got-published-and-promoted/. 
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Nosowitz, Dan. "Hilarious "Theory of Everything" Paper Provokes Kerfuffle". Popular Science. http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2012-02/hilarious-theory-everything-paper-provokes-kerfuffle-hullabaloo-foofaraw. 
  79. ↑ Zimmer, Carl. "Life turned upside down". Discover Magazine. http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2012/01/31/life-turned-upside-down/#.Utj4jvS1zFV. 
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  81. ↑ Kloor, Keith. "When Media Uncritically Cover Pseudoscience". Discover Magazine. http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/collideascape/2013/04/26/when-media-uncritically-cover-pseudoscience/#.UtkD__S1zFU. 
  82. ↑ Beall, Jeffrey. "Anti-Roundup (Glyphosate) Researchers Use Easy OA Journals to Spread their Views". http://scholarlyoa.com/2015/01/08/anti-roundup-glyphosate-researchers-use-easy-oa-journals-to-spread-their-views/. 
  83. ↑ Barclay, Alan W.; Brand-Miller, Jennie (2011-04-20). "The Australian Paradox: A Substantial Decline in Sugars Intake over the Same Timeframe that Overweight and Obesity Have Increased" (in en). Nutrients 3 (4): 491–504. doi:10.3390/nu3040491. ISSN 2072-6643. PMID 22254107. 
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  86. ↑ Marcus, Adam (13 June 2018). "Journal corrects, but will not retract, controversial paper on internet porn". https://retractionwatch.com/2018/06/13/journal-corrects-but-will-not-retract-controversial-paper-on-internet-porn/. 
  87. ↑ "'No scientific contribution': Journal pulls paper alleging radiation coverup". Retraction Watch. 9 September 2019. https://retractionwatch.com/2019/09/09/no-scientific-contribution-journal-pulls-paper-alleging-radiation-coverup/. 
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Oransky, Ivan (8 August 2019). "Prof who lost emeritus status for views on race and intelligence has paper flagged". https://retractionwatch.com/2019/08/08/prof-who-lost-emeritus-status-for-views-on-race-and-intelligence-has-paper-flagged/. 
  89. ↑ "Status withdrawn from controversial academic". BBC News. 14 April 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-43768132. 
  90. ↑ Lynn, Richard (24 April 2019). "Reflections on Sixty-Eight Years of Research on Race and Intelligence". Psych 1 (1): 123–131. doi:10.3390/psych1010009. 
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  92. ↑ Standifer, Cid (13 October 2022). "Racial Pseudoscience on the Faculty: A professor's research flew under the radar for years. What finally got him fired?". The Chronicle of Higher Education. https://www.chronicle.com/article/racial-pseudoscience-on-the-faculty?utm_source=Iterable&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=campaign_5308259_nl_Academe-Today_date_20221017&cid=at&source=ams&sourceid=&cid2=gen_login_refresh. 
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