Chemistry:Tetrathiafulvalene

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Short description: Organosulfuric compound with formula C6H4S4
Tetrathiafulvalene
Skeletal formula of tetrathiafulvalene
Ball-and-stick model of the tetrathiafulvalene molecule
Sample of TTF.jpg
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
2,2′-Bi(1,3-dithiolylidene)
Other names
Δ2,2-Bi-1,3-dithiole
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
1282106
ChEBI
ChemSpider
EC Number
  • 250-593-7
UNII
Properties
C6H4S4
Molar mass 204.34 g·mol−1
Appearance Yellow solid
Melting point 116 to 119 °C (241 to 246 °F; 389 to 392 K)
Boiling point Decomposes
Insoluble
Solubility in organic solvents Soluble[vague]
Structure
0 D
Hazards[1]
Main hazards combustible
GHS pictograms GHS07: Harmful
GHS Signal word Warning
H317
P261, P280, P302+352, P333+313, P363, P501
Related compounds
Related compounds
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) is an organosulfur compound with the formula (C
3H
2S
2)
2. Studies on this heterocyclic compound contributed to the development of molecular electronics. TTF is related to the hydrocarbon fulvalene, (C
5H
4)
2, by replacement of four CH groups with sulfur atoms. Over 10,000 scientific publications discuss TTF and its derivatives.[2]

Preparation

The high level of interest in TTFs has spawned the development of many syntheses of TTF and its analogues.[2] Most preparations entail the coupling of cyclic C
3S
2 building blocks such as 1,3-dithiole-2-thion or the related 1,3-dithiole-2-ones. For TTF itself, the synthesis begins with the cyclic trithiocarbonate H
2C
2S
2C=S (1,3-dithiole-2-thione), which is S-methylated and then reduced to give H
2C
2S
2CH(SCH
3) (1,3-dithiole-2-yl methyl thioether), which is treated as follows:[3]

H
2C
2S
2CH(SCH
3) + H[BF
4] → [H
2C
2S
2CH]+
[BF
4]−
 + CH
3SH
2 [H
2C
2S
2CH]+
[BF
4]−
 + 2 N(CH
2CH
3)
3 → (H
2C
2S
2C)
2 + 2 [NH(CH
2CH
3)
3]+
[BF
4]−

Redox properties

Bulk TTF itself has unremarkable electrical properties. Distinctive properties are, however, associated with salts of its oxidized derivatives, such as salts derived from TTF+
.

The high electrical conductivity of TTF salts can be attributed to the following features of TTF:

  • its planarity, which allows π-π stacking of its oxidized derivatives,
  • its high symmetry, which promotes charge delocalization, thereby minimizing coulombic repulsions, and
  • its ability to undergo oxidation at mild potentials to give a stable radical cation. Electrochemical measurements show that TTF can be oxidized twice reversibly:
TTF → TTF+
 + e−
 (E = 0.34 V)
TTF+
 → TTF2+ + e−
 (E = 0.78 V, vs. Ag/AgCl in CH
3CN solution)

Each dithiolylidene ring in TTF has 7π electrons: 2 for each sulfur atom, 1 for each sp2 carbon atom. Thus, oxidation converts each ring to an aromatic 6π-electron configuration, consequently leaving the central double bond essentially a single bond, as all π-electrons occupy ring orbitals.

History

Edge-on view of portion of crystal structure of hexamethyleneTTF/TCNQ charge transfer salt, highlighting the segregated stacking.[4]

The salt [TTF+]Cl− was reported to be a semiconductor in 1972.[5] Subsequently, the charge-transfer salt [TTF]TCNQ was shown to be a narrow band gap semiconductor.[6] X-ray diffraction studies of [TTF][TCNQ] revealed stacks of partially oxidized TTF molecules adjacent to anionic stacks of TCNQ molecules. This "segregated stack" motif was unexpected and is responsible for the distinctive electrical properties, i.e. high and anisotropic electrical conductivity. Since these early discoveries, numerous analogues of TTF have been prepared. Well studied analogues include tetramethyltetrathiafulvalene (Me4TTF), tetramethylselenafulvalenes (TMTSFs), and bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF, CAS [66946-48-3]).[7] Several tetramethyltetrathiafulvalene salts (called Fabre salts) are of some relevance as organic superconductors.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Tetrathiafulvalene" (in en). https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/99451#section=Safety-and-Hazards. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Bendikov, M; Wudl, F; Perepichka, D F (2004). "Tetrathiafulvalenes, Oligoacenenes, and Their Buckminsterfullerene Derivatives: The Brick and Mortar of Organic Electronics". Chemical Reviews 104 (11): 4891–4945. doi:10.1021/cr030666m. PMID 15535637. 
  3. ↑ Wudl, F.; Kaplan, M. L. (1979). "2,2′‐Bi‐L,3‐Dithiolylidene (Tetrathiafulvalene, TTF) and its Radical Cation Salts". Inorganic Syntheses. 19. 27–30. doi:10.1002/9780470132500.ch7. ISBN 978-0-470-13250-0. 
  4. ↑ D. Chasseau; G. Comberton; J. Gaultier; C. Hauw (1978). "Réexamen de la structure du complexe hexaméthylène-tétrathiafulvalène-tétracyanoquinodiméthane". Acta Crystallographica Section B 34 (2): 689. doi:10.1107/S0567740878003830. 
  5. ↑ Wudl, F.; Wobschall, D.; Hufnagel, E. J. (1972). "Electrical Conductivity by the Bis(1,3-dithiole)-bis(1,3-dithiolium) System". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 94 (2): 670–672. doi:10.1021/ja00757a079. 
  6. ↑ Ferraris, J.; Cowan, D. O.; Walatka, V. V., Jr.; Perlstein, J. H. (1973). "Electron transfer in a new highly conducting donor-acceptor complex". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95 (3): 948–949. doi:10.1021/ja00784a066. 
  7. ↑ Larsen, J.; Lenoir, C. (1998). "2,2'-Bi-5,6-Dihydro-1,3-Dithiolo[4,5-b][1,4]dithiinylidene (BEDT-TTF)". Organic Syntheses. http://www.orgsyn.org/demo.aspx?prep=cv9p0072. ; Collective Volume, 9, pp. 72 

Further reading



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