Biology:Sopdet
Sopdet is the ancient Egyptian name of the star Sirius and its personification as an Egyptian goddess. Known to the Greeks as Sothis, she was conflated with Isis as a goddess and Anubis as a god.
Names
The exact pronunciation of ancient Egyptian is uncertain, as vowels were not recorded until a very late period. In modern transcription, her name usually appears as Sopdet (Spdt,[3] lit. Triangle – lit. Sharp One), after the known Greek and Latin form Sothis (Ancient Greek:).
History
During the early period of Egyptian civilization, the heliacal rising of the bright star preceded the usual annual flooding of the Nile.[8] It was therefore apparently used for the solar civil calendar which largely superseded the original lunar calendar in the 3rd millennium BC. Despite the wandering nature of the Egyptian calendar, the erratic timing of the flood from year to year, and the slow procession of Sirius within the solar year, Sopdet continued to remain central to cultural depictions of the year and to celebrations of Wep Renpet (Wp Rnpt), the Egyptian New Year. She was also venerated as a goddess of the fertility brought to the soil by the flooding.
She was long thought to be represented by the cow on an ivory tablet from the reign of Djer (Dynasty I),[8] but this is no longer supported by most Egyptologists.[9] During the Old Kingdom, she was an important goddess of the annual flood and a psychopomp guiding deceased pharaohs through the Egyptian underworld. During the Middle Kingdom, she was primarily a mother and nurse and, by the Ptolemaic period, she was almost entirely subsumed into Isis.[10]
Myths
Sopdet is the consort of Sah, the personified constellation of Orion near Sirius. Their child Venus[1] was the hawk god Sopdu,[8] "Lord of the East".[11] As the "bringer of the New Year and the Nile flood", she was associated with Osiris from an early date[8] and by the Ptolemaic period Sah and Sopdet almost solely appeared in forms conflated with Osiris[12] and Isis.[10]
Representation
She was depicted as a woman with a five-pointed star upon her head,[10] usually with a horned hedjet similar to Satis.[8] In the Ptolemaic and Roman period, the European notion of the "Dog Star" caused her to sometimes be represented as a large dog or as a woman riding one sidesaddle.[10]
From the Middle Kingdom, Sopdet sometimes appeared as a god who held up part of Nut (the sky or firmament) with Hathor. In Greco-Roman Egypt, the male Sopdet was conflated with the dog-headed Anubis.[1]
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![Circa (disambiguation)}}Template:TWCleanup2Circa (from la 'around, about, roughly, approximately') – frequently abbreviated ca. or c. and less frequently circ., cca. or cc. – signifies "approximately" in several European languages and is used as a loanword in English, usually in reference to a date.[13] Circa is widely used in historical writing when the dates of events are not accurately known. When used in date ranges, circa is applied before each approximate date, while dates without circa immediately preceding them are generally assumed to be known with certainty. ==Examples== *1732–1799: Both years are known precisely. *c. 1732 – 1799: The beginning year is approximate; the end year is known precisely. *1732 – c. 1799: The beginning year is known precisely; the end year is approximate. *c. 1732 – c. 1799: Both years are approximate. ==See also== *Floruit ==References== ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Hill (2016). ↑ Vygus (2015), p. 1774. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Vygus (2015), p. 1222. ↑ Vygus (2015), p. 1239. ↑ Vygus (2015), p. 1872. ↑ Vygus (2015), p. 1925. ↑ Vygus (2015), p. 1237. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Wilkinson (2003), p. 167. ↑ Clagett (2004). ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Wilkinson (2003), p. 168. ↑ Wilkinson (2003), p. 211. ↑ Wilkinson (2003), p. 127. ↑ "circa". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/circa. ==External links== v t e Chronology Key topics * Archaeology * Astronomy * Geology * History ** Big History * Paleontology * Time Periods Eras Epochs Calendar eras * Human Era * Ab urbe condita * Anno Domini / Common Era * Anno Mundi * Byzantine era * Seleucid era * Spanish era * Before Present * Hijri * Egyptian * Sothic cycle * Hindu units of time (Yuga) * Mesoamerican ** Long Count ** Short Count ** Tzolk'in ** Haab' Regnal year * Canon of Kings * Lists of kings * Limmu Era names * Chinese * Japanese * Korean * Vietnamese Calendars Pre-Julian / Julian * Pre-Julian Roman * Original Julian * Proleptic Julian * Revised Julian Gregorian * Gregorian * Proleptic Gregorian * Old Style and New Style dates * Adoption of the Gregorian calendar * Dual dating Astronomical * Lunisolar * Solar * Lunar * Astronomical year numbering Others * Chinese sexagenary cycle * Geologic Calendar * Hebrew * Iranian * Islamic * ISO week date * Mesoamerican ** Maya ** Aztec * Winter count (Plains Indians) Astronomic time * Cosmic Calendar * Ephemeris * Galactic year * Metonic cycle * Milankovitch cycles Geologic time Concepts * Deep time * Geological history of Earth * Geological time units Standards * Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) * Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) Methods * Chronostratigraphy * Geochronology * Isotope geochemistry * Law of superposition * Luminescence dating * Samarium–neodymium dating Chronological dating Absolute dating * Amino acid racemisation * Archaeomagnetic dating * Dendrochronology * Ice core * Incremental dating * Lichenometry * Paleomagnetism * Radiometric dating ** Radiocarbon ** Uranium–lead ** Potassium–argon * Tephrochronology * Luminescence dating * Thermoluminescence dating Relative dating * Fluorine absorption * Nitrogen dating * Obsidian hydration * Seriation * Stratigraphy Genetic methods * Molecular clock Linguistic methods * Glottochronology Related topics * Chronicle * New Chronology * Synchronoptic view * Timeline * Year zero * Circa * Floruit * Terminus post quem * ASPRO chronology 0.00 (0 votes) BC tomb of Seti I.](/wiki/images/thumb/3/32/La_tombe_de_Sethi_1er_%28KV.17%29_%28Vall%C3%A9e_des_Rois%2C_Th%C3%A8bes_ouest%29_-8.jpg/250px-La_tombe_de_Sethi_1er_%28KV.17%29_%28Vall%C3%A9e_des_Rois%2C_Th%C3%A8bes_ouest%29_-8.jpg)
Circa (disambiguation)}}Template:TWCleanup2Circa (from la 'around, about, roughly, approximately') – frequently abbreviated ca. or c. and less frequently circ., cca. or cc. – signifies "approximately" in several European languages and is used as a loanword in English, usually in reference to a date.[13] Circa is widely used in historical writing when the dates of events are not accurately known. When used in date ranges, circa is applied before each approximate date, while dates without circa immediately preceding them are generally assumed to be known with certainty. ==Examples== *1732–1799: Both years are known precisely. *c. 1732 – 1799: The beginning year is approximate; the end year is known precisely. *1732 – c. 1799: The beginning year is known precisely; the end year is approximate. *c. 1732 – c. 1799: Both years are approximate. ==See also== *Floruit ==References====External links==- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Hill (2016).
- ↑ Vygus (2015), p. 1774.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Vygus (2015), p. 1222.
- ↑ Vygus (2015), p. 1239.
- ↑ Vygus (2015), p. 1872.
- ↑ Vygus (2015), p. 1925.
- ↑ Vygus (2015), p. 1237.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Wilkinson (2003), p. 167.
- ↑ Clagett (2004).
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Wilkinson (2003), p. 168.
- ↑ Wilkinson (2003), p. 211.
- ↑ Wilkinson (2003), p. 127.
- ↑ "circa". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/circa.
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Sopdet depicted in the Dendera Temple complex. -
![Circa (disambiguation)}}Template:TWCleanup2Circa (from la 'around, about, roughly, approximately') – frequently abbreviated ca. or c. and less frequently circ., cca. or cc. – signifies "approximately" in several European languages and is used as a loanword in English, usually in reference to a date.[13] Circa is widely used in historical writing when the dates of events are not accurately known. When used in date ranges, circa is applied before each approximate date, while dates without circa immediately preceding them are generally assumed to be known with certainty. ==Examples== *1732–1799: Both years are known precisely. *c. 1732 – 1799: The beginning year is approximate; the end year is known precisely. *1732 – c. 1799: The beginning year is known precisely; the end year is approximate. *c. 1732 – c. 1799: Both years are approximate. ==See also== *Floruit ==References== ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Hill (2016). ↑ Vygus (2015), p. 1774. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Vygus (2015), p. 1222. ↑ Vygus (2015), p. 1239. ↑ Vygus (2015), p. 1872. ↑ Vygus (2015), p. 1925. ↑ Vygus (2015), p. 1237. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Wilkinson (2003), p. 167. ↑ Clagett (2004). ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Wilkinson (2003), p. 168. ↑ Wilkinson (2003), p. 211. ↑ Wilkinson (2003), p. 127. ↑ "circa". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/circa. ==External links== v t e Chronology Key topics * Archaeology * Astronomy * Geology * History ** Big History * Paleontology * Time Periods Eras Epochs Calendar eras * Human Era * Ab urbe condita * Anno Domini / Common Era * Anno Mundi * Byzantine era * Seleucid era * Spanish era * Before Present * Hijri * Egyptian * Sothic cycle * Hindu units of time (Yuga) * Mesoamerican ** Long Count ** Short Count ** Tzolk'in ** Haab' Regnal year * Canon of Kings * Lists of kings * Limmu Era names * Chinese * Japanese * Korean * Vietnamese Calendars Pre-Julian / Julian * Pre-Julian Roman * Original Julian * Proleptic Julian * Revised Julian Gregorian * Gregorian * Proleptic Gregorian * Old Style and New Style dates * Adoption of the Gregorian calendar * Dual dating Astronomical * Lunisolar * Solar * Lunar * Astronomical year numbering Others * Chinese sexagenary cycle * Geologic Calendar * Hebrew * Iranian * Islamic * ISO week date * Mesoamerican ** Maya ** Aztec * Winter count (Plains Indians) Astronomic time * Cosmic Calendar * Ephemeris * Galactic year * Metonic cycle * Milankovitch cycles Geologic time Concepts * Deep time * Geological history of Earth * Geological time units Standards * Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) * Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) Methods * Chronostratigraphy * Geochronology * Isotope geochemistry * Law of superposition * Luminescence dating * Samarium–neodymium dating Chronological dating Absolute dating * Amino acid racemisation * Archaeomagnetic dating * Dendrochronology * Ice core * Incremental dating * Lichenometry * Paleomagnetism * Radiometric dating ** Radiocarbon ** Uranium–lead ** Potassium–argon * Tephrochronology * Luminescence dating * Thermoluminescence dating Relative dating * Fluorine absorption * Nitrogen dating * Obsidian hydration * Seriation * Stratigraphy Genetic methods * Molecular clock Linguistic methods * Glottochronology Related topics * Chronicle * New Chronology * Synchronoptic view * Timeline * Year zero * Circa * Floruit * Terminus post quem * ASPRO chronology 0.00 (0 votes) BC tomb of Seti I.](/wiki/File:La_tombe_de_Sethi_1er_(KV.17)_(Vall%C3%A9e_des_Rois,_Th%C3%A8bes_ouest)_-8.jpg)
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See also
- Ikhemu-sek
- Astrotheology
- Book of Sothis
- Sothic cycle
Notes
- ↑ Variant spellings of Sopdet include <hiero>M44-Q3:D46-X1:N14-B1</hiero>, <hiero>M44-X1-B1</hiero>, <hiero>M44-X1:N14</hiero>,[3] <hiero>N14-X1:H8-I12</hiero>,[4] <hiero>S29-Q3:D46-M44-Y1V</hiero>,[5] <hiero>S29-X1-M44-N14</hiero>,[6] and in late Egyptian: <hiero>N14-G7</hiero>,[7] <hiero>M44-N14-B7</hiero> (really B7E), and <hiero>M44-N14-X1:H8-B7</hiero> (really B7E).[3]
References
Citations
Bibliography
- Clagett, Marshall (2004), Ancient Egyptian Science: Calendars, Clocks, and Astronomy, 2, American Philosophical Society, ISBN 9780871692146.
- Hill, J (2016), "Sopdet", Ancient Egypt Online, http://www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk/sopdet.html.
- Vygus, Mark (2015), Middle Egyptian Dictionary, http://www.pyramidtextsonline.com/documents/VygusDictionaryApril2015.pdf
- Wilkinson, Richard H. (2003), "Sothis", The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt, London: Thames & Hudson, pp. 167–168, ISBN 0-500-05120-8, https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0/page/167.
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