Biology:Mergus
| Typical mergansers | |
|---|---|
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| Red-breasted merganser (Mergus serrator) | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Anseriformes |
| Family: | Anatidae |
| Subfamily: | Anatinae |
| Genus: | Mergus Linnaeus, 1758 |
| Type species | |
| Mergus castor[1] Linnaeus, 1766
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| Species | |
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Mergus is the genus of the typical mergansers (/mɜːrˈɡænsərz/ mur-GAN-sərz)[2] fish-eating ducks in the subfamily Anatinae. The genus name is a Latin word used by Pliny the Elder and other Roman authors to refer to an unspecified waterbird.[3][4]
The common merganser (Mergus merganser) and red-breasted merganser (M. serrator) have broad ranges in the northern hemisphere. The Brazilian merganser (M. octosetaceus) is a South American duck, and one of the six most threatened waterfowl in the world, with possibly fewer than 250 birds in the wild. The scaly-sided merganser or "Chinese merganser" (M. squamatus) is an endangered species. It lives in temperate East Asia, breeding in the north and wintering in the south.
The hooded merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus, formerly known as Mergus cucullatus) is not of this genus but is closely related. The other "aberrant" merganser, the smew (Mergellus albellus), is phylogenetically closer to goldeneyes (Bucephala).
Although they are seaducks, most of the mergansers prefer riverine habitats, with only the red-breasted merganser being common at sea. These large fish-eaters typically have black-and-white, brown and/or green hues in their plumage, and most have somewhat shaggy crests. All have serrated edges to their long and thin bills that help them grip their prey. Along with the smew and hooded merganser, they are therefore often known as "sawbills". The goldeneyes, on the other hand, feed mainly on mollusks, and therefore have a more typical duck-bill.[5]
Mergus ducks are also classified as "diving ducks" because they submerge completely in looking for food. In other traits, however, the genera Mergus, Lophodytes, Mergellus, and Bucephala are very similar: uniquely among all Anseriformes, they do not have notches at the hind margin of their sternum, but holes surrounded by bone.[6]
Taxonomy
The genus Mergus was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.[7] The genus name is the Latin word for an unidentified waterbird mentioned by Pliny the Elder and other authors; some sources have identified the original mergus as referring to either a cormorant or Scopoli's shearwater.[8][9][10][11] The type species was designated as the common merganser (Mergus merganser) by Thomas Campbell Eyton in 1838.[12][13]
Recent species
The genus contains four living species and two recently extinct species.[14][15][16]
| Image | Scientific name | Common name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
|
†Mergus australis | New Zealand merganser | New Zealand (extinct c. 1902)[17] |
.jpg) |
Mergus merganser | Common merganser | Europe, northern and central Asia, and North America |
| †Mergus milleneri | Chatham Island merganser | Chatham Island, New Zealand (extinct sometime after human settlement of the Chatham Islands,[16] which began c. 1500[18]) | |
 |
Mergus octosetaceus | Brazilian merganser | Brazil |
 |
Mergus serrator | Red-breasted merganser | Northern North America, Greenland, Europe, and Asia. |
 |
Mergus squamatus | Scaly-sided merganser | East Asia |
Fossil species
Some fossil members of this genus have been described:
- Mergus miscellus is known from the Middle Miocene Calvert Formation (Barstovian, c.14 million years ago) of Virginia, United States .
- Mergus connectens lived in the Early Pleistocene about 2–1 million years ago, in Central and Eastern Europe.[19]
The Early Oligocene booby "Sula" ronzoni was at first mistakenly believed to be a typical merganser.[20] A Late Serravallian (13–12 million years ago) fossil sometimes attributed to Mergus, found in the Sajóvölgyi Formation of Mátraszőlős, Hungary, probably belongs to Mergellus.[21] The affiliations of the mysterious "Anas" albae from the Messinian (c. 7–5 million years ago) of Hungary are undetermined; it was initially believed to be a typical merganser too.[22]
References
- ↑ "Anatidae". The Trust for Avian Systematics. https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=14.
- ↑ "merganser". The Chambers Dictionary (9th ed.). Chambers. 2003. ISBN 0-550-10105-5.
- ↑ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 251. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling.
- ↑ Etymology: Latin mergus, a catch-all term for sea-going birds: Arnott, W.G. (1964). "Notes on Gavia and Mergvs in Latin Authors". Classical Quarterly. New Series 14 (2): 249–262. doi:10.1017/S0009838800023806.
- ↑ "Common Goldeneye". Seattle Audubon Society. http://www.birdweb.org/birdweb/bird/common_goldeneye.
- ↑ Livezey, Bradley C. (1986). "A phylogenetic analysis of recent anseriform genera using morphological characters". Auk 103 (4): 737–754. doi:10.1093/auk/103.4.737. http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v103n04/p0737-p0754.pdf.
- ↑ Linnaeus, Carl (1758) (in Latin). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 129. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727034.
- ↑ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 251. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n251/mode/1up.
- ↑ Arnott, W. G. (1964). "Notes on Gavia and Mergvs in Latin Authors [Notes on Gavia and Mergus in Latin Authors"]. The Classical Quarterly 14 (2): 249–262. doi:10.1017/S0009838800023806. ISSN 0009-8388. https://www.jstor.org/stable/637729.
- ↑ White, Heather (2011). "Language and style in Ovid" (in es). Veleia (28). doi:10.1387/veleia.6309. ISSN 2444-3565. https://ojs.ehu.eus/index.php/Veleia/article/view/6309.
- ↑ "Ornithological Approaches to Greek Mythology: The Case of the Shearwater". https://camws.org/sites/default/files/meeting2018/abstracts/029.OrnithologicalApproachestoGreekMythology.pdf.
- ↑ Eyton, Thomas Campbell (1838). A Monograph on the Anatidae, or Duck Tribe. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longman. p. 76. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36002202.
- ↑ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 496. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16109136.
- ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds (July 2021). "Screamers, ducks, geese & swans". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/waterfowl/. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
- ↑ "Auckland Island merganser | Miuweka | New Zealand Birds Online". https://www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/auckland-island-merganser.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Chatham Island merganser | New Zealand Birds Online" (in en). https://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/chatham-island-merganser.
- ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Mergus australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22680496A92864737. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680496A92864737.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22680496/92864737. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ↑ "Moriori | people | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Moriori.
- ↑ Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002a). "Early Pleistocene birds of Stránská skála, Czech Republic: 2. Absolon's cave". Sylvia 38: 19–28. http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-11-2002-stranska-skala.pdf. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
- ↑ Mlíkovský (2002b): p. 264
- ↑ Gál, Erika; Hír, János; Kessler, Eugén; Kókay, József (1998–99). "Középsõ-miocén õsmaradványok, a Mátraszõlõs, Rákóczi-kápolna alatti útbevágásból. I. A Mátraszõlõs 1. lelõhely [Middle Miocene fossils from the sections at the Rákóczi chapel at Mátraszőlős. Locality Mátraszõlõs I."] (in Hungarian, English). Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis 23: 33–78. http://www.matramuzeum.hu/Personal/folia/23/03MATSZOLOS.PDF. Retrieved 2007-02-06.
- ↑ Mlíkovský (2002b): p. 124
Bibliography
- Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002b): Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press, Prague.
Wikidata ☰ Q253789 entry
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