Chemistry:Tutton's salt

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Short description: Class of chemical compounds

Tutton's salts are a family of salts with the formula M2M'(SO4)2(H2O)6 (sulfates) or M2M'(SeO4)2(H2O)6 (selenates). These materials are double salts, which means that they contain two different cations, M+ and M'2+ crystallized in the same regular ionic lattice.[1] The univalent cation can be potassium, rubidium, cesium, ammonium (NH4), deuterated ammonium (ND4) or thallium. Sodium or lithium ions are too small. The divalent cation can be magnesium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc or cadmium. In addition to sulfate and selenate, the divalent anion can be chromate (CrO42−), tetrafluoroberyllate (BeF42−), hydrogenphosphate (HPO42−)[2] or monofluorophosphate (PO3F2−). Tutton's salts crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/a.[3] The robustness is the result of the complementary hydrogen-bonding between the tetrahedral anions and cations as well their interactions with the metal aquo complex [M(H2O)6]2+.

Examples and related compounds

Perhaps the best-known is Mohr's salt, ferrous ammonium sulfate (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.(H2O)6).[4] Other examples include the vanadous Tutton salt (NH4)2V(SO4)2(H2O)6 and the chromous Tutton salt (NH4)2Cr(SO4)2(H2O)6.[5] In solids and solutions, the M'2+ ion exists as a metal aquo complex [M'(H2O)6]2+.

Related to the Tutton's salts are the alums, which are also double salts but with the formula MM'(SO4)2(H2O)12. The Tutton's salts were once termed "false alums".[6]

  • Unit cell of ferrous ammonium sulfate (N is violet, O is red, S is orange, Fe is large red).

  • The same structure with hydrogen bonding network highlighted.

History

Tutton salts are sometimes called Schönites after the naturally occurring mineral called Schönite (K2Mg(SO4)2(H2O)6). They are named for Alfred Edwin Howard Tutton, who identified and characterised a large range of these salts around 1900.[7]
Such salts were of historical importance because they were obtainable in high purity and served as reliable reagents and spectroscopic standards.

Table of salts

M1 M2 formula name a Å b Å c Å β° V Å3 colour Nα Nβ Nγ Biaxial 2V other
K Cd K2[Cd(H2O)6](SO4)2 Potassium cadmium sulfate hexahydrate[8]
Cs Cd Cs2[Cd(H2O)6](SO4)2 caesium cadmium sulphate hexahydrate[9]
NH4 Cd (NH4)2[Cd(H2O)6](SO4)2 Ammonium Cadmium Sulfate Hydrate 9.395 12.776 6.299 106°43' 727.63 colourless l.486 1.488 1.494 Biaxial(-f) large[10] density=2.05[11]

Slowly loses water in dry air.[12]

K Co K2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2[13] Potassium cobaltous sulfate[14] 6.151 9.061 12.207 104.8° 657.78[15] red density=2.21
Rb Co Rb2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2 Rubidium hexaaquacobalt(II) sulphate 6.24 9.19 12.453 105.99° 686.5[12] ruby-red[16] desnsity=2.56
Cs Co Cs2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2 Caesium hexaaquacobalt(II) sulphate 9.318(1) 12.826(3) 6.3650(9) 107.13(1)° 727.0[17] dark red
NH4 Co (NH4)2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2[18] Cobaltous ammonium sulfate hexahydrate 6.242 9.255 12.549 106.98° 693.3[19] purple[20] density=1.89
Tl Co Tl2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2 Cobaltous thallium sulfate hexahydrate, Thallium hexaaquacobalt(II) sulfate, 9.227(1) 12.437(2) 6.220(1) 106.40(1)° 684.7 light red[21]
Tl Co Tl2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2 dithallium cobalt sulfate hexahydrate 9.235(1) 12.442(2) 6.227(1) 106.40(1)° yellowish pink 1.599 1.613 1.624 biaxial(-) medium large[22] density=4.180 g/cm3
Rb Cr Rb2[Cr(H2O)6](SO4)2[23] dirubidium chromium sulfate hexahydrate
Cs Cr Cs2[Cr(H2O)6](SO4)2[23] dicaesium chromium sulfate hexahydrate
ND4 Cr (ND4)2Cr(SO4)2 • 6H2O[23] dideuterated ammonium chromium sulfate hexahydrate bright blue, formed from [math]\displaystyle{ \ce{CrSO4.3H2O} }[/math] with ammonium sulfate in minimal water under nitrogen gas. Stable in air from oxidation, but may dehydrate.[24]
K Cu K2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2 cyanochroite[14] 9.27 12.44 6.30 104.47[25] 663.0[25] pale green blue density=2.21[25] within unit cell 7.76 between two Cu atoms[26]
Rb Cu Rb2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2 Dirubidium hexaaquacopper sulfate 9.267 12.366 6.228 105°19' 686.8 brilliant greenish blue 1.488 1.491 1.506 biaxial (+)[27] medium density=2.580g/cm3[10] Cu-O 2.098 Å Rb-O 3.055 Å.[27]
Cs Cu Cs2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2[28] dicaesium hexaaquacopper sulfate 9.439 12.762 6.310 106°11' 718.5 brilliant greenish blue, 1.504 1.506 1.514 biaxial (+) density=2.864g/cm3[29]
NH4 Cu (NH4)2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2 ammonium hexaaquacopper(II) sulfate[30] 6.31 12.38 9.22 106.16° 691.25[31] density=1.921;[31] heat of formation=-777.9 kcal/mol[31] Jahn-Teller distortion axis switches under pressure of ~1500 bars, a,b axis shrinks 3.3% and 3.5% and c axis extends 4.5%.[30]
Tl Cu Tl2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2 Thallium copper sulfate hydrate 9.268 12.364 6.216 105°33' brilliant greenish blue 1.600 1.610 1.620 biaxial very large[32] density=3.740 g/cm3
K Fe K2[Fe(H2O)6](SO4)2 dipotassium iron sulfate hexahydrate[14]
Rb Fe Rb2[Fe(H2O)6](SO4)2 Rubidium iron sulfate hydrate 9.218 12.497 6.256 105°45' pale green 1.480 1.489 1.501 biaxial (+) large, density=2.523g/cm3[33]
Cs Fe Cs2[Fe(H2O)6](SO4)2 Caesium hexaaquairon(II) sulphate 9.357(2) 12.886(2) 6.381(1) 106.94(1)° 736.0 dark yellow[17] very pale green 1.501 1.504 1.516 biaxial (+) medium[34] density=2.805
NH4 Fe (NH4)2[Fe(H2O)6](SO4)2 mohrite[14] 6.24(1) 12.65(2) 9.32(2) 106.8(1) 704.28 vitreous pale green density=1.85 named after Karl Friedrich Mohr[35]
Tl Fe Tl2[Fe(H2O)6](SO4)2 Thallium hexaaquairon(II) sulfate 9.262(2) 12.497(1) 6.235(2) 106.15(1)° 693.2[21] light green 1.590 1.605 =1.616 biaxial (-) large density=3.662g/cm3[36]
K Mg K2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2 picromerite 9.04 12.24 6.095 104° 48'[14] colourless or white 1.460 1.462 1.472 biaxial (+) medium density=2.025g/cm3;[37] expanded second coordination sphere around Mg.[14]
Rb Mg Rb2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2 rubidium magnesium sulphate hexahydrate[38] 9.235 12.486 6.224 105°59' colourless 1.467 1.469 1.476[39] biaxial
Cs Mg Cs2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2 Cesium hexaaquamagnesium sulphate 9.338(2) 12.849(4) 6.361(2) 107.07(2)° 729.6 colourless[17] 1.481 1.485 1.492 biaxial(+) medium density=2.689[40]
NH4 Mg (NH4)2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2 boussingaultite 9.28 12.57 6.2 107°6'[14][18]
NH4 Mg (NH4)2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2 Ammonium Magnesium Chromium Oxide Hydrate 9.508±.001 12.674 6.246 106°14' bright yellow 1.637 1.638 1.653 biaxial(+) small density=1.840 g/cm 3[10]
Tl Mg Tl2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2[41] dithallium magnesium sulfate hexahydrate 9.22 9.262(2) 12.42 12.459(2) 6.185 6.207(1) 106°30' 106.39(2)° 687.1 colourless[21] density=3.532 g/cm3
Rb Mn Rb2[Mn(H2O)6](SO4)2 Dirubidium hexaaquamanganese sulfate(VI) 9.282(2) 12.600(2) 6.254(2) 105.94(2) 703.3Å3[42][43]
Cs Mn Cs2[Mn(H2O)6](SO4)2 Caesium hexaaquamanganese(II) sulphate 9.418(3) 12.963(2) 6.386(3) 107.17(4)° 744.9 pale pink[17] purplish white[44] 1.495 1.497 1.502 biaxial(+) large density=2.763[44]
NH4 Mn (NH4)2[Mn(H2O)6](SO4)2 manganese ammonium sulfate hexahydrate 9.40 12.74 6.26 107.0°[45] pale pink 1.482 1.456 1.492 biaxial(+) large density=1.827 [46]
Tl Mn Tl2[Mn(H2O)6](SO4)2 Thallium manganese sulfate hexahydrate 9.3276(6), 9.322(2) 12.5735(8), 12.565(2) 6.2407(4), and 6.233(1) 106.310(3)°[47] 106.29(2)°, 700.8[21] light pink
K Ni K2Ni(SO4)2 • 6H2O[13] Potassium Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate[14] used as UV filter[48]
Rb Ni Rb2[Ni(H2O)6](SO4)2 Rubidium Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate 6.221 12.41 9.131 106.055° 677.43 001 surface has step growth of 4.6 Å, optical transmission bands at 250, 500 and 860 nm which are the same as nickel sulfate hexahydrate, but UV band transmits more. Heavy absorption 630-720 nm and 360-420 nm3 density 2.596 g cm−3.[48] stable to 100.5 °C solubility in g/100ml=0.178t + 4.735 MW=529.87
Cs Ni Cs2[Ni(H2O)6](SO4)2 Caesium hexaaquanickel(II) sulphate, Cesium Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate 9.259(2) 12.767(2) 6.358(1) 107.00(2)° 718.7[17] greenish blue 1.507 1.512 1.516 biaxial(-) very large density=2.883 [49] used as UV filter[48]
NH4 Ni (NH4)2[Ni(H2O)6](SO4)2 nickel-boussingaultite[14][50] 9.186 12.468 6.424 684.0 blueish green.[51][52] density=1.918 cas=51287-85-5
Tl Ni Tl2[Ni(H2O)6](SO4)2 Thallium hexaaquanickel(II) sulfate 9.161(2) 12.389(2) 6.210(2) 106.35(2)° 676.3 greenish blue[21] 1.602 1.615 1.620 biaxial(-) large density=3.763[53]
K Ru K2[Ru(H2O)6](SO4)2 [54] 8.950 12.268 6.135 105.27 644
Rb Ru Rb2[Ru(H2O)6](SO4)2 [54] 9.132 12.527 6.351 106.30
K V K2[V(H2O)6](SO4)2 Vanadium(II) potassium sulfate hexahydrate [55]
Rb V Rb2[V(H2O)6](SO4)2 Rubidium vanadium(II) sulfate
NH4 V (NH4)2[V(H2O)6](SO4)2 Vanadium(II) ammonium sulfate hexahydrate 9.42 12.76 6.22 107.2° 714.2 amethyst density=1.8 V-O length 2.15Å[56]
K Zn K2[Zn(H2O)6](SO4)2[13][14] dipotassium zinc sulphate hexahydrate 9.041 12.310 6.182 104.777° colourless 1.478 1.481 1.496 biaxial large density=2.242g/cm3[57] Thermal decomposition at 252K.[58]
Rb Zn Rb2[Zn(H2O)6](SO4)2 Rubidium Zinc Sulphate Hexahydrate[59] 9.185 12.450 6.242 105°54' colourless 1.483 1.489 1.497 biaxial large [60]
Cs Zn Cs2[Zn(H2O)6](SO4)2 zinc cesium sulphate hexahydrate [61] 9.314(2) 12.817(2) 6.369(2) 106.94(2)° 727.3 colourless[17] 1.507 1.610 1.615 biaxial(-) large density=2.881 [62]
NH4 Zn (NH4)2[Zn(H2O)6](SO4)2 9.205 12.475 6.225 106°52'[18] 684.1 heat of fusion 285 J/g[63]
Tl Zn Tl2[Zn(H2O)6](SO4)2 Thallium hexaaquazinc(II) sulfate [64] 9.219(2) 12.426(2) 6.226(1) 106.29(2)° 684.6 colourless[21]
selenates
Cs Ni Cs2[Zn(H2O)6](SeO4)2 Dicaesium nickel selenate hexahydrate[65] 7.4674 7.9152 11.7972 106.363 669.04 light green
Rb Cu Rb2[Cu(H2O)6](SeO4)2 Dirubidium copper selenate hexahydrate[66] 6.363 12.431 9.373 104.33 718.3

Organic salts

Some organic bases can also form salts that crystallise like Tutton's salts.

formula name a Å b Å c Å β° V Å3 colour Nα Nβ Nγ Biaxial 2V other
(C4H12N2)[Zn(H2O)6](SO4)2 piperazinediium hexaaquazinc(II) bis(sulfate)[67] 12.9562 10.6502 13.3251 114.032 1679.30 Colourless
cadmium creatininium sulfate[68] 6.5584 27.871 7.1955 110.371 1232.99 colourless

References

  1. ↑ Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2008). Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 699. ISBN 978-0-13-175553-6. 
  2. ↑ Ettoumi, Houda; Bulou, Alain; Suñol, Joan Josep; Mhiri, Tahar (November 2015). "Synthesis, crystal structure, and vibrational study of [math]\displaystyle{ \ce{K2Cu(HPO4)2.6H2O} }[/math]: A new metal hydrogenphosphate compound". Journal of Molecular Structure 1099: 181–188. doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.06.060. Bibcode: 2015JMoSt1099..181E. 
  3. ↑ Bosi, Ferdinando; Belardi, Girolamo; Ballirano, Paolo (2009). "Structural features in Tutton's salts K2[M2+(H2O)6](SO4)2, with M2+ = Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn". American Mineralogist 94 (1): 74–82. doi:10.2138/am.2009.2898. Bibcode: 2009AmMin..94...74B. 
  4. ↑ B. N. Figgis; E. S. Kucharski; P. A. Reynolds; F. Tasset (1989). "The structure of [math]\displaystyle{ \ce{(ND4)2Fe(SO4)2.6D2O} }[/math] at 4.3 K by neutron diffraction". Acta Crystallogr. C45: 942–944. doi:10.1107/S0108270188013903. 
  5. ↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. 
  6. ↑ Taylor, F. Sherwood (1942). Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry (6th ed.). William Heinemann. 
  7. ↑ A. E. Tutton (1900–1901). "A Comparative Crystallographical Study of the Double Selenates of the Series [math]\displaystyle{ \ce{R2M(SeO4)2.6H2O} }[/math].—Salts in Which M Is Zinc". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 67 (435–441): 58–84. doi:10.1098/rspl.1900.0002. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k56160k/f65.table. 
  8. ↑ Nyquist, Richard A.; Kagel, Ronald O. (30 March 1972). Handbook of Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic Compounds and Organic Salts: Infrared Spectra of Inorganic Compounds. Academic Press. pp. 297–298. ISBN 9780080878522. https://books.google.com/books?id=RhJg4WCbm0gC&pg=PA297. Retrieved 18 June 2013.  (also includes Ni Cu )
  9. ↑ Lakshman, S.V.J.; T.V.Krishna Rao (1984). "Absorption spectrum of [math]\displaystyle{ \ce{VO2+} }[/math] ion doped in caesium cadmium sulphate hexahydrate single crystal". Solid State Communications 49 (6): 567–570. doi:10.1016/0038-1098(84)90193-5. ISSN 0038-1098. Bibcode: 1984SSCom..49..567L. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Swanson, H. E.; H. F. McMurdie (September 1970). "Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns". National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25 Section 8. National Bureau of Standards. http://digicoll.manoa.hawaii.edu/techreports/PDF/NBS25-8.pdf. 
  11. ↑ "materials database". http://crystdb.nims.go.jp/crystdb/search-details?pageS=1&search-type=search-materials&pageP=1&need_more_type=prototype_number&tab=pageA&isConditionValueError=false&page=1&tabDetail=pageS&pageSubP=1&reference_id=4294972343&pageSubD=1&tabSub=pageA&pageSubA=1&isVisiblePeriodicTable=true&isNeedMoreValueError=false&need_more_value=&substance_id=42536&material_id=4296667433&condition_value=S+O+H+Cd+N&pageSubS=1&history=true&pageD=0&pageA=1&condition_type=chemical_system&errorCode=0. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Materials Database". http://crystdb.nims.go.jp/crystdb/search-details?pageS=1&search-type=search-materials&pageP=1&need_more_type=prototype_number&tab=pageA&isConditionValueError=false&page=1&tabDetail=pageS&pageSubP=1&reference_id=4294985020&pageSubD=1&tabSub=pageA&pageSubA=1&isVisiblePeriodicTable=true&isNeedMoreValueError=false&need_more_value=&substance_id=18039&material_id=4295275964&condition_value=S+O+H+Co+Rb&pageSubS=1&history=true&pageD=1&pageA=1&condition_type=chemical_system&errorCode=0. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Ananthanarayanan, V. (1961). "Raman spectra of crystalline double sulphates". Zeitschrift für Physik 163 (2): 144–157. doi:10.1007/BF01336872. ISSN 1434-6001. Bibcode: 1961ZPhy..163..144A. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 Bosi, F.; G. Belardi; P. Ballirano (2009). "Structural features in Tutton's salts [math]\displaystyle{ \ce{K2[M2+(H2O)6](SO4)2} }[/math], with [math]\displaystyle{ \ce{M2+ = Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and\ Zn} }[/math]". American Mineralogist 94 (1): 74–82. doi:10.2138/am.2009.2898. ISSN 0003-004X. Bibcode: 2009AmMin..94...74B. 
  15. ↑ "materials database". http://crystdb.nims.go.jp/crystdb/search-details?pageS=1&search-type=search-materials&pageP=1&need_more_type=prototype_number&tab=pageA&isConditionValueError=false&page=1&tabDetail=pageS&pageSubP=1&reference_id=4294972002&pageSubD=1&tabSub=pageA&pageSubA=1&isVisiblePeriodicTable=true&isNeedMoreValueError=false&need_more_value=&substance_id=42491&material_id=4296667332&condition_value=S+O+H+Co+K&pageSubS=1&history=true&pageD=1&pageA=1&condition_type=chemical_system&errorCode=0. 
  16. ↑ Krebs, Robert E. (2006-01-01). The History And Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59. ISBN 9780313334382. https://books.google.com/books?id=yb9xTj72vNAC&pg=PA59. Retrieved 17 June 2013. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Euler, H.; B. Barbier; A. Meents; A. Kirfel (2003). "Crystal structure of Tutton's salts, [math]\displaystyle{ \ce{Cs2[M^{II}(H2O)6](SO4)2} }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ \ce{M^{II} = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn} }[/math]". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. New Crystal Structures 218 (4): 409–413. doi:10.1524/ncrs.2003.218.4.409. ISSN 1433-7266. ftp://ftp.oldenbourg.de/pub/download/frei/ncs/218-4/409737_38_39_40_41_42.pdf. Retrieved 15 June 2013. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Ananthanarayanan, V. (June 1962). "Raman spectra of crystalline double sulphates Part II. Ammonium double sulphates". Zeitschrift für Physik 166 (3): 318–327. doi:10.1007/BF01380779. Bibcode: 1962ZPhy..166..318A. 
  19. ↑ "Materials database". http://crystdb.nims.go.jp/crystdb/search-details?pageS=1&search-type=search-materials&pageP=1&need_more_type=prototype_number&tab=pageA&isConditionValueError=false&page=1&tabDetail=pageS&pageSubP=1&reference_id=4294985081&pageSubD=1&tabSub=pageA&pageSubA=1&isVisiblePeriodicTable=true&isNeedMoreValueError=false&need_more_value=&substance_id=17860&material_id=4295275630&condition_value=S+O+H+Co+N&pageSubS=1&history=true&pageD=1&pageA=1&condition_type=chemical_system&errorCode=0. 
  20. ↑ Lim, Ae Ran (2011). "Thermodynamic properties and phase transitions of Tutton salt [math]\displaystyle{ \ce{(NH4)2Co(SO4)2.6H2O} }[/math] crystals". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 109 (3): 1619–1623. doi:10.1007/s10973-011-1849-2. ISSN 1388-6150. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 Euler, Harald; Bruno Barbier; Alke Meents; Armin Kirfel (2009). "Crystal structures of Tutton′s salts [math]\displaystyle{ \ce{Tl2[M^{II}(H2O)6](SO4)2} }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ \ce{M^{II} = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn} }[/math]". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures 224 (3): 355–359. doi:10.1524/ncrs.2009.0157. ISSN 1433-7266. 
  22. ↑ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 70. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13215/m1/76/. Retrieved June 17, 2013. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Dobe, Christopher; Christopher Noble; Graham Carver; Philip L. W. Tregenna-Piggott; Garry J. McIntyre; Anne-Laure Barra; Antonia Neels; Stefan Janssen et al. (2004). "Electronic and Molecular Structure of High-Spin d4 Complexes: Experimental and Theoretical Study of the [Cr(D2O)6]2+Cation in Tutton's Salts". Journal of the American Chemical Society 126 (50): 16639–16652. doi:10.1021/ja046095c. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 15600370. 
  24. ↑ Dobe, Christopher; Hans-Peter Andres; Philip L.W. Tregenna-Piggott; Susanne Mossin; Høgni Weihe; Stefan Janssen (2002). "Variable temperature inelastic neutron scattering study of chromium(II) Tutton salt: manifestation of the 5E ⊗ e Jahn–Teller effect". Chemical Physics Letters 362 (5–6): 387–396. doi:10.1016/S0009-2614(02)01131-4. ISSN 0009-2614. Bibcode: 2002CPL...362..387D. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 "materials database". http://crystdb.nims.go.jp/crystdb/search-details?pageS=1&search-type=search-materials&pageP=0&need_more_type=prototype_number&tab=pageA&isConditionValueError=false&page=1&tabDetail=pageS&pageSubP=1&reference_id=4294981761&pageSubD=1&tabSub=pageA&pageSubA=1&isVisiblePeriodicTable=true&isNeedMoreValueError=false&need_more_value=&substance_id=26625&material_id=4295348888&condition_value=S+O+Cu+K+H&pageSubS=1&history=true&pageD=1&pageA=1&condition_type=chemical_system&errorCode=0. 
  26. ↑ Zhou, Dawei; R. W. Kreilick (1993). "Electron spin exchange in single crystals of copper Tutton's salt ([math]\displaystyle{ \ce{Cu(H2O)6(NH4)2SO4} }[/math])". The Journal of Physical Chemistry 97 (37): 9304–9310. doi:10.1021/j100139a009. ISSN 0022-3654. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Ballirano, Paolo; Girolamo Belardi (2007). "Rietveld refinement of the Tutton's salt [math]\displaystyle{ \ce{Rb2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2} }[/math] from parallel-beam X-ray powder diffraction data". Acta Crystallographica Section E 63 (2): i56–i58. doi:10.1107/S1600536807002656. ISSN 1600-5368. 
  28. ↑ Ballirano, Paolo; Girolamo Belardi; Ferdinando Bosi (2007). "Redetermination of the Tutton's salt [math]\displaystyle{ \ce{Cs2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2} }[/math]". Acta Crystallographica Section E 63 (7): i164–i165. doi:10.1107/S1600536807029790. ISSN 1600-5368. 
  29. ↑ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H.. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 14. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13215/m1/20/. Retrieved June 17, 2013. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Simmons, Charles J.; Michael A. Hitchman; Horst Stratemeier; Arthur J. Schultz (1993). "High-pressure, low-temperature, single-crystal neutron diffraction study of deuterated and hydrogenous ammonium hexaaquacopper(II) sulfate (Tutton's salt): a pressure-switchable Jahn-Teller distortion". Journal of the American Chemical Society 115 (24): 11304–11311. doi:10.1021/ja00077a032. ISSN 0002-7863. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 "976 Diammonium hexaquacopper(ii) sulfate ([math]\displaystyle{ \ce{(NH4)2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2} }[/math]) (ICSD 62991)". http://openmopac.net/PM7_accuracy/data_solids/Diammonium_hexaquacopper_ii__sulfate___NH4_2_Cu_H2O_6__SO4_2___ICSD_62991__jmol.html. 
  32. ↑ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H.. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 72. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13215/m1/78/. Retrieved June 17, 2013. 
  33. ↑ Swanson, H. E.; H. F. McMurdie (September 1970). "Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns". National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25 Section 8. National Bureau of Standards. p. 64. http://digicoll.manoa.hawaii.edu/techreports/PDF/NBS25-8.pdf. 
  34. ↑ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 14. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13215/m1/49/. Retrieved June 17, 2013. 
  35. ↑ "Mohrite". Mineral Data Publishing. http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/mohrite.pdf. 
  36. ↑ Swanson, H. E.; H. F. McMurdie (September 1970). "Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns". National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25 Section 8. National Bureau of Standards. p. 87. http://digicoll.manoa.hawaii.edu/techreports/PDF/NBS25-8.pdf. 
  37. ↑ Swanson, H. E.; H. F. McMurdie (September 1970). "Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns". National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25 Section 8. National Bureau of Standards. p. 54. http://digicoll.manoa.hawaii.edu/techreports/PDF/NBS25-8.pdf. 
  38. ↑ Somasekharam, V.; Y.P. Reddy (1985). "Spectroscopic studies on vanadyl ion in rubidium magnesium sulphate hexahydrate". Solid State Communications 53 (8): 695–697. doi:10.1016/0038-1098(85)90380-1. ISSN 0038-1098. Bibcode: 1985SSCom..53..695S. 
  39. ↑ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H. (September 1970). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 8. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 70. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13216/m1/76/. Retrieved June 17, 2013. 
  40. ↑ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 18. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13215/m1/24/. Retrieved June 17, 2013. 
  41. ↑ Chand, Prem; R. Murali Krishna; J. Lakshmana Rao; S. V. J. Lakshman (1993). "EPR and optical studies of vanadyl complexes in two host-crystals of Tutton salts of thallium". Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 127 (2): 245–254. doi:10.1080/10420159308220322. ISSN 1042-0150. Bibcode: 1993REDS..127..245C. 
  42. ↑ [=60195 "ICSD for WWW"]. http://chem5.nchc.org.tw/icsd/details.php?id[]=60195. 
  43. ↑ Euler, H.; B. Barbier; S. Klumpp; A. Kirfel (2000). "Crystal structure of Tutton's salts, [math]\displaystyle{ \ce{Rb2[M^{II}(H2O)6](SO4)2} }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ \ce{M^{II} = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn} }[/math]". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. New Crystal Structures 215 (4): 473–476. doi:10.1515/ncrs-2000-0408. ISSN 1433-7266. ftp://ftp.oldenbourg.de/pub/download/frei/ncs/218-4/409737_38_39_40_41_42.pdf. Retrieved 15 June 2013. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 20. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13215/m1/26/. Retrieved June 17, 2013. 
  45. ↑ Montgomery, H.; R. V. Chastain; E. C. Lingafelter (1966). "The crystal structure of Tutton's salts. V. Manganese ammonium sulfate hexahydrate". Acta Crystallographica 20 (6): 731–733. doi:10.1107/S0365110X66001762. ISSN 0365-110X. 
  46. ↑ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H. (September 1970). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 8. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C. p. 12. http://digicoll.manoa.hawaii.edu/techreports/PDF/NBS25-8.pdf. Retrieved June 17, 2013. 
  47. ↑ Nalbandyan, V. B. (29 February 2012). "Thallium manganese sulfate hexahydrate, a missing Tutton's salt, and a brief review of the entire family". Powder Diffraction 23 (1): 52–55. doi:10.1154/1.2840634. Bibcode: 2008PDiff..23...52N. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 Wang, Xia; Xinxin Zhuang; Genbo Su; Youping He (2008). "A new ultraviolet filter: [math]\displaystyle{ \ce{Rb2Ni (SO4)2.6H2O} }[/math] (RNSH) single crystal". Optical Materials 31 (2): 233–236. doi:10.1016/j.optmat.2008.03.020. ISSN 0925-3467. Bibcode: 2008OptMa..31..233W. http://ir.fjirsm.ac.cn/bitstream/350002/5857/1/Wang-2008-A%20new%20ultraviolet%20fi.pdf. 
  49. ↑ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 23. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13215/m1/29/. Retrieved June 17, 2013. 
  50. ↑ Montgomery, H.; E.C. Lingafelter (10 November 1964). "The crystal structure of Tutton's salts. II. Magnesium ammonium sulfate hexahydrate and nickel ammonium sulfate hexahydrate". Acta Crystallographica (International Union of Crystallography) 17 (11): 1478. doi:10.1107/s0365110x6400367x. 
  51. ↑ Morris, Marlene C; McMurdie, Howard F.; Evans, Eloise H.; Paretzkin, Boris; Hubbard, Camden R.; Carmel, Simon J. (1980). "Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 17. Data for 54 Substances". Final Report National Bureau of Standards. Bibcode: 1980nbs..reptR....M. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13209/m1/15/. 
  52. ↑ "The Monoclinic Double Sulphates Containing Ammonium. Completion of the Double Sulphate Series". January 1916. https://archive.org/stream/philtrans02006988/02006988_djvu.txt. 
  53. ↑ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 78. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13215/m1/84/. Retrieved June 17, 2013. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Bernhard, Paul; Ludi, Andreas (March 1984). "Infrared and Raman spectra of the hexaaquaruthenium ions: normal-coordinate analysis for [math]\displaystyle{ \ce{Ru(H2O)6^2+} }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ \ce{Ru(H2O)6^3+} }[/math]". Inorganic Chemistry 23 (7): 870–872. doi:10.1021/ic00175a015. 
  55. ↑ Mido, M. Satake & Y.; Satake, M. (2010-01-01). Chemistry Of Transition Elements. Discovery Publishing House. p. 43. ISBN 9788171412433. https://books.google.com/books?id=XwPh1_aTMrkC&pg=PA43. Retrieved 17 June 2013. 
  56. ↑ Montgomery, H.; B. Morosin; J. J. Natt; A. M. Witkowska; E. C. Lingafelter (1967). "The crystal structure of Tutton's salts. VI. Vanadium(II), iron(II) and cobalt(II) ammonium sulfate hexahydrates". Acta Crystallographica 22 (6): 775–780. doi:10.1107/S0365110X67001550. ISSN 0365-110X. 
  57. ↑ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 43. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13215/m1/49/. Retrieved June 17, 2013. 
  58. ↑ Lim, Ae Ran; Kim, Sun Ha (23 July 2015). "Structural and thermodynamic properties of Tutton salt K2Zn(SO4)2·6H2O". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 123 (1): 371–376. doi:10.1007/s10973-015-4865-9. 
  59. ↑ Somasekharam, V; Prasad, P Siva; Ramesh, K; Reddy, Y P (1 February 1986). "Electronic Spectra of VO and Cu Ions in Rubidium Zinc Sulphate Hexahydrate". Physica Scripta 33 (2): 169–172. doi:10.1088/0031-8949/33/2/014. Bibcode: 1986PhyS...33..169S. 
  60. ↑ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 55. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13215/m1/61/. Retrieved June 17, 2013. 
  61. ↑ Lakshmana Rao, J.; K. Purandar (1980). "Absorption spectrum of [math]\displaystyle{ \ce{VO2+} }[/math] in zinc cesium sulphate hexahydrate". Solid State Communications 33 (3): 363–364. doi:10.1016/0038-1098(80)91171-0. ISSN 0038-1098. Bibcode: 1980SSCom..33..363L. 
  62. ↑ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 25. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13215/m1/31/. Retrieved June 17, 2013. 
  63. ↑ Voigt, W.; S. Göring (1994). "Melting of Tutton's salts studied by DSC". Thermochimica Acta 237 (1): 13–26. doi:10.1016/0040-6031(94)85179-4. ISSN 0040-6031. 
  64. ↑ Chand, Prem; Krishna, R. Murali; Rao, J. Lakshmana; Lakshman, S. V. J. (November 1993). "EPR and optical studies of vanadyl complexes in two host-crystals of Tutton salts of thallium". Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 127 (2): 245–254. doi:10.1080/10420159308220322. Bibcode: 1993REDS..127..245C. 
  65. ↑ Yankova, Rumyana; Genieva, Svetlana (June 2019). "Crystal structure and IR investigation of double salt Cs2Ni(SeO4)2·4H2O". Chemical Data Collections 21: 100234. doi:10.1016/j.cdc.2019.100234. 
  66. ↑ Yankova, Rumyana (May 2020). "Hirshfeld surface analysis and ir investigation for the rubidium hexaaquacopper(II) selenate" (in en). Chemical Data Collections 27: 100379. doi:10.1016/j.cdc.2020.100379. 
  67. ↑ Rekik, Walid; Naïli, Houcine; Mhiri, Tahar; Bataille, Thierry (April 2005). "Piperazinediium hexaaquazinc(II) bis(sulfate): A structural analogue of Tutton's salts". Acta Crystallographica Section E 61 (4): m629. doi:10.1107/s1600536805005982. 
  68. ↑ Colaneri, Michael J.; Teat, Simon J.; Vitali, Jacqueline (20 February 2020). "Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Characteristics and Crystal Structure of a Tutton Salt Analogue: Copper-Doped Cadmium Creatininium Sulfate". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 124 (11): 2242–2252. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00004. PMID 32078331. Bibcode: 2020JPCA..124.2242C. 



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