Biology:Pampatheriidae
| Pampatheriidae | |
|---|---|
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| Holmesina occidentalis | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Cingulata |
| Family: | †Pampatheriidae Paula Couto 1954 |
| Genera | |
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Pampatheriidae ("Pampas beasts") is an extinct family of large cingulates related to armadillos. They first appeared in South America during the mid-Miocene, and Holmesina and Pampatherium spread to North America during the Pleistocene after the formation of the Isthmus of Panama as part of the Great American Interchange. They became extinct as part of the end-Pleistocene extinctions, about 12,000 years ago.[2]
Taxonomy
The placement of the Eocene genus Machlydotherium in the family is considered doubtful. The oldest undoubted member of the group is Scirrotherium from La Venta, Colombia, dating to the mid-Miocene.[2]
Description
Pampatheres are believed to have attained a weight of up to 200 kg (440 lb). Like three-banded armadillos, and unlike glyptodonts, their armored shell was given some flexibility by three movable lateral bands of scutes.[3] The osteoderms (bony plates in the skin comprising the armor) of pampatheres were each covered by a single keratinized scute, unlike osteoderms of armadillos, which have more than one scute.[3]
A study of pampathere jaw biomechanics showed that their masticatory musculature was more powerful and more adapted for transverse movements than that of armadillos, leading to the conclusion that much of their diet was coarse vegetation. They are thought to have been primarily grazers, unlike armadillos, which are omnivorous or insectivorous.[3] The variation between species in the expression of adaptations for grinding coarse vegetation correlates with the aridity of their habitat; such adaptations are most pronounced in Pampatherium typum, which lived in the arid Pampas, and least pronounced in Holmesina occidentalis, which lived in humid lowlands.[4]
References
- ↑ Flávio Góis; Laureano Raúl González Ruiz; Gustavo Juan Scillato-Yané; Esteban Soibelzon (2015). "A Peculiar New Pampatheriidae (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the Pleistocene of Argentina and Comments on Pampatheriidae Diversity". PLOS ONE 10 (6): e0128296. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128296. PMID 26083486. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1028296G.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Góis, Flávio; Scillato-Yané, Gustavo Juan; Carlini, Alfredo Armando; Guilherme, Edson (June 2013). "A new species of Scirrotherium Edmund & Theodor, 1997 (Xenarthra, Cingulata, Pampatheriidae) from the late Miocene of South America" (in en). Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 37 (2): 177–188. doi:10.1080/03115518.2013.733510. ISSN 0311-5518. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03115518.2013.733510.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Vizcaíno, S. F.; De Iuliis, G.; Bargo, M. S. (1998). "Skull Shape, Masticatory Apparatus, and Diet of Vassallia and Holmesina (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Pampatheriidae): When Anatomy Constrains Destiny". Journal of Mammalian Evolution 5 (4): 291–322. doi:10.1023/A:1020500127041.
- ↑ De Iuliis, G.; Bargo, M. S.; Vizcaíno, S. F. (December 2000). "Variation in skull morphology and mastication in the fossil giant armadillo Pampatherium spp. and allied genera (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Pampatheriidae), with comments on their systematics and distribution". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20 (4): 743–754. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0743:VISMAM2.0.CO;2].
External links
Wikidata ☰ Q630420 entry
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