Chemistry:Metallabenzene

From HandWiki

The metallabenzenes are class of chemical compound of the form LnM(CH)5, or derivatives thereof. Most metallabenzenes do not feature the M(CH)5 ring itself, but, instead, some of the H atoms are replaced by other substituents. The parent metallabenzenes can be viewed as derivatives of benzene wherein a CH center has been replaced by a transition metal complex. [1]

Classification

Interactions between these orbitals give rise to a cyclically delocalized pi electronic structure.

All known metallabenzenes are 18-electron complexes,[2] and have been classified into three varieties.[which?] In modeling metallabenzenes, the parent acyclic hydrocarbon ligand is viewed as the anion C5H5−.[3]

Early computations suggested that the six π-electrons in the metallacycle conform to the Hückel (4n+2) theory;[3] however, interactions with an additional d orbital suggest that metallabenzenes may instead be an 8-π Möbius aromat.[1] Specifically, if the ring is located in the xy plane with y measuring radial distance at the metal center, then the Hückel orbitals treat the two lobes of the dyz orbital inside the ring as though a main-group π orbital. One resulting orbital has vanishing metal-orbital component. That Hückel orbital is split by interaction with the dxz orbital, whose four lobes are all circumferential and effect a Möbius twist (see Fig. 4 in the cited paper).[2] Still other authors instead argue that metallabenzenes are Hückel aromats but with 10 π-electrons.[4]

Also, a large number of multinuclear metal complexes can be notionally decomposed into a metallabenzene ligand facially coordinated to another metal center.[1]

Preparation and structure

The first reported stable metallabenzene was the osmabenzene Os(C5H4S)CO(PPh3)2, produced from double addition of acetylene to the corresponding thiocarbonyl complex.[5][1] Characteristic of other metallaarenes, the Os-C bonds are about 0.6 Å longer than the C-C bonds (in benzene these are 1.39 Å), resulting in a distortion of the hexagonal ring. 1H NMR signals for the ring protons are downfield, consistent with aromatic "ring current", and the ring readily undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution.[1] Osmabenzene and its derivatives can be regarded as an Os(II), d6 octahedral complex.

Metallabenzenes have also been characterized with metals ruthenium,[6][7][8][9] iridium,[10][11] platinum,[12][13][14] and rhenium.[15] The iridabenzenes can be produced from ligand substitution, with a 3-Vinylcyclopropene ({{{2}}})-derived terminal carbanion or a linear (CH)−5-skeletal carbanion displacing an X-type ligand.[1] As of 2020, there remained no general method for the synthesis of metallabenzenes, with most techniques applicable to only two or three metals.[16]

Three classes of stable metallabenzenes.

Metallabenzenes typically exhibit a slight nonplanarity, with the metal nucleus shifted perpendicular to the ring plane. However, ligands that strongly accept π electrons reduce the nonplanarity. These geometric effects are one of the pieces of evidence suggesting that metallabenzenes are Möbius aromats, not Hückel ones.[2]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Bleeke, J.R. (2001). "Metallabenzenes". Chem. Rev. 101 (5): 1205–27. doi:10.1021/cr990337n. PMID 11710218. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Zhu Jun; Jia Guochen; Lin Zhenyang (2007). "Understanding nonplanarity in metallabenzene complexes". Organometallics (American Chemical Society) 26 (8): 1986–1995. doi:10.1021/om0701367. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Thorn, D.L.; Hoffmann, R. (1979). "Delocalization in Metallocycles". Nouv. J. Chim. 3 (1): 39. https://roaldhoffmann.com/sites/default/files/fromd6/149s_0.pdf. 
  4. ↑ Fernández, Israel; Frenking, Gernot; Merino, Gabriel (2015). "Aromaticity of metallabenzenes and related compounds". Chem Soc Rev (Royal Society of Chemistry) 44 (18): 6452–6463. doi:10.1039/C5CS00004A. PMID 25692666. 
  5. ↑ Elliott, G.P.; Roper, W.R.; Waters, J.M. (1982). "Metallacyclohexatrienes or 'metallabenzenes.' Synthesis of osmabenzene derivatives and X-ray crystal structure of [Os(CSCHCHCHCH)(CO)(PPh3)2]". J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (14): 811–813. doi:10.1039/C39820000811. 
  6. ↑ Zhang, H.; Xia, H.; He, G.; Wen, T.; Gong, L.; Jia, G. (2006). "Synthesis and characterization of stable ruthenabenzenes". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 45 (18): 2920–2923. doi:10.1002/anie.200600055. PMID 16566052. 
  7. ↑ Zhang, H.; Feng, L.; Gong, L.; Wu, L.; He, G.; Wen, T.; Yang, F.; Xia, H. (2007). "Synthesis and Characterization of Stable Ruthenabenzenes Starting from HC⋮CCH(OH)C⋮CH". Organometallics 26 (10): 2705. doi:10.1021/om070195k. 
  8. ↑ Wu, L.; Feng, L.; Zhang, H.; Liu, Q.; He, X.; Yang, F.; Xia, H. (2008). "Synthesis and characterization of a novel dialdehyde and cyclic anhydride". The Journal of Organic Chemistry 73 (7): 2883–2885. doi:10.1021/jo800052u. PMID 18336045. 
  9. ↑ Clark, G. R.; O'neale, T. R.; Roper, W. R.; Tonei, D. M.; Wright, L. J. (2009). "Stable Cationic and Neutral Ruthenabenzenes". Organometallics 28 (2): 567. doi:10.1021/om800857k. 
  10. ↑ Bleeke, J. R.; Xie, Y. F.; Peng, W. J.; Chiang, M. (1989). "Metallabenzene: synthesis, structure, and spectroscopy of a 1-irida-3,5-dimethylbenzene complex". Journal of the American Chemical Society 111 (11): 4118. doi:10.1021/ja00193a064. Bibcode: 1989JAChS.111.4118B. 
  11. ↑ Bleeke, J. R.; Xie, Y. F.; Bass, L.; Chiang, M. Y. (1991). "Metallacyclohexadiene and metallabenzene chemistry. 5. Chemical reactivity of metallabenzene". Journal of the American Chemical Society 113 (12): 4703. doi:10.1021/ja00012a061. Bibcode: 1991JAChS.113.4703B. 
  12. ↑ Jacob, V.; Weakley, T. J. R.; Haley, M. M. (2002). "Metallabenzenes and Valence Isomers. Synthesis and Characterization of a Platinabenzene". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 41 (18): 3470–3473. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20020916)41:18<3470::AID-ANIE3470>3.0.CO;2-4. PMID 12298068. 
  13. ↑ Landorf, C. W.; Jacob, V.; Weakley, T. J. R.; Haley, M. M. (2004). "Rational Synthesis of Platinabenzenes†". Organometallics 23 (6): 1174. doi:10.1021/om034371a. 
  14. ↑ Jacob, V.; Landorf, C. W.; Zakharov, L. N.; Weakley, T. J. R.; Haley, M. M. (2009). "Platinabenzenes: Synthesis, Properties, and Reactivity Studies of a Rare Class of Metalla-aromatics†". Organometallics 28 (17): 5183. doi:10.1021/om900439z. 
  15. ↑ Poon, K. C.; Liu, L.; Guo, T.; Li, J.; Sung, H. H. Y.; Williams, I. D.; Lin, Z.; Jia, G. (2010). "Synthesis and Characterization of Rhenabenzenes". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 49 (15): 2759–2762. doi:10.1002/anie.200907014. PMID 20229549. 
  16. ↑ Chen Dafa; Hua Yuhui; Xia Haiping (2020). "Metallaaromatic chemistry". Chemical Reviews 120 (23): § 3.1. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00392. PMID 33073994. 



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Chemistry:Metallabenzene&oldid=4309529"