Earth:Akrabou Formation

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Akrabou Formation
Stratigraphic range: latest Cenomanian to ?middle Turonian
~93.9–90 Ma
↓
Fish of the Akrabou Formation
TypeGeological formation
Sub-unitsAgoult, Goulmima, others
OverliesKem Kem Group
Lithology
PrimaryLimestone
Location
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 30°30′N 4°48′W / 30.5°N 4.8°W / 30.5; -4.8
Paleocoordinates [ ⚑ ] 17°48′N 4°48′W / 17.8°N 4.8°W / 17.8; -4.8
RegionEr Rachidia
CountryMorocco, Algeria
Extentcentral and eastern Morocco north and south of the Pre-African Trough
Type section
Named byEl Mostafa Ettachfini, Bernard Andreu
Year defined2004
Akrabou Formation is located in Morocco
Akrabou Formation
Akrabou Formation (Morocco)

The Akrabou Formation is a Late Cretaceous (latest Cenomanian to early/mid Turonian)-aged geological formation and Konservat-Lagerstätte in Morocco.[1] It overlies the slightly older freshwater deposits of the Kem Kem Group, which it was once thought to be a part of. It was deposited over following the Kem Kem ecosystem's submergence by the Tethys Ocean during a marine transgression from the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event, as part of a wider deposition of carbonate platforms across the region from the event.[2][3][4]

Localities

The Akrabou Formation has outcrops across the Anti-Atlas, but it has two especially prominent localities: Agoult and Goulmima (also known as Asfla). The Agoult locality is also commonly referred to as Gara Sbaa due to it outcropping at the hill of the same name, but this name is also used for the underlying freshwater-based deposit of the Kem Kem Group at the same locality, which may lead to nomenclatural confusion.[5][6] Both localities are considered lagerstätten due to their excellently preserved fossils, but they differ in time period, paleoenvironment, and preservation of fossils.

The Agoult locality is the older of the two and appears to have been deposited around the time of the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event, dating it to latest Cenomanian or earliest Turonian. It is a plattenkalk that contains excellently preserved two-dimensional fossils of fish, land plants, marine and terrestrial invertebrates, and some terrestrial reptiles. The presence of a significant terrestrial component indicates it was deposited in a shallow marine environment close to shore, although the deposits record the gradual deepening of the habitat as the sea level rose.[7]

In contrast, the Goulmima locality is younger, dating to the early or mid Turonian, and appears to have been deposited in an offshore environment on the continental shelf. Fossils from this locality, which include fish and marine reptiles, are found in concretions and have a unique three-dimensional preservation akin to that of the older Santana Formation in Brazil.[7][8]

In addition, several other localities are also known, some of which cross the border into Algeria, which have a rich fauna of ammonites and nautiloids.[9]

Paleoenvironment

In the basal Agoult horizons of the formation, a number of plant remains are known, which are similar to those found in southern Europe at the same time, suggesting floristic exchanges between northern Africa and southern Europe. Based on these, the paleoclimate of the ecosystem, at least earlier during its deposition, is suggested to have been a mildly dry subtropical climate akin to that of the modern western Canary Islands.[6][7]

Paleobiota

Template:Paleobiota-key-compactMost fish are documented in a species list from Amalfitano et al (2020) & Cooper et al (2023):[10]

Vertebrates

Cartilaginous fish

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Image
Asflapristis A. cristadentis Goulmima Incomplete three-dimensional skeletons, isolated teeth A ptychotrygonid sawskate.[11]
Cretomanta C. sp. Goulmima Isolated teeth A chondrichthyan of uncertain affinties, possibly an aquilolamnid.[8]
Haimirichia H. amonensis Agoult Partial skeleton A haimirichiid mackerel shark.[8]
Ptychodus P. maghrebianus Goulmima Dental battery, isolated teeth A ptychodontid shark.[12] frameless
Ptychotrygon P. rostrispatula Goulmima Incomplete skeletons A ptychotrygonid sawskate.[8] frameless
?Rhinobatos ?R. sp. Goulmima Incomplete cranium A presumed guitarfish.[8] frameless
Squalicorax S. sp. Goulmima Teeth A crow shark.[8] frameless
Tingitanius T. tenuimandibulus Goulmima Three-dimensionally preserved incomplete skeleton of a young individual The oldest known platyrhinid ray.[13]

Bony fish

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Image
Acanthomorpha indet. Agoult Complete specimen A poorly-preserved acanthomorph of uncertain affinities.[14]
Agoultichthys A. chattertoni Agoult Complete specimen A macrosemiid.[15]
Agoultichthys chattertoni Murray & Wilson, 2008
Agoultpycnodus A. aldrovandii Agoult Complete specimen A pycnodont.[16]
Amioidea gen. et sp. nov. 1 Agoult Undescribed amiiforms in their own family.[5][17]
Amioidea gen. et sp. nov. 2
Anomoeodus A. sp. "A" Goulmima Isolated jaw bones. A pycnodont.
A. sp. "B"
Armigatus A. oligodentatus Agoult Complete specimens An armigatid clupeomorph.[18] frameless
Belonostomus B. sp. Agoult Complete specimen An aspidorhynchid. frameless
Araripichthys A. corythophorus Goulmima Incomplete specimens with associated skull remains An araripichthyiform. frameless
cf. Chanoidei indet. Agoult Complete specimen A potential chanid.[5]
Cladocyclus C. sp. Agoult An ichthyodectid.[7]
cf. Dercetis cf D. sp. Agoult Complete specimens A dercetid aulopiform.[5]
Enchodus E. sp. Goulmima Incomplete specimens, isolated crania & teeth, An enchodontid aulopiform. frameless
Errachidia E. pentaspinosa Agoult Complete specimen A pharmacichthyid lamprimorph.[14]
Errachidia pentaspinosa Murray & Wilson, 2014
Goulmimichthys G. arambourgi Goulmima Complete specimen. A pachyrhizodontid crossognathiform. frameless
Grandemarinus G. gherisiensis Goulmima 3 specimens known, one complete. A gar.[8]
Ghrisichthys G. bardacki Goulmima Isolated cranium An ichthyodectid.[19]
Homalopagus H. multispinosus Agoult Complete specimen A pharmacichthyid lamprimorph.[14]
Homalopagus multispinosus Murray & Wilson, 2014
Ichthyodectes I. sp. Goulmima Complete specimen, isolated crania An ichthyodectid.
Kradimus K. asflaensis Goulmima Complete specimen. A pachyrhizodontid crossognathiform.[20]
Lusitanichthys L. africanus Agoult Complete specimen A clupavid otophysan.[21]
Lusitanichthys africanus Cavin, 1999
Maghrebichthys M. nelsoni Agoult Complete specimen A pycnosteroidid beardfish.[14]
Magrebichthys nelsoni Murray & Wilson, 2014
Neomesturus N. asflaensis Goulmima Isolated jaw bones. A pycnodont.[22]
Nursallia N. fenestrata Goulmima A pycnodont[23] frameless
Osmeroides O. rheris Goulmima Isolated crania An osmeroidid albuliform. frameless
Paranursallia P. cavini Goulmima Isolated jaw bones. A pycnodont.[22]
Pleuropholis P. danielae Agoult Complete specimen The last known pleuropholid.[24] frameless
Polazzodus P. sp. Goulmima Isolated jaw bones. A pycnodont.[22] frameless
Rhynchodercetis R. sp. Agoult Complete specimens. A dercetid aulopiform.[7]
Rhynchodercetis sp.
Saurorhamphus S. sp. Agoult Complete specimens. A eurypholid aulopiform.[7]
Sorbinichthys S. africanus Agoult Complete specimen. A sorbinichthyid clupeomorph.
Sorbinichthys africanus Murray & Wilson, 2011
Teleostei indet. Agoult Complete specimen An indeterminate teleost.[5]
Thorectichthys T. marocensis Agoult Complete specimens. A paraclupeid clupeomorph.
Thorectichthys marocensis Murray & Wilson, 2013
T. rhadinus
Thorectichthys rhadinus Murray & Wilson, 2013

Reptiles

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Image
Brachauchenius B. lucasi Goulmima Partial mandible A pliosaur, the first record of this species outside North America.[25] frameless
Libonectes L. morgani (=L. atlasense) Goulmima Articulated skull and post-cranial skeleton. An elasmosaurid plesiosaur, the first record of this species outside North America.[26] frameless
Manemergus M. anguirostris Goulmima Partially complete skeleton A polycotylid plesiosaur. frameless
Protostegidae indet. Goulmima Carapace, skull Indeterminate protostegid turtles.[3]
Tethysaurus T. nopcsai Goulmima Hundreds of specimens of different age classes, some nearly complete[27] A tethysaurine mosasaur. frameless
Thililua T. longicollis Goulmima Complete skull, lower jaw, and articulated vertebrae A polycotylid plesiosaur. frameless
Polycotylidae indet. Goulmima Skull with mandible An indeterminate polycotylid plesiosaur.[26]
Squamata indet. Agoult Complete specimen A small indeterminate terrestrial lizard, specimen now lost.[7]

Mollusks

Based on Kennedy et al (2008) & Meister et al (2017):[28][9]

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Image
Angulithes A. mermeti Douira, Goulmima & Tazzougert Shells A hercoglossid nautiloid.
Choffaticeras C. segne Goulmima A pseudotissotid ammonite.
C. sinaiticum
Eutrephoceras E. sp. Douira & Taouz A nautilid nautiloid. frameless
Fagesia F. peroni Goulmima A vasoceratid ammonite. frameless
F. cf. tevesthensis
Hoplitoides H. mirabilis Goulmima A hoplitid ammonite.
H. gr. wortmanni
Mammites M. nodosoides Goulmima An acanthoceratid ammonite. frameless
Nannovascoceras N. intermedium Goulmima A vasoceratid ammonite.
Neolobites N. vibrayeanus Agoult, Tazzougert, Taouz, Tizi Momrad An engonoceratid ammonite.
Neoptychites N. cephalotus Goulmima A vasoceratid ammonite.
N. aff. hottingeri Goulmima
Romaniceras (Yubariceras) R. (Y.) reymenti Goulmima An acanthoceratid ammonite.
Thomasites T. rollandi Goulmima A vasoceratid ammonite.
Wrightoceras W. munieri Goulmima A pseudotissotid ammonite.

Arthropods

Partially based on Garassino, Angeli & Pasini (2014):[29]

Genus Species Locality Material Notes
Afroapseudes A. cretacicus Agoult A tanaidacean crustacean.[30]
Afroapseudes cretacicus Pasini, Vega & Garassino 2022
Amazighopsis A. cretacea An astacidean crustacean.[31]
Corazzatocarcinus C. cf. hadjoulae A necrocarcinid crab. frameless
Cretagalathea C. exigua A munidid squat lobster.
Cretapenaeus C. berberus A penaeid prawn.
Cretapenaeus berberus Garassino, Pasini & Dutheil, 2006
Galathea G. sahariana A galatheid squat lobster.
Galathea sahariana Garassino, De Angeli & Pasini, 2008
?Glyphea G. garaasbaensis A glypheid crustacean.
Glyphea garasbaaensis Garassino, De Angeli & Pasini, 2008
Mesolimulus M. tafraoutensis Two complete specimens A horseshoe crab.[32] frameless
?Isoptera indet. Complete specimen A potential termite.[33]
Marocarcinus M. pasinii A marocarcinid crab.
Muelleristhes M. africanus Complete specimen A porcelain crab.[29]
Palinuridae indet. Complete specimen A spiny lobster.[34]
Phagophytichnus P. ekowskii Trace fossil Feeding traces on a leaf.[33]
Polyphaga indet. Complete specimen A polyphagan beetle.[33]
Telamonocarcinus T. cf. gambalatus A dorippid crab.
Troponoma T. constricta Trace fossil Trail made by a leafminer.[6]
Unusuropode U. castroi Complete specimen A sphaeromatid isopod, first record of this species outside Brazil.[35]
Unusuropode castroi Duarte & Santos, 1962

Plants

Based primarily on Krassilov & Bacchia (2013):[6]

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Image
Abietites[6] A. (Tritaenia) cf. linkii Agoult Needles A conifer.
Barykovia[6] B. cf. tschuckotika Leaf A potentially fagalean angiosperm.
Cocculophyllum[6] C. cf. fucinerve Leaf A climbing angiosperm.
Coniopteris[6] C. cf. Dicksonia mamiyai Leaflet. A fern.
Dryophyllum[6] D. cf. subcretaceum Leaf A potentially fagalean angiosperm.
Frenelopsis[6] F. cf. teixeirae Shoot A cheirolepidiacean conifer.
Garasbahia[6] G. flexuosa Branching shoot with leaves. A cabombacean angiosperm.
Pseudotorellia[6] P. cf. ensiformis Leaf A ginkgoalean.
Sulcatocladus[6] S. cf. robustus Shoot A conifer.
Welwitschiophyllum[6][36] W. sp. Leaf A possible welsitschialean.[36]


References

  1. ↑ Ettachfini, El Mostafa; Andreu, Bernard (2004-04-01). "Le Cénomanien et le Turonien de la Plate-forme Préafricaine du Maroc". Cretaceous Research 25 (2): 277–302. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2004.01.001. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2004CrRes..25..277E. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667104000229. 
  2. ↑ Ibrahim, N.; Sereno, P.C.; Varricchio, D.J.; Martill, D.M.; Dutheil, D.B.; Unwin, D.M.; Baidder, L.; Larsson, H.C.E. et al. (2020). "Geology and paleontology of the Upper Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of eastern Morocco". ZooKeys (928): 1–216. doi:10.3897/zookeys.928.47517. PMID 32362741. Bibcode: 2020ZooK..928....1I. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cavin, L.; Tong, H.; Boudad, L.; Meister, C.; Piuz, A.; Tabouelle, J.; Aarab, M.; Amiot, R. et al. (2010-07-01). "Vertebrate assemblages from the early Late Cretaceous of southeastern Morocco: An overview". Journal of African Earth Sciences 57 (5): 391–412. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.12.007. ISSN 1464-343X. Bibcode: 2010JAfES..57..391C. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1464343X09002404. 
  4. ↑ Ibrahim, Nizar; Sereno, Paul C.; Varricchio, David J.; Martill, David M.; Dutheil, Didier B.; Unwin, David M.; Baidder, Lahssen; Larsson, Hans C.E. et al. (2020-04-21). "Geology and paleontology of the Upper Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of eastern Morocco". ZooKeys (928): 1–216. doi:10.3897/zookeys.928.47517. ISSN 1313-2989. PMID 32362741. Bibcode: 2020ZooK..928....1I. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Murray, Allison M.; Wilson, Mark V. H.; Gibb, Stacey; Chatterton, Brian D. E. (2013). "Additions to the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian/Turonian) actinopterygian fauna from the Agoult locality, Akrabou Formation, Morocco, and comments on the palaeoenvironment". Mesozoic Fishes 5 – Global Diversity and Evolution. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. pp. 525–548. ISBN 978-3-89937-159-8. 
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 Krassilov, V.; Bacchia, F. (2013-03-01). "New Cenomanian florule and a leaf mine from southeastern Morocco: Palaeoecological and climatological inferences". Cretaceous Research 40: 218–226. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.07.005. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2013CrRes..40..218K. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667112001243. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Martill, David M.; Ibrahim, Nizar; Brito, Paulo M.; Baider, Lahssen; Zhouri, Samir; Loveridge, Robert; Naish, Darren; Hing, Richard (2011-08-01). "A new Plattenkalk Konservat Lagerstätte in the Upper Cretaceous of Gara Sbaa, south-eastern Morocco". Cretaceous Research 32 (4): 433–446. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.01.005. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2011CrRes..32..433M. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667111000164. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Cooper, Samuel L. A.; Gunn, James; Brito, Paulo M.; Zouhri, Samir; Martill, David M. (2023-11-01). "A new fully marine, short-snouted lepisosteid gar from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) of North Africa". Cretaceous Research 151. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105650. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2023CrRes.15105650C. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667123001787. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Meister, Christian; Piuz, André; Cavin, Lionel; Boudad, Larbi; Bacchia, Flavio; Ettachfini, El M.; Benyoucef, M. (2017). "Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) ammonites from southern Morocco and south western Algeria" (in en). Arabian Journal of Geosciences 10 (1). doi:10.1007/s12517-016-2714-1. ISSN 1866-7511. Bibcode: 2017ArJG...10....1M. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12517-016-2714-1. 
  10. ↑ Amalfitano, Jacopo; Giusberti, Luca; Fornaciari, Eliana; Carnevale, Giorgio (2020-04-03). "UPPER CENOMANIAN FISHES FROM THE BONARELLI LEVEL (OAE2) OF NORTHEASTERN ITALY" (in en). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 126 (2). doi:10.13130/2039-4942/13224. ISSN 2039-4942. https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/RIPS/article/view/13224. 
  11. ↑ Villalobos-Segura, Eduardo; Underwood, Charlie J.; Ward, David J.; Claeson, Kerin M. (2019-11-02). "The first three-dimensional fossils of Cretaceous sclerorhynchid sawfish: Asflapristis cristadentis gen. et sp. nov., and implications for the phylogenetic relations of the Sclerorhynchoidei (Chondrichthyes)" (in en). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 17 (21): 1847–1870. doi:10.1080/14772019.2019.1578832. ISSN 1477-2019. Bibcode: 2019JSPal..17.1847V. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2019.1578832. 
  12. ↑ Amadori, Manuel; Kindlimann, René; Fornaciari, Eliana; Giusberti, Luca; Kriwet, Jürgen (2022-03-01). "A new cuspidate ptychodontid shark (Chondrichthyes; Elasmobranchii), from the Upper Cretaceous of Morocco with comments on tooth functionalities and replacement patterns". Journal of African Earth Sciences 187. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2021.104440. ISSN 1464-343X. PMID 35111270. Bibcode: 2022JAfES.18704440A. 
  13. ↑ Claeson, Kerin M.; Underwood, Charlie J.; Ward, David J. (2013). "† Tingitanius tenuimandibulus, a new platyrhinid batoid from the Turonian (Cretaceous) of Morocco and the cretaceous radiation of the Platyrhinidae" (in en). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33 (5): 1019–1036. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.767266. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 2013JVPal..33.1019C. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2013.767266. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Murray, Alison M.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2014). "Four new basal acanthomorph fishes from the Late Cretaceous of Morocco" (in en). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 (1): 34–48. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.791693. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 2014JVPal..34...34M. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2013.791693. 
  15. ↑ Murray, Alison M.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2009). "A New Late Cretaceous Macrosemiid Fish (Neopterygii, Halecostomi) from Morocco, with Temporal and Geographical Range Extensions for the Family" (in en). Palaeontology 52 (2): 429–440. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00851.x. ISSN 0031-0239. Bibcode: 2009Palgy..52..429M. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00851.x. 
  16. ↑ Taverne, Louis; Luigi, Capasso (2021). "Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Agoultpycnodus aldrovandii gen. and sp. nov., a new pycnodont fish genus (Pycnodontidae) from the marine Upper Cretaceous of Morocco.". Geo-Eco-Trop. 45 (3): 487–495. https://www.geoecotrop.be/uploads/publications/pub_453_08.pdf. 
  17. ↑ Wilson, Mark; Murray, Alison; Grande, Terry (2017-08-01). "New Genera and Species of Fossil Marine Amioid Fishes (Actinopterygii, Holostei) from the Late Cretaceous Agoult locality in Southeastern Morocco". Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 77th Annual Meeting Program and Abstracts. https://ecommons.luc.edu/biology_facpubs/86/. 
  18. ↑ Vernygora, Oksana; Murray, Alison M. (2016-01-02). "A new species of Armigatus (Clupeomorpha, Ellimmichthyiformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Morocco, and its phylogenetic relationships" (in en). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36 (1). doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.1031342. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 2016JVPal..36E1342V. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2015.1031342. 
  19. ↑ Cavin, Lionel; Forey, Peter L.; Giersch, Samuel (2013). "Osteology of Eubiodectes libanicus (Pictet & Humbert, ) and some other ichthyodectiformes (Teleostei): phylogenetic implications" (in en). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 11 (2): 115–177. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.691559. ISSN 1477-2019. Bibcode: 2013JSPal..11..115C. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2012.691559. 
  20. ↑ Veysey, Alexander J.; Brito, Paulo M.; Martill, David M. (2020-10-01). "A new crossognathiform fish (Actinopterygii, Teleostei) from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) of southern Morocco with hypertrophied fins". Cretaceous Research 114. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104207. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2020CrRes.11404207V. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667119301958. 
  21. ↑ Cavin, Lionel (1999-11-15). "A new clupavidae (teleostei, ostariophysi) from the Cenomanian of Daoura (Morocco)". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IIA - Earth and Planetary Science 329 (9): 689–695. doi:10.1016/S1251-8050(00)87647-8. ISSN 1251-8050. Bibcode: 1999CRASE.329..689C. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1251805000876478. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Cooper, Samuel L. A.; Martill, David M. (2020-12-01). "Pycnodont fishes (Actinopterygii, Pycnodontiformes) from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Turonian) Akrabou Formation of Asfla, Morocco". Cretaceous Research 116. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104607. ISSN 0195-6671. PMID 32863512. Bibcode: 2020CrRes.11604607C. 
  23. ↑ Capasso, L. (2023). "Nursallia fenestrata n. sp. (Actinopterygii: Pycnodontiformes) dal Turoniano inferiore della Formazione di Akrabou, Marocco sudorientale". Thalassia Salentina 45: 41–56. doi:10.1285/i15910725v45p41. http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/thalassiasal/article/view/28110. 
  24. ↑ Brito, Paulo M.; Vullo, Romain (2023-08-01). "A new species of Pleuropholis (Teleostei: Pleuropholidae) from the Upper Cretaceous Akrabou Formation of southeastern Morocco, with comments on the evolutionary history of the genus". Cretaceous Research 148. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105500. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2023CrRes.14805500B. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667123000289. 
  25. ↑ Angst, D.; Bardet, N. (2016). "A new record of the pliosaur Brachauchenius lucasi Williston, 1903 (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) of Turonian (Late Cretaceous) age, Morocco" (in en). Geological Magazine 153 (3): 449–459. doi:10.1017/S0016756815000321. ISSN 0016-7568. Bibcode: 2016GeoM..153..449A. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/abs/new-record-of-the-pliosaur-brachauchenius-lucasi-williston-1903-reptilia-sauropterygia-of-turonian-late-cretaceous-age-morocco/1043602644BD12062A7E35791454A50C. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Allemand, Rémi; Bardet, Nathalie; Houssaye, Alexandra; Vincent, Peggy (2018-02-01). "New plesiosaurian specimens (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) of Goulmima (Southern Morocco)". Cretaceous Research 82: 83–98. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.09.017. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2018CrRes..82...83A. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667117302380. 
  27. ↑ Gale, A. S.; Kennedy, W. J.; Martill, D. (2017). "Mosasauroid predation on an ammonite – Pseudaspidoceras – from the Early Turonian of south-eastern Morocco" (in EN). Acta Geologica Polonica 67 (1): 31–46. doi:10.1515/agp-2017-0003. ISSN 0001-5709. Bibcode: 2017AcGeP..67...31G. https://yadda.icm.edu.pl/baztech/element/bwmeta1.element.baztech-40a5e2d1-ee47-4866-9398-13ec471aad89. 
  28. ↑ Kennedy, W.; Gale, A.; Ward, D.; Underwood, C. (2008). "Early Turonian ammonites from Goulmima, southern Morocco" (in English). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre 78. ISSN 0374-6291. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:05a70004-d013-46ec-80ad-744f4d7fb638. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Garassino, A.; De Angeli, A.; Pasini, G. (2014). "A new porcellanid genus (Crustacea, Decapoda) to accommodate the Late Cretaceous Paragalathea africana Garassino, De Angeli & Pasini, 2008 from southeast Morocco". Atti della Società italiana di Scienze naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia naturale di Milano 149 (I): 37–67. https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/523035/SG147_117-124.pdf. 
  30. ↑ Pasini, Giovanni; Vega, Francisco J.; Garassino, Alessandro; Pasini, Giovanni; Vega, Francisco J.; Garassino, Alessandro (2022). "A new genus and species of Tanaidacea (Crustacea, Apseudomorpha) from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) of Gara Sbaa, southeastern Morocco" (in en). Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 74 (2). doi:10.18268/bsgm2022v74n2a290622. ISSN 1405-3322. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S1405-33222022000200105&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en. 
  31. ↑ Garassino, Alessandro; Pasini, Giovanni (2018-02-05). "Amazighopsidae, a new family of decapod macruran astacideans from the late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) of Gara Sbaa, Southeastern Morocco" (in en). Natural History Sciences 5 (1). doi:10.4081/nhs.2018.358. ISSN 2385-0922. https://sisn.pagepress.org/index.php/nhs/article/view/358. 
  32. ↑ Lamsdell, James C.; Tashman, Jessica N.; Pasini, Giovanni; Garassino, Alessandro (2020-02-01). "A new limulid (Chelicerata, Xiphosurida) from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Turonian) of Gara Sbaa, southeast Morocco". Cretaceous Research 106. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104230. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2020CrRes.10604230L. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667119301703. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Engel, Michael S.; McKellar, Ryan C.; Gibb, Stacey; Chatterton, Brian D. E. (2012-06-01). "A new Cenomanian–Turonian (Late Cretaceous) insect assemblage from southeastern Morocco". Cretaceous Research 35: 88–93. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.11.022. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2012CrRes..35...88E. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S019566711100200X. 
  34. ↑ Pasini, Giovanni; Garassino, Alessandro (2020-08-28). "A spiny lobster (Decapoda, Achelata) from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Turonian) of Gara Sbaa, southeastern Morocco". Palaeodiversity 13 (1): 83. doi:10.18476/pale.v13.a8. ISSN 1867-6294. https://bioone.org/journals/Palaeodiversity/volume-13/issue-1/pale.v13.a8/A-spiny-lobster-Decapoda-Achelata-from-the-Upper-Cretaceous-CenomanianTuronian/10.18476/pale.v13.a8.full. 
  35. ↑ Corbacho, Joan; Morrison, Scott; Alonso, Máximo (December 2018). "First Mention of Unusuropode castroi Duarte & Santos, 1962 (Crustacea: Isopoda) in the Upper Cretaceous of Gara es Sbâa Lagerstätte, South-Eastern Morocco". Earth Sciences Research Journal 7 (6): 288–292. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329874487. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Roberts, Emily A.; Martill, David M.; Loveridge, Robert F. (2020-02-01). "Phytogeographical implications of the probable occurrence of the gnetalean plant Welwitschiophyllum in the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Africa". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 131 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2019.10.002. ISSN 0016-7878. Bibcode: 2020PrGA..131....1R. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016787819301208. 



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