Biology:Neuropeptide W
| Neuropeptide W | |
|---|---|
 Neuropeptide W primary sequence using three letters code. N-terminal represented in blue. C-terminal represented in red. | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | ? |
| UniProt | Q8N729 |
| Other data | |
| Wikidata | Q21173201 |
Neuropeptide W or preprotein L8 is a short human neuropeptide.[1] Neuropeptide W acts as a ligand for two neuropeptide B/W receptors, NPBWR1 and NPBWR2, which are integrated in GPCRs family of alpha-helical transmembrane proteins.[2][3]
Structure
There are two forms of neuropeptide W whose precursor is encoded by NPW gene.[4]
The 23-amino-acid form (neuropeptide W-23) is the one that activates the receptors whereas the C-terminally extended form (neuropeptide W-30) is less effective. These isoforms were demonstrated in different species like rat, human, chicken, mouse and pig.[5]
The name of neuropeptid W is due to the tryptophan residues located on both sides, the N- side and -C side, in its two mature forms.
Location
Neuropeptide W was first identified in porcine hypothalamus in 2002.[6] In humans, it is highly confined in neurons of the substantia nigra and the spinal cord, and fewer expressed in neurons of the hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, parietal cortex and cerebellum. [7] It can also be found in some peripheral tissues such as trachea, stomach, liver, kidney prostate, uterus and ovary. It has to be said that tissue distribution information is still lacking.[8] For the moment, Neuropeptide W location differences between studied species (rat, mouse, chicken, pig) are slight, even though quantities differ between the organs.[9]
Function
Neuropeptide W in CNS
Neuropeptide W in the Central Nervous System is surely implicated in feeding activity and energy metabolism, in the adrenal axis stress response, and the regulation of neuroendocrine functions like the hormone release from the pituitary gland, but it is not considered as an inhibitory or regulatory factor in it. Neuropeptide W may also be involved in autonomic regulation, pain sensation, emotions, anxiety and fear.[10][11]
It seems that regulation of feeding behaviour and energy metabolism is the primary function of the neuropeptide W signaling system. On the one hand, Neuropeptide W regulates the endocrine signals aimed at anterior hypophysis. This stimulates both the need for water (thirst) and the need for food (hunger). On the other hand, it plays a compensatory role in energy metabolism.[12]
Regarding the adrenal axis response to stress, it plays a relevant role as a messenger in brain networks that help the activation of HPA (hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis), which will cause the response to stress.[9]
An example of neuroendocrine functions is the regulation of the secretion of cortisol due to the activation or deactivation of neuropeptide B/W receptors.[13][14]
Moreover, Neuropeptide W is found in an area that is connected with preauthonomic centers in the brainstem and spinal cord. Because of this location, there is a chance that it can affect some cardiovascular function.[15]
Infusion of neuropeptide W has been shown to suppress the eating of food and body weight and increase heat production and body temperature, this verifies its works as an endogenous catabolic signaling molecule.[1]
Neuropepdide W in peripheral tissues
Nevertheless, function and physiological role of peripheric neuropeptid W is not clearly known.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Neuropeptide W". Frontiers in Endocrinology 3: 171. December 2012. doi:10.3389/fendo.2012.00171. PMID 23267349.
- ↑ "Neuropeptide W/neuropeptide B receptors | G protein-coupled receptors | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY". https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=45.
- ↑ "Novel neuropeptides as ligands of orphan G protein-coupled receptors". Current Pharmaceutical Design 17 (25): 2626–31. 2011. doi:10.2174/138161211797416110. PMID 21728976.
- ↑ Chen, C; Huang, H; Wu, CH (July 23, 2020). "UniProtKB - Q8N729 (NPW_HUMAN)". https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8N729.
- ↑ "Neuropeptide W/neuropeptide B receptors | G protein-coupled receptors | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY". https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=45.
- ↑ "Identification of neuropeptide W as the endogenous ligand for orphan G-protein-coupled receptors GPR7 and GPR8". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 (39): 35826–32. September 2002. doi:10.1074/jbc.M205337200. PMID 12130646.
- ↑ "Neuropeptide W: a key player in the homeostatic regulation of feeding and energy metabolism?". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1200 (1): 162–9. July 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05642.x. PMID 20633144. Bibcode: 2010NYASA1200..162T.
- ↑ "Identification of natural ligands for the orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR7 and GPR8". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 278 (2): 776–83. January 2003. doi:10.1074/jbc.M206396200. PMID 12401809.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Distribution and Function of Neuropeptides W/B Signaling System". Frontiers in Physiology 9: 981. 2018-07-24. doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00981. PMID 30087623.
- ↑ "Actions of neuropeptide W in paraventricular hypothalamus: implications for the control of stress hormone secretion". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 288 (1): R270-5. January 2005. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00396.2004. PMID 15345475.
- ↑ "Neuropeptide W acts in brain to control prolactin, corticosterone, and growth hormone release". Endocrinology 144 (7): 2816–21. July 2003. doi:10.1210/en.2002-0161. PMID 12810535.
- ↑ "A role for neuropeptide W in the regulation of feeding behavior". Endocrinology 144 (11): 4729–33. November 2003. doi:10.1210/en.2003-0536. PMID 12959997.
- ↑ "G protein receptors 7 and 8 are expressed in human adrenocortical cells, and their endogenous ligands neuropeptides B and w enhance cortisol secretion by activating adenylate cyclase- and phospholipase C-dependent signaling cascades". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90 (6): 3466–71. June 2005. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-2132. PMID 15797961.
- ↑ "Neuropeptide B and W: neurotransmitters in an emerging G-protein-coupled receptor system". British Journal of Pharmacology 148 (8): 1033–41. August 2006. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706825. PMID 16847439.
- ↑ "Neuropeptide W increases mean arterial pressure as a result of behavioral arousal". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 305 (7): R804-10. October 2013. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00119.2013. PMID 23926134.
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