Biology:Morus nigra
| Black mulberry | |
|---|---|
| |
| Plate from book: Flora of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland (1885) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Moraceae |
| Genus: | Morus |
| Species: | M. nigra
|
| Binomial name | |
| Morus nigra | |
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 180 kJ (43 kcal) |
9.8 g | |
| Sugars | 8.1 |
| Dietary fiber | 1.7 g |
0.39 g | |
| Saturated | 0.27 g |
| Monounsaturated | 0.041 g |
| Polyunsaturated | 0.207 g |
1.44 g | |
| Vitamins | Quantity %DV† |
| Vitamin A equiv. | 0% 1 μg |
| Vitamin A | 25 IU |
| Thiamine (B1) | 3% 0.029 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) | 8% 0.101 mg |
| Niacin (B3) | 4% 0.62 mg |
| Vitamin B6 | 4% 0.05 mg |
| Folate (B9) | 2% 6 μg |
| Choline | 3% 12.3 mg |
| Vitamin C | 44% 36.4 mg |
| Vitamin E | 6% 0.87 mg |
| Vitamin K | 7% 7.8 μg |
| Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
| Calcium | 4% 39 mg |
| Iron | 14% 1.85 mg |
| Magnesium | 5% 18 mg |
| Phosphorus | 5% 38 mg |
| Potassium | 4% 194 mg |
| Sodium | 1% 10 mg |
| Zinc | 1% 0.12 mg |
| |
| †Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database | |
Morus nigra, called black mulberry[1] (not to be confused with the blackberries that are various species of Rubus),[2] is a species of flowering plant in the family Moraceae that is native to southwestern Asia, where it has been cultivated for so long that its precise natural range is unknown.[3] The black mulberry is known for its large number of chromosomes.
Description
Morus nigra is a deciduous tree growing to 12 metres (39 feet) tall by 15 m (49 ft) broad. The leaves are 10–20 centimetres (4–8 inches) long by 6–10 cm (2–4 in) broad – up to 23 cm (9 in) long on vigorous shoots, downy on the underside, the upper surface rough with very short, stiff hairs. Each cell has 308 chromosomes in total, and exhibits tetratetracontaploidy (44x), meaning that its genome contains seven chromosomes, and each cell has 44 copies of each.[4]
The fruit is a compound cluster of several small drupes that are dark purple, almost black when ripe, and they are 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter.[5] Black mulberry is richly flavoured, similar to the red mulberry (Morus rubra) rather than the more insipid fruit of the white mulberry (Morus alba). Mulberry fruit color derives from anthocyanins.[6]
Sometimes other mulberry species are confused with black mulberry, particularly black-fruited individuals of the white mulberry. Black mulberry may be distinguished from the other species by the uniformly hairy lower surface of its leaves.[7]
Cultivation and uses
Black mulberries (Morus nigra) are thought to have originated in the mountainous areas of Mesopotamia and Persia (i.e. Armenian highlands). Black mulberry is planted, and often naturalised, west across much of Europe, including Ukraine, and east into China. Now they are widespread throughout Armenia, Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, India , Pakistan , Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, Israel, and Turkey.
The fruit is edible[5] and the tree has long been cultivated for this property. Both the tree and the fruit are known by the Persian-derived names toot (mulberry) or shahtoot (شاه توت) (king's or "superior" mulberry), or, in Arabic, as shajarat tukki. Often, jams and sherbets are made from the fruit in this region.
In Europe, the largest-documented local concentration of black mulberries may be found in the vineyards of Pukanec in Slovakia,[8] which contain 470 black mulberry trees.
The black mulberry was imported into Britain in the 17th century in the hope that it would be useful in the cultivation of silkworms (Bombyx mori). It was unsuccessful in that enterprise because silkworms prefer the white mulberry. However, the plantings have left a legacy of large and old trees in many country house gardens and it was listed in the Award of Garden Merit of the Royal Horticultural Society until 2013.[citation needed] It was much used in folk medicine, especially in the treatment of ringworm.
Gallery
Leaf of Morus nigra
Ripe fruit and foliage of Morus nigra
A centuries-old tree of Morus nigra
Female flowers of Morus nigra
An old black mulberry tree in spring
Unripe shahtoot (Iran)
Full-grown shahtoot
From Algeria Morus nigra
References
- ↑ {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Morus nigra | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 21 December 2017 }}
- ↑ "Definition And Classification Of Commodities (Draft) 8. Fruits And Derived Products". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/economic/faodef/fdef08e.htm#8.06.
- ↑ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. pp. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
- ↑ Zeng, Q; Chen, H (2015). "Definition of Eight Mulberry Species in the Genus Morus by Internal Transcribed Spacer-Based Phylogeny.". PLOS ONE 10 (8): e0135411. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135411. PMID 26266951. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1035411Z.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Morus nigra Black Mulberry PFAF Plant Database". https://pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?latinname=Morus+nigra.
- ↑ "Morus alba L., Moraceae: White mulberry, Russian mulberry, Silkworm mulberry, Moral blanco". Handbook of Energy Crops. 1983. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/morus_alba.html.
- ↑ Nelson, G.; Earle, C.J.; Spellenberg, R.; More, D.; Hughes, A.K. (2014). Trees of Eastern North America. Princeton University Press. p. 408. ISBN 9781400852994. https://books.google.com/books?id=9Ai2AwAAQBAJ.
- ↑ Kristbergsson, K.; Ötles, S. (2016). Functional Properties of Traditional Foods. Springer. p. 211. ISBN 9781489976628. https://books.google.com/books?id=H5cFDAAAQBAJ.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Mulberry. |
Wikidata ☰ Q161040 entry
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