Chemistry:Sunset Yellow FCF

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Short description: Chemical compound used as colorant
Sunset Yellow FCF
FD&C Yellow 6.svg
Sunset Yellow FCF ball-and-stick.png
Names
IUPAC name
Disodium 6-hydroxy-5-[(4-sulfophenyl)azo]-2-naphthalenesulfonate
Other names
Orange Yellow S; FD&C Yellow 6; C.I. 15985; E110
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
KEGG
UNII
Properties
C16H10N2Na2O7S2
Molar mass 452.36 g·mol−1
Melting point 300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
Flammability code 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oilHealth code 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroformReactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no codeNFPA 704 four-colored diamond
1
2
0
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is ☑Y☒N ?)
Infobox references

Sunset Yellow FCF (also known as Orange Yellow S, or C.I. 15985) is a petroleum-derived orange azo dye with a pH dependent maximum absorption at about 480 nm at pH 1 and 443 nm at pH 13 with a shoulder at 500 nm.[1][2]:463 When added to foods sold in the United States it is known as FD&C Yellow 6; when sold in Europe, it is denoted by E Number E110.[3]

Uses

Sunset Yellow is used in foods and condoms, cosmetics, and drugs. Sunset Yellow FCF is used as an orange or yellow-orange dye.[4][5][6][7]:4 For example, it is used in candy, desserts, snacks, sauces, and preserved fruits.[1]:463–465 Sunset Yellow is often used in conjunction with E123, amaranth, to produce a brown colouring in both chocolates and caramel.[8]

Safety

The acceptable daily intake (ADI) is 0–4 mg/kg under both EU and WHO/FAO guidelines.[1]:465[9] Sunset Yellow FCF has no carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, or developmental toxicity in the amounts at which it is used.[1]:465[9]

It has been claimed since the late 1970s under the advocacy of Benjamin Feingold that Sunset Yellow FCF causes food intolerance and ADHD-like behavior in children but there is no scientific evidence to support these broad claims.[10]:452 It is possible that certain food coloring may act as a trigger in those who are genetically predisposed, but the evidence is weak.[11][12]

Regulation as food additive

Europe

Sunset Yellow FCF was banned or restricted around year 2000 as a food additive in Norway , Finland and Sweden.[13][14]

In 2008, the Food Standards Agency of the UK called for food manufacturers to voluntarily stop using six food additive colours, Tartrazine, Allura Red, Ponceau 4R, Quinoline Yellow WS, Sunset Yellow and Carmoisine (dubbed the "Southampton 6") by 2009,[15] and provided a document to assist in replacing the colors with other colors.[16]

An EU regulation came into effect in 2010 mandating that food manufacturers include a label on foods containing the Southampton 6 stating: "may have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children".[15]

United States

Sunset Yellow FCF is known as FD&C Yellow No. 6 in the US and is approved for use in coloring food, drugs, and cosmetics with an acceptable daily intake of 3.75 mg/kg.[12]:2,7

Society and culture

Since the 1970s and the well-publicized advocacy of Benjamin Feingold, there has been public concern that food colorings may cause ADHD-like behavior in children.[12] These concerns have led the FDA and other food safety authorities to regularly review the scientific literature, and led the UK FSA to commission a study by researchers at Southampton University of the effect of a mixture of the "Southampton 6" and sodium benzoate (a preservative) on children in the general population who consumed them in beverages; the study published in 2007.[12][15] The study found "a possible link between the consumption of these artificial colours and a sodium benzoate preservative and increased hyperactivity" in the children;[12][15] the advisory committee to the FSA that evaluated the study also determined that because of study limitations, the results could not be extrapolated to the general population, and further testing was recommended".[12]

The European regulatory community, with a stronger emphasis on the precautionary principle, required labelling and temporarily reduced the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for the food colorings; the UK FSA called for voluntary withdrawal of the colorings by food manufacturers.[12][15] However, in 2009 the EFSA re-evaluated the data at hand and determined that "the available scientific evidence does not substantiate a link between the color additives and behavioral effects"[12][17] and in 2014 after further review of the data, the EFSA restored the prior ADI levels.[9]

The US FDA did not make changes following the publication of the Southampton study, but following a citizen petition filed by the Center for Science in the Public Interest in 2008, requesting the FDA to ban several food additives, the FDA commenced a review of the available evidence, and still made no changes.[12]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Abbey J (2013). Colorants. 2: Hazards and Diseases. Academic Press. pp. 459–465. ISBN 9780123786135. 
  2. ↑ Committee on Food Chemicals Codex (2003). Food chemicals codex (5th ed.). Washington, DC: National Academy Press. ISBN 9780309088664. 
  3. ↑ Wood, Roger M. (2004). Analytical methods for food additives. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 1-85573-722-1. 
  4. ↑ Codex Alimentarius (Codex GFSA) Online. Updated up to the 37th Session of the Codex Alimentarius Commission (2014) Sunset yellow FCF (110)
  5. ↑ FDA December 2009 Color Additive Status List
  6. ↑ EU Food Additive Database Sunset Yellow FCF/Orange Yellow S. Database accessed 6 December 2014]
  7. ↑ European Medicines Agency 19 June 2007 [Guideline on Excipients in the Dossier for Application for Marketing Authorisation of a Medicinal Product]
  8. ↑ Food: The Chemistry of Its Components. Royal Society of Chemistry. 2009. ISBN 9780854041114. https://books.google.com/books?id=KF2A8Cz7B-cC&q=%22sunset%20yellow%22%20%20chocolate%20-citation&pg=PA248. Retrieved 2014-12-06. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Reconsideration of the temporary ADI and refined exposure assessment for Sunset Yellow FCF (E 110)". EFSA Journal 12 (7): 3765. 2014. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3765. 
  10. ↑ Tomaska LD and Brooke-Taylor, S. Food Additives - General pp 449-454 in Encyclopedia of Food Safety, Vol 2: Hazards and Diseases. Eds, Motarjemi Y et al. Academic Press, 2013. ISBN:9780123786135
  11. ↑ Millichap JG; Yee MM (February 2012). "The diet factor in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Pediatrics 129 (2): 330–337. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2199. PMID 22232312. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 FDA. Background Document for the Food Advisory Committee: Certified Color Additives in Food and Possible Association with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: March 30-31, 2011
  13. ↑ "The additives which could be banned". The Telegraph. 2009. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/3453522/The-additives-which-could-be-banned.html. 
  14. ↑ "Food additives". CBC News. 29 September 2008. http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/foodsafety/additives.html. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Sarah Chapman of Chapman Technologies on behalf of Food Standards Agency in Scotland. March 2011 [Guidelines on approaches to the replacement of Tartrazine, Allura Red, Ponceau 4R, Quinoline Yellow, Sunset Yellow and Carmoisine in food and beverages]
  16. ↑ "Guidelines on approaches to the replacement of Tartrazine, Allura Red, Ponceau 4R, Quinoline Yellow, Sunset Yellow and Carmoisine in food and beverages". FSA. http://www.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/multimedia/pdfs/publication/guidelinessotonsixcolours.pdf. 
  17. ↑ "Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of Sunset Yellow FCF (E 110) as a food additive". EFSA Journal 7 (11): 1330. 2009. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1330. 




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