Biology:Trichoderma cornu-damae

From HandWiki
Short description: Species of fungus

Trichoderma cornu-damae
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Hypocreales
Family: Hypocreaceae
Genus: Trichoderma
Species:
T. cornu-damae
Binomial name
Trichoderma cornu-damae
(Pat.) Z.X.Zhu & W.Y.Zhuang (2014)
Synonyms[4]
  • Hypocrea cornu-damae Pat. (1895)[1]
  • Podocrea cornu-damae (Pat.) Sacc. & D.Sacc. (1905)[2]
  • Podostroma cornu-damae (Pat.) Boedijn (1934)[3]
  • Protocrea cornu-damae (Pat.) Sacc. & D.Sacc. (1905)[2]
Trichoderma cornu-damae
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
float
Mycological characteristics
smooth hymenium
no distinct cap
hymenium attachment is irregular or not applicable
stipe is bare
spore print is yellow to brown
ecology is saprotrophic
edibility: deadly

Trichoderma cornu-damae (Japanese: カエンタケ, Hepburn: kaentake), formerly Podostroma cornu-damae and also known as the poison fire coral,[5] is a species of fungus in the family Hypocreaceae. The fruit bodies of the fungus are highly toxic if ingested, and have been responsible for several human fatalities as they contain an often fatal dose of the mycotoxin satratoxin-H.

Taxonomy

The species was originally described as Hypocrea cornu-damae by Narcisse Théophile Patouillard in 1895,[6] and later transferred to the genus Podocrea in 1905 by Pier Andrea Saccardo.[7] In 1994, Japanese mycologists Tsuguo Hongo and Masana Izawa placed the species in the genus Podostroma.[8]

Range

The fungus was once thought to be exclusive to South Korea and Japan, but recent discoveries have been made in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Australia.[5][9][10]

Description

The conidiophores (specialized fungal hyphae that produce conidia) are up to 400 μm high and about 2–4 μm wide in the main axial hyphae. The phialides are arranged in tufts with narrow angles at the top, similar to the branching hyphae found in Trichoderma species. The conidia are roughly spherical with a truncate base in each spore, pale green in color, and measure 2.5–3.5 μm in diameter. Their surfaces are almost smooth, but sometimes appearing very faintly roughened with light microscopy.[11]

Toxicity

Chemical structure of the trichothecene core

Several poisonings have been reported in Japan resulting from the consumption of the fungus. In 1999, one of a group of five people from Niigata prefecture died two days after consuming one or two grams of fruit body that had been soaked in sake. In 2000, an individual from Gunma prefecture died after eating the fried mushroom. Symptoms associated with consumption in these cases included stomach pains, changes in perception, decrease in the number of leukocytes and thrombocytes, peeling skin on the face, hair loss, and shrinking of the cerebellum, resulting in speech impediment and problems with voluntary movement.[12] In another instance, an autopsy revealed multiple organ failure, including acute kidney failure, liver necrosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation.[13] In one case of poisoning, the patient suffered from hemophagocytosis, in addition to severe leukocytopenia and thrombocytopenia, seven days after ingesting the fungus. Plasmapheresis and administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor were used to treat the blood abnormalities. The authors suggested that these treatments, in addition to the large volume of administered intravenous saline—9 liters (2.0 imp gal; 2.4 U.S. gal) over a 12-hour period—were responsible for his successful recovery.[14]

Human poisoning symptoms are similar to those observed previously with ruminant animals that had consumed trichothecene mycotoxins. Japanese researchers detected the presence of the macrocyclic trichothecenes satratoxin H, satratoxin H 12′,13′-diacetate, satratoxin H 12′-acetate, and satratoxin H 13′-acetate. When grown in liquid culture the fungus additionally produces roridin E and verrucarin J. With the exception of verrucarin J, a 500-microgram dose of any of these compounds, when injected into the abdomen of mice, will result in their death the following day.[12] It has been claimed that touching this fungus can cause skin irritation,[10] but this is controversial.[15]

More recent research out of South Korea proposes that principal human toxicant made by the fungus is satratoxin H.[16]

See also

  • List of deadly fungi
  • List of poisonous fungi
  • Mycotoxicology
  • Trichothecene

References

  1. ↑ Patouillard & Lagerheim, Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 11(4): 198 (1895)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 (Pat.) Sacc. & D. Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 17: 799 (1905)
  3. ↑ (Pat.) Boedijn, Bull. Jard. bot. Buitenz, 3 Sér. 13: 274 (1934)
  4. ↑ "Species Fungorum - Species synonymy". https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=808371. Retrieved 17 June 2024. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Smee, Ben (2 October 2019). "Deadly fungus native to Japan and Korea discovered in Australian rainforest" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/oct/03/deadly-fungi-native-to-japan-and-korea-discovered-in-australian-rainforest. 
  6. ↑ Patouillard, N. T. (1895). "Enumération des Champignons récoltés par les RR. PP. Farges et Soulié, dans le Thibet oriental et le Su-tchuen" (in fr). Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France 11: 196–99. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Enum%C3%A9ration_des_Champignons_r%C3%A9colt%C3%A9s_par_les_RR._PP._Farges_et_Souli%C3%A9,_dans_le_Thibet_oriental_et_le_Su-tchuen.pdf. Retrieved 26 October 2023. 
  7. ↑ "Supplementum universale. Pars VI. Hymenomycetae-Laboulbeniomycetae" (in French). Sylloge Fungorum 17: 799. 1905. 
  8. ↑ "Podostroma cornu-damae (Pat.) Hongo & Izawa 1994". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=307789. Retrieved 20 October 2010. 
  9. ↑ Mounter, Brendan; Thompson, Jesse (3 October 2019). "Deadly Asian fungus, poisonous to touch, found in Far North Queensland rainforest" (in en-AU). ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-10-03/deadly-fungi-poison-fire-coral-found-in-far-north-qld/11571162. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Burt, Jemima and Mounter, Brendan (19 February 2021) Deadly fungus, poison fire coral, sighted near Cairns, prompting warning for bushwalkers ABC News, 2021-02-19.
  11. ↑ "Revision of the Hypocreales with cultural observations. V. Podostroma giganteum Imai, P. cornu-damae (Pat.) Noedijn and Hypocrea pseudogelatinosa sp. nov". Reports of the Tottori Mycological Institute (Japan) 10: 421–27. 1973. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Toxic principles of a poisonous mushroom Podostroma cornu-damae". Tetrahedron 57 (39): 8277–81. 2001. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)00824-9. 
  13. ↑ "Case report: food poisoning to death by Podostroma cornu-damae, its case history and autopsy findings" (in Japanese). Acta Criminologiae et Medicinae Legalis Japonica 69 (1): 14–20. 2003. 
  14. ↑ "[Successful treatment in a case of Podostroma cornu-damae poisoning, a deadly poisonous mushroom]" (in Japanese). Chudoku Kenkyu 15 (2): 177–82. 2002. PMID 12108023. 
  15. ↑ "Fire Coral Fungi | Podostroma cornu-damae" (in en). http://www.rjgrayecology.com/2/post/2019/10/mycophobia-and-the-fire-coral-fungi.html. 
  16. ↑ "N-Hydroxy-Phe-Phe, a new dipeptide, and cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes from the lethal toxic mushroom Podostroma cornu-damae", Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry (Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)) 21 (42): 8521–8527, 2023, doi:10.1039/D3OB01387A, PMID 37819425, http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D3OB01387A 

Wikidata ☰ Q104096524 entry

da:Kødkernesvamp-familien



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology:Trichoderma_cornu-damae&oldid=4079291"