Chemistry:Demethylation inhibitor
A demethylation inhibitor is a compound that blocks the removal of methyl groups. It blocks enzymes (demethylases) from removing methyl groups. Demethylation inhibitors are a subgroup of sterol biosynthesis inhibitors (steroidogenesis inhibitors).[1] They are used as antifungals and antiprotozoals agents.[2] [3] Demethylation inhibitors may commonly refer to fungicides that stop fungal growth by inhibiting sterol (ergosterol) production, vital for fungal cell membranes.[4][5] Examples are triazoles, imidazoles, difenoconazole, enilconazole, fenbuconazole, fenarimol, flutriafol, ipconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, propiconazole, prothioconazole, tebuconazole, triadimenol and triadimefon. [6]
Ergosterol is absent in animal cells but is an essential component of the cell membranes of many fungi and protozoa. [7]
DNA demethylating agents are used in cancer therapy like 5-azacytidine to reactivate silenced genes by preventing DNA methylation.
See also
References
- ↑ Vanden Bossche, H. (1992). "Inhibitors of P450-dependent steroid biosynthesis: from research to medical treatment". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 43 (8): 1003–21. doi:10.1016/0960-0760(92)90328-G. PMID 22217845.
- ↑ "SBI Fungicides". Fungicides Resistance Action Group. https://www.frac.info/frac-teams/working-groups/sbi-fungicides/#open-tour.
- ↑ Yang, Yongqing; Marcoft, Stephen J.; Forsyth, Leanne M.; Zhao, Ji; Li, Ziqin; Van de Wouw, Angela P.; Idnurm, Alexander (2020-03-22). "Sterol Demethylation Inhibitor Fungicide Resistance in Leptosphaeria maculans is Caused by Modifications in the Regulatory Region of ERG11". Plant Disease 104 (5): 1280–1290. doi:10.1094/PDIS-10-19-2088-RE. PMID 32202465. Bibcode: 2020PlDis.104.1280Y.
- ↑ Matheron, M. (2001). "Modes of action for plant disease management chemistries". University of Arizona Cooperative Extension. https://cales.arizona.edu/crop/diseases/papers/dischemistry.html.
- ↑ Quevedo-Caraballo, Sergio; Roldán, Alejandra; Álvarez-Pérez, Sergio (2024). "Demethylation Inhibitor Fungicides Have a Significantly Detrimental Impact on Population Growth and Composition of Nectar Microbial Communities". Microbial Ecology 87 (1). doi:10.1007/s00248-024-02477-x. PMID 39708144.
- ↑ Mehl, A.; Schmitz, H.; Stenzel, K.; Bloomberg, J. (2019). "DMI fungicides (FRAC Code 3): Sensitivity stats of key target pathogens, field vs laboratory resistance, and resistance mechanisms". in K. Stevenson. Fungicide Resistance in North America. The American Phytopathological Society.
- ↑ Wyenandt, Andy (2021-03-14). "Grower's Guide: Understanding the DMI fungicides (FRAC code 3) in 2022". Rutgers University. https://plant-pest-advisory.rutgers.edu/growers-guide-to-understanding-the-dmi-or-sbi-fungicides-frac-code-3-2015/.
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