Biology:Slate-coloured seedeater

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Short description: Species of bird


Slate-colored seedeater
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Thraupidae
Genus: Sporophila
Species:
S. schistacea
Binomial name
Sporophila schistacea
(Lawrence, 1862)

The slate-colored seedeater[note 1] (Sporophila schistacea) is a species of bird in the family Thraupidae, the tanagers and allies.[2] It is found in most countries of Central America and every mainland South American country except Argentina, Chile, French Guiana, Paraguay, and Uruguay.[3][4] It formerly occurred on Trinidad but has been extirpated there.[4]

Taxonomy and systematics

The slate-colored seedeater has a complicated taxonomic history. It was formally described in 1862 with the binomial Spermophila schistacea. At the time, the genus Spermophila was in the family Fringillidae.[5] By 1938 the slate-colored seedeater had been reassigned to its present genus Sporophila that had been erected in 1844 to replace Spermophila. The new genus was still in the family Fringillidae.[6] Based on studies published between 1988 and 2011, beginning in 2012 Sporophila was moved to the tanager family Thraupidae.[7]

The slate-colored seedeater's further taxonomy remains unsettled. As of September 2026 the most recent versions of the IOC, AviList, and BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) assign it these three subspecies:[2][8][9]

  • S. s. schistacea (Lawrence, 1862)
  • S. s. incerta Riley, 1914
  • S. s. longipennis Chubb, C, 1921

The Clements taxonomy adds a fourth subspecies, S. s. subconcolor (Berlioz, 1959), that the others include within S. s. schistacea.[10]

This article follows the majority three-subspecies model.

Description

The slate-colored seedeater is 10.6 to 11.1 cm (4.2 to 4.4 in) long and weighs 12 to 13.7 g (0.42 to 0.48 oz). It has a large bill with a very deep base and a rounded culmen. The species is sexually dimorphic. Adult males of the nominate subspecies S. s. schistacea have a slate-gray head with a white eye-ring and a white arc below the ear coverts. Their upperparts, tail, breast, and flanks are also slate-gray. Their wings are mostly slate-gray with white tips on the lesser and median coverts and white bases on the inner primaries. Their belly and undertail coverts are white. Adult females have an olive-brown head, upperparts, tail, and wings with the same white on the primaries as males. Their throat and underparts are mostly a paler olive-brown than the upperparts with a creamy buff central belly. Males of subspecies S. s. incerta are larger than the nominate with a thicker bill and little or no white below the ear coverts. Females are like the nominate. Both sexes of S. s. longipennis are slightly paler and more evenly colored than the nominate. Males have little or no white below the ear coverts. Females are more olivaceous with less white on their primaries. Both sexes of all subspecies have a dark iris and dark gray legs. Males have a yellow-orange bill and females a brownish one. Juveniles resemble adult females.[11]

Distribution and habitat

The slate-colored seedeater has a highly disjunct distribution. Not only is each subspecies separate from the others, but each of their ranges also have gaps within them. The subspecies are found thus:[11]

  • S. s. schistacea: northern and southern Belize, north-central Guatemala, northwestern and eastern Honduras,[12] and much of the Caribbean slope of Nicaragua;[13] Costa Rica on the Caribbean slope from central Limón Province and the Pacific slope from northern Puntarenas Province[14] south through Panama slightly into northern Colombia[13][15]
  • S. s. incerta: Pacific slope of Colombia's Western Andes from Caldas Department south into northwestern Ecuador spottily as far as Pichincha Province[15][16]
  • S. s. longipennis: formerly in Trinidad;[17] in Venezuela in Sucre, northern Monagas, and northern Delta Amacuro states, spottily in Bolívar state, and single records elsewhere;[18] from Venezuela into Guyana and Suriname[note 2] and extreme northwestern Brazil's Roraima;[19] extreme northern Brazil's Amapá;[19] eastern slope of Colombia's Eastern Andes south to Meta Department;[11][15] and western Brazil's western Amazonas, Acre, and Rondonia states west into most of southeastern Peru's Madre de Dios Department, slightly into adjoining departments with reports as far north as Loreto Department, and continuing into northern Bolivia[19][20][11]

There are also scattered records of the species in eastern Ecuador and central Brazil.[16][19]

The slate-colored seedeater inhabits the edges of humid evergreen forest, secondary forest, and plantations, and especially favors areas with bamboo.[3][11] In elevation overall it mostly ranges from sea level to 1,500 m (4,900 ft).[3] It reaches 1,000 m (3,300 ft) overall in Central America but only 750 m (2,500 ft) in Belize and Honduras.[13][12] It reaches 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in Colombia, 1,700 m (5,600 ft) in Peru, 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in Venezuela, and 1,500 m (4,900 ft) in Brazil.[15][20][18][19] In Ecuador its few eastern records are below 400 m (1,300 ft) and in the west it is mostly found between 700 and 1,400 m (2,300 and 4,600 ft).[16]

Behavior

Movement

Though the slate-colored seedeater is not migratory, it is "eruptive and nomadic", wandering to find areas with seeding bamboo.[11]

Feeding

The slate-colored seedeater feeds on seeds, especially those of bamboo such as Chusquea species, and those of other grasses. It forages while clinging to the stalk and also on the ground. It usually forages singly or in pairs and sometimes in small flocks.[11]

Breeding

The slate-colored seedeater breeds in Panama between June and September with most activity in July and August, and its season includes June in Venezuela. Its breeding season elsewhere has not been defined but everywhere seems tied to seeding bamboo. Its nest is a cup made from rootlets and hair. Nests have been found in small trees, spiny palms, vine tangles, and bamboo between about 2 and 5 m (7 and 16 ft) above the ground. The clutch is three eggs that are grayish white with darker markings. The female alone incubates and provides most food for nestlings. The incubation period and time to fledging are not known.[11]

Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.

Songs and calls
Listen to the slate-colored seedeater on xeno-canto

Vocalization

The slate-colored seedeater's song "often begins with sharp notes and buzzes and ends with high-pitched lisping trill; other versions include sweet lower-pitched whistles interspersed within high-pitched trills".[11] One detailed description is "a high, sibilant, rapid zit, zit, ze'z'z'z'z'ze'ze'tuwee-tuwee-tuee, with variations".[18]

Status

The IUCN has assessed the slate-colored seedeater as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range; it population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is considered rare in northern Central America, "rare and irregularly occurring" in Costa Rica, "rather uncommon and enigmatic" in Colombia, "rare and erratic" in Ecuador, "rare and local" in Peru, "rare, unpredictable, and poorly known" in Venezuela, and "uncommon to rare" in Brazil.[12][14][15][16][20][18][19]

Notes

  1. ↑ The IOC, AviList, the Clements taxonomy, HBW, the American Ornithological Society, and the South American Classification Committee all spell the species "slate-colored".
  2. ↑ Though most sources say "the Guianas", the South American Classification Committee has no records from French Guiana.[11][2][8][10][4]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 BirdLife International (2018). "Slate-colored Seedeater Sporophila schistacea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22723406A132163627.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22723406/132163627. Retrieved 28 September 2026. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds (April 2026). "Tanagers and allies". https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/tanagers/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Check-list of North American Birds (7th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Ornithologists' Union. 1998. pp. 592. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, D. F. Lane, L, N. Naka, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 25 July 2026. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. South American Classification Committee associated with the International Ornithologists' Union. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved 25 July 2026
  5. ↑ Lawrence, George N. (1862). "XL.—Catalogue of a Collection of Birds, made in New Granada, by James McLeannan, Esq., of New York; with Notes and Descriptions of New Species. Part III". Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York VII: 474. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16227943. Retrieved September 27, 2026. 
  6. ↑ Hellmayr, Charles E. (1938). Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History. XIII. pp. 171. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2760765. Retrieved 27 September 2026. 
  7. ↑ Remsen, James Van Jr; Burns, Kevin. "Proposal (512) to South American Classification Committee: Transfer genera from Emberizidae to Thraupidae". https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop512.html.  The proposal was accepted in 2012.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 AviList Core Team (2025). "AviList: The Global Avian Checklist, v2025". https://doi.org/10.2173/avilist.v2025. 
  9. ↑ HBW and BirdLife International (2025). Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 10. Available at: https://datazone.birdlife.org/about-our-science/taxonomy#birdlife-s-taxonomic-checklist retrieved 12 October 2025
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Clements, J. F., P. C. Rasmussen, T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, A. Spencer, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, M. Smith, and C. L. Wood. 2025. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2025. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved 3 November 2025
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 Rising, J. D. and A. Jaramillo (2020). Slate-colored Seedeater (Sporophila schistacea), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.slcsee1.01 retrieved September 27, 2026
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Fagan, Jesse; Komar, Oliver (2016). Field Guide to Birds of Northern Central America. Peterson Field Guides. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 370–371. ISBN 978-0-544-37326-6. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 vanPerlo, Ber (2006). Birds of Mexico and Central America. Princeton Illustrated Checklists. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. Plate and map 92.16. ISBN 0691120706. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Garrigues, Richard; Dean, Robert (2007). The Birds of Costa Rica. Ithaca: Zona Tropical/Comstock/Cornell University Press. pp. 296–297. ISBN 978-0-8014-7373-9. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 McMullan, Miles; Donegan, Thomas M.; Quevedo, Alonso (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Bogotá: Fundación ProAves. pp. 205. ISBN 978-0-9827615-0-2. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Ridgely, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 676. ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7. 
  17. ↑ Kenefick, Martyn (25 December 2022). "Species lists of birds for South American countries and territories: Trinidad and Tobago". South American Classification Committee associated with the International Ornithologists' Union. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Hilty, Steven L. (2003) (in English). Birds of Venezuela (second ed.). Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 799, 803. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 390–391. ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Schulenberg, T.S.; Stotz, D.F.; Lane, D.F.; O'Neill, J.P.; Parker, T.A. III (2010). Birds of Peru. Princeton Field Guides (revised and updated ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 596. ISBN 978-0691130231. 

Wikidata ☰ Q1306484 entry



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