Comparison of functional programming languages

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The table shows a comparison of functional programming languages which compares various features and designs of different functional programming languages.

Name Pure Lazy evaluation Typing Abstract data types Algebraic data types Data is immutable Type classes Garbage collection First appeared
Common Lisp No[1] Simulated with thunks[2] Dynamic[3] Yes[4] Extension[5] No[6] ? Yes 1984
Scheme No[7] Yes[8] Dynamic[7] Yes[9] Simulated with thunks[10] No[11] No Yes 1975
Racket No Default in Lazy Racket[12] Strong, Dynamic, statically typed with gradual typing in Typed Racket[13] Yes[14] Yes, with Algebraic Racket[15] Partial[16] No Yes 1995
Clojure No[17] Yes[18] Dynamic[19] Yes[20] Yes[21] Yes[22] No Yes 2007
Standard ML No[23] No[24][25] Static[26] Yes Yes Yes[27] No Yes 1983
OCaml No[28] Yes[28] Static[29] Yes[30] Yes[31] Yes[32] Simulated with parametric modules[33] Yes 1996
F# No[34] Yes[35] Static[36] Yes[37] Yes[38] Yes[39] No Yes 2005
Haskell Yes[40] Default[41] Static[42] Yes[40] Yes[43] Yes[44] Yes[45] Yes 1990
Scala No[46] Yes[47] Static[46] Yes[48] Yes[48] Yes[49] Yes[50] Yes 2004
JavaScript No Extension[51] Dynamic[52] Extension[53] Extension[54] Partial[55][56] ? Yes 1995
Clean Yes[57] Yes, with optional strictness annotations[58] Static with uniqueness/optionally dynamic[59] Yes[58] Yes[58] Yes, except for unique types[58] Yes[58] Yes 1987
Miranda Yes[60] Default[61] Static[60] Yes[62] Yes[60] Yes No Yes 1986
SASL Yes[63] Yes Dynamic[64] Yes Yes Yes No Yes 1972
Elixir No Stream module[65] Dynamic Yes No Yes ? Yes 2012
Erlang No No[66] Dynamic Yes[67] No Yes[68] ? Yes 1986
Elm Yes No Static[69] ? Yes[70] Yes[69] No Yes 2012
Futhark Yes No Static[71] Yes Yes Yes[69] No Yes 2014
Python No[72] Simulated with generators Dynamic[73] Yes[74] No Partial[75] ? Yes 1991
Idris Yes[76] Yes[76] Static[76] Yes[76] Yes[76] Yes[76] Yes[76] Yes 2007
Nix Yes[77] Yes[77] Dynamic[77] No Yes Yes No Yes 2003
Wolfram Language No No Static Yes Yes Yes No Yes 1988
Kotlin No Lazy delegation[78] and Sequence[79] Static Yes No Yes No Yes 2011
Swift No No Static Yes Yes Yes No Swift uses Automatic Reference Counting, which differs from tracing garbage collection but is designed to provide similar benefits with better performance. 2014
Julia No No[80] Dynamic[81] Yes[81] No Partial[81] ? Yes 2012
PureScript Yes No Static Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2013
Rust No Lazy iterators[82] and external libraries[83] Static[84] Yes[85] Yes[86] Yes[87] Yes, through traits[85] No 2010
Bosque No No Static Yes Yes Yes ? Yes 2019
D Optional[88][89] Optional[90] Static[91] ? Yes Yes[92] No Yes[93] 2001
Gleam No[94] Experimental external libraries Static Yes Yes Yes No Yes 2019

References

  1. ↑ "LISP Introduction". http://www.math-cs.gordon.edu/courses/cps323/LISP/lisp.html. 
  2. ↑ Antoniotti, Marco. "CLAZY: Lazy Calling in Common Lisp". http://common-lisp.net/project/clazy/. 
  3. ↑ Tratt, Laurence (July 2009). "Dynamically Typed Languages". Advances in Computers 77: 149–184. doi:10.1016/s0065-2458(09)01205-4. http://tratt.net/laurie/research/pubs/html/tratt__dynamically_typed_languages/. Retrieved 26 November 2013. 
  4. ↑ "LISP Tutorial Lecture 3: Data Abstraction". http://www.cs.sfu.ca/CourseCentral/310/pwfong/Lisp/3/tutorial3.html. 
  5. ↑ "Algebraic data types in Common Lisp". https://github.com/stylewarning/cl-algebraic-data-type. 
  6. ↑ "Mutable Data Structures". http://caml.inria.fr/pub/docs/fpcl/fpcl-07.pdf. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Similar Functional Languages". http://caml.inria.fr/pub/docs/oreilly-book/html/book-ora202.html. 
  8. ↑ "(Scheme) 17. Lazy Evaluation". http://www.shido.info/lisp/scheme_lazy_e.html. 
  9. ↑ "Records - Revised6 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme". http://www.r6rs.org/final/html/r6rs-lib/r6rs-lib.html. 
  10. ↑ "Algebraic Data Types in Scheme". https://pavpanchekha.com/blog/adtscm.html. 
  11. ↑ "Programs with State". http://www.cs.uni.edu/~wallingf/teaching/cs3540/sessions/session26.html. 
  12. ↑ Barzilay, Eli. "Lazy Racket". https://docs.racket-lang.org/lazy/index.html. 
  13. ↑ Tobin-Hochstadt, Sam; St-Amour, Vincent; Dobson, Eric; Takikawa, Asumu. "Typed Racket". https://docs.racket-lang.org/ts-reference/index.html. 
  14. ↑ "The Racket Guide: Programmer-Defined Datatypes". https://docs.racket-lang.org/guide/define-struct.html. 
  15. ↑ Griffis, Eric. "Algebraic Racket". https://docs.racket-lang.org/algebraic/index.html. 
  16. ↑ Buttrick, Matthew. "Beautiful Racket: Data Structures". https://beautifulracket.com/explainer/data-structures.html. 
  17. ↑ "Clojure Functional Programing". http://clojure.org/functional_programming. 
  18. ↑ "Clojure - lazy". http://clojure.org/lazy. 
  19. ↑ "Exploring clojure: dynamic typing". 7 December 2012. http://tgoossens.wordpress.com/2012/12/07/dynamically-exploring-clojure/. 
  20. ↑ Engelberg, Mark (21 April 2009). "Thoughts On Programming". http://programming-puzzler.blogspot.com/2009/04/adts-in-clojure.html. 
  21. ↑ "clojure-contrib, typing example". https://code.google.com/p/clojure-contrib/source/browse/trunk/src/clojure/contrib/types/examples.clj?spec=svn596&r=596. 
  22. ↑ "clojure: functional programming overview". http://clojure.org/functional_programming. 
  23. ↑ "Introduction to Functional Programming". http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~jrh13/slides/funprog-jrh/l8.pdf. 
  24. ↑ "Lazy and Eager Evaluation". http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/dts/fps/lecture-notes/lazy.pdf. 
  25. ↑ Harper, MacQueen, Milner. "Standard ML". Section 3.6. http://www.lfcs.inf.ed.ac.uk/reports/86/ECS-LFCS-86-2/ECS-LFCS-86-2.pdf. 
  26. ↑ Wikibooks:Standard ML Programming/Types
  27. ↑ "Mutable and optional data". http://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse341/04wi/lectures/08-ml-refs.html. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Functional Programming – OCaml". http://ocaml.org/learn/tutorials/functional_programming.html. 
  29. ↑ Hickey, Jason. "Introduction to Objective Caml". Section 2.4. Cambridge University Press. http://files.metaprl.org/doc/ocaml-book.pdf. 
  30. ↑ "Type and exception definitions". http://caml.inria.fr/pub/docs/manual-ocaml-4.00/manual016.html. 
  31. ↑ "Learn OCaml - Data Types". http://ocaml.org/learn/description.html#DataTypes. 
  32. ↑ "Learn OCaml - Imperative Features". http://ocaml.org/learn/description.html#Imperativefeatures. 
  33. ↑ "Implementing Type-Classes as OCaml Modules". https://accu.org/index.php/journals/2445. 
  34. ↑ "Learning F#". http://fsharpforfunandprofit.com/learning-fsharp/. 
  35. ↑ "Lazy Computations (F#)". Microsoft Developer Network. http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/vstudio/dd233247.aspx. 
  36. ↑ "About F#". http://fsharp.org/about/index.html. 
  37. ↑ "Structures - F#". https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/fsharp/language-reference/structures. 
  38. ↑ "Discriminated Unions". 15 September 2021. https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd233226.aspx. 
  39. ↑ "The F# 3.0 Language Specification: 1.1.2 Making Data Simple". http://fsharp.org/about/files/spec.pdf. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Haskell Wiki". http://www.haskell.org. 
  41. ↑ "Haskell Wiki Lazy Evaluation". http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Lazy_evaluation. 
  42. ↑ "Haskell Typing". HaskellWiki. http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Typing. 
  43. ↑ "Haskell Wiki Abstract Data Type". http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Abstract_data_type. 
  44. ↑ "Haskell Wiki". http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Functional_programming#Immutable_data. 
  45. ↑ "Type Classes and Overloading". http://www.haskell.org/tutorial/classes.html. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Scala Overview". http://www.scala-lang.org/old/sites/default/files/linuxsoft_archives/docu/files/ScalaOverview.pdf. 
  47. ↑ "Scala by Example". http://www.scala-lang.org/docu/files/ScalaByExample.pdf. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "Scala Reference". http://www.scala-lang.org/files/archive/nightly/pdfs/ScalaReference.pdf. 
  49. ↑ "Mutable and Immutable Collections". http://docs.scala-lang.org/overviews/collections/overview.html. 
  50. ↑ "The Neophyte's Guide to Scala Part 12: Type Classes". http://danielwestheide.com/blog/2013/02/06/the-neophytes-guide-to-scala-part-12-type-classes.html. 
  51. ↑ Tao, Dan. "Lazy.js". Dan Tao. http://danieltao.com/lazy.js/. 
  52. ↑ "JavaScript Overview". Mozilla Developer Network. https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Guide/JavaScript_Overview. 
  53. ↑ Frank, Thomas. "Add some klass to JavaScript". thomasfrank.com. http://www.thomasfrank.se/klass.html. 
  54. ↑ Faubion, Nathan. "ADT". NPM. Joyent, nodejitsu. https://npmjs.org/package/adt. 
  55. ↑ Immutable object
  56. ↑ "Javascript Data structures". Mozilla Developer Network. https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures. 
  57. ↑ "FAQ - Clean". http://clean.cs.ru.nl/FAQ. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 58.4 Plasmeijer, Rinus; Van Eekelen, Marko; Van Groningen, John (December 2011). Clean Version 2.2 Language Report. Department of Software Technology, University of Nijmegen. http://clean.cs.ru.nl/download/doc/CleanLangRep.2.2.pdf. Retrieved 23 May 2018. 
  59. ↑ "Clean". http://clean.cs.ru.nl/Clean. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 "Miranda Official Website". http://miranda.org.uk/. 
  61. ↑ "An Overview of Miranda". http://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/people/staff/dat/miranda/Overview.html#Lazy. 
  62. ↑ "An Overview of Miranda". http://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/people/staff/dat/miranda/Overview.html#Abstract. 
  63. ↑ Turner, D.A. "An Implementation of SASL". University of St. Andrews, Department of Computer Science Technical Report. TR/75/4.
  64. ↑ Kahn, Gilles; Bertot, Yves; Huet, Gérard; Lévy, Jean-Jacques; Plotkin, Gordon (2009-09-24). Kahn networks at the dawn of functional programming. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521518253. https://books.google.com/books?id=W2baKp7710sC&q=sasl+dynamic+typing&pg=PA128. 
  65. ↑ "Stream — Elixir v1.17.2". https://hexdocs.pm/elixir/Stream.html. 
  66. ↑ "Erlang Reference Manual". http://www.erlang.org/doc/reference_manual/expressions.html#id76539. 
  67. ↑ "Erlang Programming Language - Abstract Patterns". http://www.erlang.org/eeps/eep-0029.html. 
  68. ↑ "Stack Overflow - How do I modify a record in erlang?". https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2715517/how-do-i-modify-a-record-in-erlang. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 "Elm Blog - Interactive Programming". http://elm-lang.org/blog/Interactive-Programming.elm. 
  70. ↑ "Elm Syntax - Algebraic Data Types". http://elm-lang.org/learn/Syntax.elm#algebraic-data-types. 
  71. ↑ "Type Inference". https://futhark.readthedocs.io/en/latest/language-reference.html#type-inference. 
  72. ↑ "Functional Programming in Python". https://docs.python.org/3/howto/functional.html. 
  73. ↑ "What is Python?". https://docs.python.org/3/faq/general.html#what-is-python. 
  74. ↑ "Abstract Data Types and Stacks". http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~byoung/cs313e/slides5-adt.pdf. 
  75. ↑ Immutable object
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 76.3 76.4 76.5 76.6 "Idris Overview". http://www.idris-lang.org/. 
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 "Nix Language - Nix 2.34.0 Reference Manual". https://nix.dev/manual/nix/2.34/language/. 
  78. ↑ "Kotlin - Delegated Properties". https://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/delegated-properties.html. 
  79. ↑ "kotlin-stdlib - kotlin.sequences". https://kotlinlang.org/api/latest/jvm/stdlib/kotlin.sequences/. 
  80. ↑ "Noteworthy Differences from Other Languages - The Julia Language". https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/manual/noteworthy-differences/. 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 "Types - The Julia Language". https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/manual/types/. 
  82. ↑ "The Rust Programming Language, Processing a Series of Items with Iterators". https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-02-iterators.html. 
  83. ↑ "Rust crate 'lazy'". https://crates.io/crates/lazy. 
  84. ↑ "The Rust Programming Language, Data Types". https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch03-02-data-types.html. 
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 "The Rust Programming Language, Traits". https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch10-02-traits.html. 
  86. ↑ "The Rust Programming Language, Enums". https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch06-00-enums.html. 
  87. ↑ "The Rust Programming Language, Variables and Mutability". https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.html. 
  88. ↑ "D pure functions". https://dlang.org/spec/function.html#pure-functions. 
  89. ↑ "D safe functions". https://dlang.org/spec/function.html#safe-functions. 
  90. ↑ "Laziness - Dlang Tour". https://tour.dlang.org/tour/en/basics/laziness. 
  91. ↑ "Type System". https://dlang.org/spec/type.html. 
  92. ↑ "Immutable - Dlang Tour". https://tour.dlang.org/tour/en/basics/immutability. 
  93. ↑ "Garbage Collection". https://dlang.org/spec/garbage.html. 
  94. ↑ "Frequently asked questions – Gleam". https://gleam.run/frequently-asked-questions/#will-gleam-have-type-classes. 

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