Biology:Prophenoloxidase
Prophenoloxidase (proPO) is a modified form of the complement response found in some invertebrates, including insects, crabs and worms.[1] It is a copper-containing metalloprotein.[2]
A major innate defense system in invertebrates is the melanization of pathogens and damaged tissues. This important process is controlled by the enzyme phenoloxidase (PO).[3] The conversion of prophenoloxidase to the active form of the enzyme can be brought about by minuscule amounts of molecules such as lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan and beta-1,3-glucans from microorganisms.[4]
However, it still has many arguments in the innate immune function, especially in model invertebrate animal.[5] The proPO homologous-protein in mammal also does not have any immune activity. Thus, it might be difficult to conclude its function in immunity.
References
- ↑ Beck, Gregory; Habicht, Gail S. (November 1996). "Immunity and the Invertebrates". Scientific American 275 (5): 60–66. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1196-60. PMID 8875808. Bibcode: 1996SciAm.275e..60B. http://www.scs.carleton.ca/~soma/biosec/readings/sharkimmu-sciam-Nov1996.pdf.
- ↑ Sánchez-Aparicio, José-Emilio; Tiessler-Sala, Laura; Velasco-Carneros, Lorea; Roldán-Martín, Lorena; Sciortino, Giuseppe; Maréchal, Jean-Didier (2021-01-25). "BioMetAll: Identifying Metal-Binding Sites in Proteins from Backbone Preorganization". Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 61 (1): 311–323. doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00827. ISSN 1549-9596. PMID 33337144. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00827.
- ↑ Cerenius, L; Söderhäll, K (2004). "The prophenoloxidase-activating system in invertebrates". Immunological Reviews 198: 116–26. doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00116.x. PMID 15199959.
- ↑ Söderhäll, K; Cerenius, L (1998). "Role of the prophenoloxidase-activating system in invertebrate immunity". Current Opinion in Immunology 10 (1): 23–8. doi:10.1016/S0952-7915(98)80026-5. PMID 9523106.
- ↑ Leclerc, V; Reichhart, JM (2006). "Prophenoloxidase activation is not required for survival to microbial infections in Drosophila". EMBO Rep 7 (2): 231–5. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400592. PMID 16322759.
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