Biology:Thelypteridaceae

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Thelypteridaceae is a family of about 900[1] species of ferns in the order Polypodiales.[2][3][4] In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is placed in the suborder Aspleniineae.[2] Alternatively, the family may be submerged in a very broadly defined family Aspleniaceae as the subfamily Thelypteridoideae.[5]

The ferns are terrestrial, with the exception of a few which are lithophytes (grow on rocks).[4] The bulk of the species are tropical, although there are a number of temperate species.[4]

These ferns typically have creeping rhizomes. The fronds are simply pinnate to pinnate-pinnatifid. There is either no frond dimorphism or only mild dimorphism, either open venation or very simple anastomosing. The sori are mostly reniform in shape and have indusia, except for the Phegopteris group.

Classification

During the early and mid 1900's[6] all thelypterioid ferns were included in the genus Dryopteris because of the sorus shape. However, there are a great many differences between the groups, and these plants are now segregated in their own family.[1][2] Genetic evidence shows that the family is clearly monophyletic.[2]

Phylogenetic relationships

The following cladogram for the suborder Aspleniineae (as eupolypods II), based on Lehtonen (2011),[7] and Rothfels & al. (2012),[8] shows a likely phylogenetic relationship between the Thelypteridaceae and the other families of the clade. Template:Eupolypods II cladogram

Genera

The family can be divided into two major clades, which the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) recognizes as two subfamilies, Phegopteridoideae and Thelypteroideae.[2] Their division into genera has been described as "highly controversial and fluctuating".[9] The family includes several complexes of species that are difficult to distinguish, and seem to represent a remarkable evolutionary radiation. Some researchers include the entire family Thelypteridaceae in the genus Thelypteris; others divide the family into as many as 30 genera.[9] An intermediate position is to place the bulk in Thelypteris (which can then be divided into subgenera and sections corresponding to the genera of other authors) but to separate out Phegopteris and Macrothelypteris.[1] Another choice is to divide the family into a half a dozen or so genera.[4]

Phylogeny of Thelypteriaceae[10][11]

 
Phegopteridoideae
 

Macrothelypteris

 
 
 

Phegopteris

 
 

Pseudophegopteris

 
 
 
Thelypteridoideae
 
Thelypterideae

Thelypteris

 
 
 
 
Amauropelteae
 

Coryphopteris

 
 
 

Metathelypteris

 
 

Amauropelta

 
 
 
 
 
 
Oreopterideae

Oreopteris

 
 
 
 

Steiropteris

 
 
Leptogrammeae
 

Cyclogramma

 
 
 

Stegnogramma

 
 

Leptogramma

 
 
 
Meniscieae
 

Steiropteris species-group 2

 
 
 
Goniopteridinae

Goniopteris

 
 
 
Menisciinae
 
 

Cyclosorus

 
 
 

Ampelopteris

 
 

Mesophlebion

 
 
 
 

Meniscium

 
 
Pseudocyclosorinae
 

Pelazoneuron

 
 
 

Pakau

 
 
 

Pelazoneuron species-group 2

 
 
 

Glaphyropteridopsis

 
 
 
 

Grypothrix ramosii

 
 
 

Chingia

 
 
 

Plesioneuron

 
 

Menisciopsis

 
 
 
 
 
 

Grypothrix species-group 2

 
 
 

Mesopteris

 
 
 

Plesioneuron archboldiae

 
 
 

Grypothrix

 
 
 

Strophocaulon

 
 
 
 
 

Pneumatopteris

 
 

Reholttumia

 
 
 
 

Pronephrium

 
 

Sphaerostephanos

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Christella euphlebia

 
 

Trigonospora

 
 
 

Pseudocyclosorus

 
 
 
 
 

Amblovenatum

 
 
 

Sphaerostephanos elatus

 
 

Abacopteris

 
 
 
 

Christella

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) accepts 30 genera:[2]

Some species of Pronephrium were split off into other genera in 2021 as a result of a phylogenetic study of the family Thelypteridaceae:[14][15]

The extinct genus Holttumopteris from the Cenomanian aged Burmese amber has been suggested to have affinities with the family, but several important diagnostic characters are not preserved.[16]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Thelypteridaceae". Flora of North America. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10887. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 PPG I (2016), "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns", Journal of Systematics and Evolution 54 (6): 563–603, doi:10.1111/jse.12229, Bibcode: 2016JSyEv..54..563. 
  3. ↑ Maarten J. M. Christenhusz; Xian-Chun Zhang; Harald Schneider (2011). "A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns". Phytotaxa 19: 7–54. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2. Bibcode: 2011Phytx..19....7C. http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00019p054.pdf. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Alan R. Smith; Kathleen M. Pryer; Eric Schuettpelz; Petra Korall; Harald Schneider; Paul G. Wolf (2006). "A classification for extant ferns". Taxon 55 (3): 705–731. doi:10.2307/25065646. Bibcode: 2006Taxon..55..705S. http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier749.pdf. 
  5. ↑ Christenhusz, Maarten J.M.; Chase, Mark W. (2014). "Trends and concepts in fern classification". Annals of Botany 113 (9): 571–594. doi:10.1093/aob/mct299. PMID 24532607. 
  6. ↑ Collinson, M. E. (2001). "Cainozoic ferns and their distribution". Brittonia 53 (2): 173–235. doi:10.1007/BF02812700. Bibcode: 2001Britt..53..173C. 
  7. ↑ Samuli Lehtonen (2011). "Towards Resolving the Complete Fern Tree of Life". PLOS ONE 6 (10). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024851. PMID 22022365. PMC 3192703. Bibcode: 2011PLoSO...624851L. http://www.sci.utu.fi/sivustot/amazon/publications/articles/pdf_pub/Lehtonen_2011_PLoS1.pdf. 
  8. ↑ Carl J. Rothfels; Anders Larsson; Li-Yaung Kuo; Petra Korall; Wen- Liang Chiou; Kathleen M. Pryer (2012). "Overcoming Deep Roots, Fast Rates, and Short Internodes to Resolve the Ancient Rapid Radiation of Eupolypod II Ferns". Systematic Biology 61 (1): 490–509. doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys001. PMID 22223449. http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/01/04/sysbio.sys001.short?rss=1. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Hassler, Michael; Schmitt, Bernd (January 2020), "Thelypteridaceae", Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World, 8.20, https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/, retrieved 2020-01-11 
  10. ↑ Nitta, Joel H.Expression error: Unrecognized word "et". (2022). "An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life". Frontiers in Plant Science 13. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768. PMID 36092417. Bibcode: 2022FrPS...1309768N. 
  11. ↑ "Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL". 2024. https://fernphy.github.io/viewer.html. 
  12. ↑ Hassler, Michael; Schmitt, Bernd (January 2020), "Phegopteris", Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World, 8.20, https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/, retrieved 2020-01-10 
  13. ↑ "Phegopteris (C.Presl) Fée", Plants of the World Online (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew), https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000947-2, retrieved 2020-01-10 
  14. ↑ Fawcett, S.; Smith, A.R. (2021), A Generic Classification of the Thelypteridaceae, Sida, Botanical Miscellany 59, Fort Worth: Botanical Research Institute of Texas Press 
  15. ↑ Fawcett, Susan; Smith, Alan R.; Sundue, Michael; Burleigh, J. Gordon; Sessa, Emily B.; Kuo, Li-Yaung; Chen, Cheng-Wei; Testo, Weston L. et al. (2021), "A Global Phylogenomic Study of the Thelypteridaceae", Systematic Botany 46 (4): 891–915, doi:10.1600/036364421X16370109698650, Bibcode: 2021SysBo..46..891F, https://sessalab.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Thelyp2021.pdf, retrieved 2022-06-04 
  16. ↑ Regalado, Ledis; Schmidt, Alexander R.; Krings, Michael; Bechteler, Julia; Schneider, Harald; Heinrichs, Jochen (January 2018). "Fossil evidence of eupolypod ferns in the mid-Cretaceous of Myanmar" (in en). Plant Systematics and Evolution 304 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1007/s00606-017-1439-2. ISSN 0378-2697. Bibcode: 2018PSyEv.304....1R. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00606-017-1439-2. 

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