Biology:Pupillary response

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Eye dilation

Pupillary response is a physiological response that varies the size of the pupil, via the optic and oculomotor cranial nerve.

A constriction response (miosis),[1] is the narrowing of the pupil, which may be caused by scleral buckles or drugs such as opiates/opioids or anti hypertension medications. Constriction of the pupil occurs when the circular muscle, controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS), contracts.

A dilation response (mydriasis), is the widening of the pupil and may be caused by adrenaline, anticholinergic agents or drugs such as MDMA, cocaine, amphetamines and some hallucinogenics. Dilation of the pupil occurs when the smooth cells of the radial muscle, controlled by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), contract.

The responses can have a variety of causes, from an involuntary reflex reaction to exposure or inexposure to light—in low light conditions a dilated pupil lets more light into the eye—or it may indicate interest in the subject of attention, or sexual stimulation.[2] The pupils contract immediately before REM sleep begins.[3] A pupillary response can be intentionally conditioned as a Pavlovian response to some stimuli.[4]

The latency of pupillary response (the time in which it takes to occur) increases with age.[5] Use of central nervous system stimulant drugs and some hallucinogenic drugs can cause dilation of the pupil.[6]

In ophthalmology, intensive studies of pupillary response are conducted via videopupillometry.[7]

Anisocoria is the condition of one pupil being more dilated than the other.

Scheme showing sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the pupil and sites of lesion in a Horner's syndrome.
Sympathetic connections of the ciliary and superior cervical ganglia.
Pupillary responses
Constriction Dilation
Muscular mechanism Relaxation of iris dilator muscle, activation of iris sphincter muscle Activation of iris dilator muscle, relaxation of iris sphincter muscle
Cause in pupillary light reflex Increased light Decreased light
Other physiological causes Accommodation reflex Fight-or-flight response
Corresponding non-physiological state Miosis Mydriasis

See also

References

  1. ↑ Ellis CJ (November 1981). "The pupillary light reflex in normal subjects". Br J Ophthalmol 65 (11): 754–9. doi:10.1136/bjo.65.11.754. PMID 7326222. PMC 1039657. http://bjo.bmj.com/content/65/11/754.full.pdf. 
  2. ↑ "Pupil Size as Related to Interest Value of Visual Stimuli", Science 132 (3423): 349–50, 5 August 1960, doi:10.1126/science.132.3423.349, PMID 14401489 
  3. ↑ "Pupillary Movements During Acute and Chronic Fatigue: A New Test for the Objective Evaluation of Tiredness", Investigative Ophthalmology (St. Louis: C.V. Mosby Company) 2 (2): 138–157, April 1963, archived from the original on 2012-03-19, https://web.archive.org/web/20120319233224/http://www.faa.gov/library/reports/medical/oamtechreports/1960s/media/AM65-09.pdf 
  4. ↑ Baker, Lynn Erland (1938). The Pupillary Response Conditioned to Subliminal Auditory Stimuli. Ohio State University. http://www.worldcat.org/title/pupillary-response-conditioned-to-subliminal-auditory-stimuli/oclc/6894644. 
  5. ↑ Latency of pupillary reflex to light stimulation and its relationship to aging, Federal Aviation Agency, Office of Aviation Medicine, Georgetown Clinical Research Institute, September 1965, p. 12, OCLC 84657376, archived from the original on 2012-03-20, https://web.archive.org/web/20120320010318/http://www.faa.gov/library/reports/medical/oamtechreports/1960s/media/AM65-25.pdf 
  6. ↑ Jaanus SD (1992), "Ocular side effects of selected systemic drugs", Optom Clin 2 (4): 73–96, PMID 1363080 
  7. ↑ "A new videopupillography", Ophthalmologica 160 (4): 248–259, 1970, doi:10.1159/000305996, PMID 5439164 




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