Chemistry:Salen ligand

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Salen ligand
Salen structure.svg
Names
Other names
2,2′-Ethylenebis(nitrilomethylidene)diphenol, N,N′-Ethylenebis(salicylimine)
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
EC Number
  • 202-376-3
UNII
Properties
C16H16N2O2
Molar mass 268.32
Melting point 126 °C (259 °F; 399 K)
Hazards
GHS pictograms GHS07: Harmful
GHS Signal word Warning
H315, H319, H335
P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+352, P304+340, P305+351+338, P312, P321, P332+313, P337+313, P362, P403+233, P405, P501
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Salen refers to a tetradentate C2-symmetric ligand synthesized from salicylaldehyde (sal) and ethylenediamine (en). It may also refer to a class of compounds, which are structurally related to the classical salen ligand, primarily bis-Schiff bases. Salen ligands are notable for coordinating a wide range of different metals, which they can often stabilise in various oxidation states.[1] For this reason salen-type compounds are used as metal deactivators. Metal salen complexes also find use as catalysts.[2]

Synthesis and properties

H2salen may be synthesized by the condensation of ethylenediamine and salicylaldehyde.[3]

Preparation of salen.svg
Salcomine, a complex of salen with cobalt
Jacobsen's salen-Mn catalyst

Complexes of salen with metal cations may be made without isolating it from the reaction mixture.[4][5] This is possible because the stability constant for the formation of the metal complexes are very high, due to the chelate effect.

H2L + Mn+ → ML(n−2)+ + 2 H+

where L stands for the ligand. The pyridine adduct of the cobalt(II) complex Co(salen)(py) (salcomine) has a square-pyramidal structure; it can act as a dioxygen carrier by forming a labile, octahedral O2 complex.[6][7]

The name “salen ligands” is used for tetradentate ligands which have similar structures. For example, in salpn there is a methyl substituent on the bridge. It is used as a metal deactivation additive in fuels.[8] The presence of bulky groups near the coordination site may enhance the catalytic activity of a metal complex and prevent its dimerization. Salen ligands derived from 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylaldehyde fulfill these roles, and also increase the solubility of the complexes in non-polar solvents like pentane. Chiral “salen” ligands may be created by proper substitution of the diamine backbone, the phenyl ring, or both.[5] An example is the ligand obtained by condensation of the C2-symmetric trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane with 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylaldehyde. Chiral ligands may be used in asymmetric synthesis reactions, such as the Jacobsen epoxidation:[9][10]

Related ligands

Synthesis and complexation of Jäger's ligand.[11]

A class of tetradentate ligands with the generic name acacen are obtained by the condensation of derivatives of acetylacetone and ethylenediamine.[11] Cobalt complexes [Co(acacen)L2]+, selectively inhibit the activities of histidine-containing proteins through exchange of the axial ligands. These compounds show promise for the inhibition of oncogenesis.[12]

The salan and salalen ligands are similar in structure to salen ligands, but have one or two saturated nitrogen-aryl bonds (amines rather than imines). They tend to be less rigid and more electron rich at the metal center than the corresponding salen complexes.[13][14] Salans can be synthesized by the alkylation of an appropriate amine with a phenolic alkyl halide. The “half-salen” ligands have only one salicylimine group. They are prepared from a salicylaldehyde and a monoamine.[15]

The name “salen” or “salen-type” may be used for other ligands that have similar environment around the chelating site, namely two acidic hydroxyls and two Schiff base (aryl-imine) groups. These include the ligands abbreviated as salph, from the condensation of 1,2-phenylenediamine and salicylaldehyde, and salqu, from the condensation of salicylaldehyde and 2-quinoxalinol.[16]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Cozzi, Pier Giorgio (2004). "Metal–Salen Schiff base complexes in catalysis: practical aspects". Chem. Soc. Rev. 33 (7): 410–421. doi:10.1039/B307853C. PMID 15354222. 
  2. ↑ Shaw, Subrata; White, James D. (11 June 2019). "Asymmetric Catalysis Using Chiral Salen–Metal Complexes: Recent Advances". Chemical Reviews 119 (16): 9381–9426. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00074. PMID 31184109. 
  3. ↑ Tsumaki, T. (1938). "Nebenvalenzringverbindungen. IV. Über einige innerkomplexe Kobaltsalze der Oxyaldimine" (in German). Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 13 (2): 252–260. doi:10.1246/bcsj.13.252. 
  4. ↑ Diehl, Harvey; Hach, Clifford C. (1950). "Bis( N,N '‐Disalicylalethylenediamine)‐μ ‐ Aquodicobalt(II)". Inorganic Syntheses. 3. 196–201. doi:10.1002/9780470132340.ch53. ISBN 978-0-470-13234-0. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Pier Giorgio Cozzi (2004). "Metal-Salen Schiff base complexes in catalysis: Practical aspects". Chem. Soc. Rev. 33 (7): 410–421. doi:10.1039/B307853C. PMID 15354222. 
  6. ↑ Appleton, T. G. (1977). "Oxygen Uptake by a Cobalt(II) Complex". J. Chem. Educ. 54 (7): 443. doi:10.1021/ed054p443. 
  7. ↑ Yamada, Shoichiro (1999). "Advancement in stereochemical aspects of Schiff base metal complexes". Coordination Chemistry Reviews 190–192: 537–555. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(99)00099-5. 
  8. ↑ Dabelstein, W.; Reglitzky A.; Schutze A.; Reders, K.. "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a16_719.pub2. 
  9. ↑ Larrow, J. F.; Jacobsen, E. N. (2004). "(R,R)-N,N'-Bis(3,5-Di-tert-Butylsalicylidene)-1,2-Cyclohexanediamino Manganese(III) Chloride, A Highly Enantioselective Epoxidation Catalyst". Organic Syntheses. http://www.orgsyn.org/demo.aspx?prep=V75P0001. ; Collective Volume, 10, pp. 96 
  10. ↑ Yoon, TP; Jacobsen, EN (2003). "Privileged Chiral Catalysts". Science 299 (5613): 1691–1693. doi:10.1126/science.1083622. PMID 12637734. Bibcode: 2003Sci...299.1691Y. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Weber, Birgit; Jäger, Ernst-G. (2009). "Structure and Magnetic Properties of Iron(II/III) Complexes with N2O2–2-Coordinating Schiff Base-Like Ligands". Eur. J. Inorg. Chem.: 455. doi:10.1002/ejic.200990003. 
  12. ↑ Bajema, Elizabeth A.; Kaleigh F. Roberts; Meade, Thomas J. (2019). "Chapter 11. Cobalt-Schiff Base Complexes:Preclinical Research and Potential Therapeutic Uses". in Sigel, Astrid; Freisinger, Eva; Sigel, Roland K. O. et al.. Essential Metals in Medicine:Therapeutic Use and Toxicity of Metal Ions in the Clinic. 19. Berlin: de Gruyter GmbH. 267–301. doi:10.1515/9783110527872-017. ISBN 978-3-11-052691-2. 
  13. ↑ Atwood, David A.; Remington, Michael P.; Rutherford, Drew (1996). "Use of the Salan Ligands to Form Bimetallic Aluminum Complexes". Organometallics 15 (22): 4763. doi:10.1021/om960505r. 
  14. ↑ Berkessel, Albrecht; Brandenburg, Marc; Leitterstorf, Eva; Frey, Julia; Lex, Johann; Schäfer, Mathias (2007). "A Practical and Versatile Access to Dihydrosalen (Salalen) Ligands: Highly Enantioselective Titanium. In Situ Catalysts for Asymmetric Epoxidation with Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide". Adv. Synth. Catal. 349 (14–15): 2385. doi:10.1002/adsc.200700221. 
  15. ↑ Pang, Xuan; Duan, Ranlong; Li, Xiang; Sun, Zhiqiang; Zhang, Han; Wang, Xianhong; Chen, Xuesi (2014). "Synthesis and characterization of half-salen complexes and their application in the polymerization of lactide and ε-caprolactone". Polymer Chemistry 5 (23): 6857–6864. doi:10.1039/C4PY00734D. 
  16. ↑ Wu, Xianghong, Gorden, A. V. E. (2009). "2-Quinoxalinol Salen Copper Complexes for Oxidation of Aryl Methylenes". Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2009 (4): 503–509. doi:10.1002/ejoc.200800928. 



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