Earth:Fleming Fjord Formation
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| Fleming Fjord Formation Stratigraphic range: Norian-Rhaetian ~222–202 Ma | |
|---|---|
 The Buch Bjerg "Track-site" at the Fleming Fjord Formation | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Unit of | Scoresby Land Group |
| Sub-units | Edderfugledal, Malmros Klint & Ørsted Dal Members |
| Underlies | Kap Stewart Group |
| Overlies | Gippsdalen Formation |
| Area | 3,000 km2 (1,200 sq mi) |
| Thickness | 200–300 m (660–980 ft) |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Mudstone, claystone |
| Other | Limestone, sandstone |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | [ ⚑ ] : 71°54′N 22°34′W / 71.9°N 22.56°W |
| Paleocoordinates | [ ⚑ ] 45°42′N 2°48′W / 45.7°N 2.8°W |
| Region | East Greenland |
| Country | Greenland |
| Extent | Jameson Land |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Fleming Fjord |
  Fleming Fjord Formation (Greenland) | |
The Fleming Fjord Formation, alternatively called the Fleming Fjord Group is an Upper Triassic geological formation in the northeastern coast of Jameson Land, Greenland. It consists of terrestrial sediments and is known for its fossil content.
Description
It is of Norian to Rhaetian age and is subdivided into three members; at the base the Edderfugledal Member, followed by the Malmros Klint Member with the Ørsted Dal Member at the top. It was deposited in a large shallow to ephemeral lake.[1]
Paleobiota
The fauna of Fleming Fjord is diverse, including sauropodomorph dinosaurs, pterosaurs, temnospondyls, mammaliaforms, aetosaurs, and other taxa.[2] Freshwater unionid bivalves and conchostracans have been reported from the Malmros Klint Member.[3]
Fish
Lungfish, actinopterygian, and chondrichthyan teeth have been reported from the Malmros Klint Member.[3]
| Fish of the Fleming Fjord Formation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Genus / Taxon | Species | Member | Notes |
| Ceratodus | C. tunuensis[4] | Ørsted Dal Member | A lungfish, possibly synonymous with Ptychoceratodus rectangulus[5] |
| Ferganoceratodus | F. rectangulus[5][6] | Ørsted Dal Member | A lungfish |
| Lissodus | L. lepagei , L. cf. L. minimus[7] | Carlsberg Fjord Mb of Ørsted Dal Fm | A hybodont shark |
| Rhomphaiodon | Indeterminate[7] | A synechodontiform shark | |
| Saurichthys | A saurichthyiform ray-finned fish | ||
| Gyrolepis | A primitive "palaeoniscoid" ray-finned fish | ||
Amphibians
| Amphibians of the Fleming Fjord Formation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus / Taxon | Species | Member | Notes | Images |
| Cyclotosaurus | C. naraserluki[8] | Ørsted Dal Member | A capitosaurian temnospondyl |  |
| Gerrothorax | G. cf. pulcherrimus[9] | Malmros Klint Member,[3]
Ørsted Dal Member |
A plagiosaurid temnospondyl | |
| Salientia indet.[10] | Ørsted Dal Member | A potential stem-group anuran (frog) | ||
Archosaurs
Besides the forms described below, a diverse ichnofauna of small and large tracks has also been reported from the Malmros Klint Member,[3] as well as coprolites[11][12] and additional theropod, pterosaur, and turtle fossils.[3][13]
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Avemetatarsalia
| Avemetatarsalians of the Fleming Fjord Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus / Taxon | Species | Locality | Member | Materials | Notes | Images |
| Arcticodactylus | A. cromptonellus | Ørsted Dal Member | A eudimorphodontid pterosaur[13] |   | ||
| Eosauropus | E. sp. | Ørsted Dal Member | Large (>40 cm per footprint) quadrupedal tracks, likely produced by an early sauropod related to Eusauropoda[14] | |||
| Evazoum | E. sp. | Ørsted Dal Member | Large (~36 cm per footprint) bipedal tracks, likely produced by a plateosaurian sauropodomorph. By far the largest prints assigned to this ichnogenus[14] | |||
| Grallator | G. sp. | Malmros Klint Member, Ørsted Dal Member | Small bipedal tracks, likely produced by theropods[14][13] | |||
| Issi[15] | I. saaneq | Iron Cake Site | Malmros Klint Member | Specimens consists of juvenile skull, and partial skeletons | A plateosaurid sauropodomorph closely related to (and previously referred to) Plateosaurus | |
| Plateosauridae | indet. | Malmros Klint Member, Ørsted Dal Member | Undescribed fossils of plateosaurid sauropodomorphs, including complete skeletons. Plateosaurid skull material has been named as the species Issi saaneq[15] | |||
Pseudosuchians
| Pseudosuchians of the Fleming Fjord Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus / Taxon | Species | Locality | Member | Materials | Notes | Images |
| Aetosaurus | A. ferratus | Ørsted Dal Member | A small aetosaur[13] |
  | ||
| cf. Brachychirotherium | B. cf. sp. | Ørsted Dal Member | Footprints | Small quadrupedal tracks, likely produced by small or juvenile pseudosuchians[16] | ||
| Paratypothorax | P. andressorum | Ørsted Dal Member? | An osteoderm | A moderate-sized paratypothoracin aetosaur[13] | ||
| Mystriosuchus[7] | M. alleroq | Malmros Klint Mb, Carlsberg Fjord Mb of Ørsted Dal Fm | A parasuchid phytosaur | |||
| Phytosauria | indet. | Malmros Klint Member | Indeterminate phytosaur fossils, including adult and juvenile specimens[13] | |||
Other archosaurs
| Other archosaurs of the Fleming Fjord Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus / Taxon | Species | Locality | Member | Materials | Notes | Images |
| Clevosauridae | C. sp | Carlsberg Fjord Mb of Ørsted Dal Fm | A rhynchocephalian reptile. Closely resembles Clevosaurus.[7] | |||
| Doswelliidae[7] | Indeterminate[7] | Carlsberg Fjord Mb of Ørsted Dal Fm | A proterochampsian archosauriform | |||
Pantestudines
| Pantestudines of the Fleming Fjord Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus / Taxon | Species | Locality | Member | Materials | Notes | Images |
| Cryptochersis[17] | C. paraxene | A proterochersidae | ||||
| cf. Proganochelys | P. cf. sp. | Ørsted Dal Member | Turtle fossils possibly referrable to Proganochelys[13][18] | |||
| Testudinata | indet. | Malmros Klint Member?, Ørsted Dal Member | Indeterminate testudinatan (turtle) fossils[13] | |||
| Ypomonetikochelys | Y. euryaspis | A proterochersidae | ||||
Synapsids
| Synapsids of the Fleming Fjord Formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus / Taxon | Species | Locality | Member | Materials | Notes | Images |
| Brachyzostrodon | B. cf. sp. | Ørsted Dal Member | A morganucodont mammaliaform[13] |  | ||
| Haramiyavia | H. clemmenseni | Ørsted Dal Member | A haramiyid mammaliaform[13] | |||
| Kalaallitkigun[19] | K. jenkinsi | Ørsted Dal Member | A haramiyid mammaliaform | |||
| Kuehneotherium | K. sp. | Ørsted Dal Member | A kuehneotheriid mammaliaform[13] | |||
| Mitredon | M. cromptoni | Ørsted Dal Member | A probainognathian cynodont with uncertain affinities[13] | |||
See also
- List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
- List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Greenland
References
- ↑ Clemmensen, L.B.; Kent, D.V.; Jenkins, F.A. Jr. (1998). "A Late Triassic lake system in East Greenland: facies, depositional cycles and palaeoclimate". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (Elsevier) 140 (1–4): 135–159. doi:10.1016/s0031-0182(98)00043-1. Bibcode: 1998PPP...140..135C. http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/download/fedora_content/download/ac:143285/CONTENT/S0031-0182_98_00043-1.pdf. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
- ↑ Clemmensen, Lars B.; Milàn, Jesper; Adolfssen, Jan Schulz; Estrup, Eliza Jarl; Frobøse, Nicolai; Klein, Nicole; Mateus, Octávio; Wings, Oliver (2015-12-16). "The vertebrate-bearing Late Triassic Fleming Fjord Formation of central East Greenland revisited: stratigraphy, palaeoclimate and new palaeontological data". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 434 (1): 31–47. doi:10.1144/sp434.3. ISSN 0305-8719. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287387885.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Sulej, Tomasz; Wolniewicz, Andrzej; Bonde, Niels; Błażejowski, Błażej; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Tałanda, Mateusz (2014-12-10). "New perspectives on the Late Triassic vertebrates of East Greenland: preliminary results of a Polish−Danish palaeontological expedition". Polish Polar Research 35 (4): 541–552. doi:10.2478/popore-2014-0030. ISSN 2081-8262. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269411243.
- ↑ Agnolin, Federico L.; Mateus, Octávio; Milàn, Jesper; Marzola, Marco; Wings, Oliver; Adolfssen, Jan Schulz; Clemmensen, Lars B. (2018-03-04). "Ceratodus tunuensis , sp. nov., a new lungfish (Sarcopterygii, Dipnoi) from the Upper Triassic of central East Greenland" (in en). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 38 (2). doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1439834. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 2018JVPal..38E9834A. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2018.1439834.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Pawlak, Wojciech; Tałanda, Mateusz; Sulej, Tomasz; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz (2020). "Dipnoan from the Upper Triassic of East Greenland and remarks about palaeobiogeography of Ptychoceratodus". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 65. doi:10.4202/app.00679.2019. http://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app006792019.html.
- ↑ Challands, Tom J.; Cavin, Lionel; Zondo, Michel; Munyikwa, Darlington; Choiniere, Jonah N.; Barrett, Paul M. (2023-11-02). "A new lungfish from the Upper Triassic of the Mid-Zambezi Basin, Zimbabwe". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 43 (6). doi:10.1080/02724634.2024.2365391. ISSN 0272-4634. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2024.2365391#d1e782.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Jésus, Valerian J. P.; Mateus, Octávio; Milàn, Jesper; Clemmensen, Lars B. (2025-04-15). "Late Triassic small and medium-sized vertebrates from the Fleming Fjord Group of the Jameson Land Basin, central East Greenland" (in English). Palaeontologia Electronica 28 (1): 1–21. doi:10.26879/1423. ISSN 1094-8074. https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2025/5520-triassic-greenland-vertebrates.
- ↑ Marco Marzola; Octávio Mateus; Neil H. Shubin; Lars B. Clemmensen (2017). "Cyclotosaurus naraserluki, sp. nov., a new Late Triassic cyclotosaurid (Amphibia, Temnospondyli) from the Fleming Fjord Formation of the Jameson Land Basin (East Greenland)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37 (2). doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1303501. Bibcode: 2017JVPal..37E3501M.
- ↑ Farish A. Jenkins, Jr.; Neil H. Shubin; Stephen M. Gatesy; Anne Warren (2008). "Gerrothorax pulcherrimus from the Upper Triassic Fleming Fjord Formation of East Greenland and a reassessment of head lifting in temnospondyl feeding". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 (4): 935–950. doi:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.935. Bibcode: 2008JVPal..28..935J.
- ↑ Jésus, Valerian J. P.; Mateus, Octávio; Milàn, Jesper; Clemmensen, Lars B. (2022-08-24). "First occurrence of a frog-like batrachian (Amphibia) in the Late Triassic Fleming Fjord Group, central East Greenland". Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 70: 117–130. doi:10.37570/bgsd-2022-70-08. ISSN 2245-7070. https://2dgf.dk/xpdf/bull70-117-130.pdf.
- ↑ Hansen, Bitten Bolvig; Milàn, Jesper; Clemmensen, Lars B.; Adolfssen, Jan Schulz; Estrup, Eliza Jarl; Klein, Nicole; Mateus, Octávio; Wings, Oliver (2015-12-17). "Coprolites from the Late Triassic Kap Stewart Formation, Jameson Land, East Greenland: morphology, classification and prey inclusions". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 434 (1): 49–69. doi:10.1144/sp434.12. ISSN 0305-8719.
- ↑ Milàn, Jesper; Mateus, Octávio; Mau, Malte; Rudra, Arka; Sanei, Hamed; Clemmensen, Lars B. (2021). "A possible phytosaurian (Archosauria, pseudosuchia) coprolite from the late triassic fleming fjord group of jameson land, central east Greenland". Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 69: 71–80. doi:10.37570/bgsd-2021-69-05. ISSN 0011-6297. https://run.unl.pt/handle/10362/125319.
- ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 Marco Marzola; Octávio Mateus; Jesper Milàn; Lars B. Clemmensen (March 2018). "A review of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic tetrapods from Greenland". Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark: 21–46. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323551728.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Lallensack, Jens; Klein, Hendrik; Milán, Jesper; Wings, Oliver; Mateus, Octávio; Clemmensen, Lars (2017). "Sauropodomorph dinosaur trackways from the Fleming Fjord Formation of East Greenland: evidence for Late Triassic sauropods". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 62. doi:10.4202/app.00374.2017. ISSN 0567-7920.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Beccari, V.; Mateus, O.; Wings, O.; Milàn, J.; Clemmensen, L. B. (2021). "Issi saaneq gen. et sp. nov.—A New Sauropodomorph Dinosaur from the Late Triassic (Norian) of Jameson Land, Central East Greenland" (in en). Diversity 13 (11): 561. doi:10.3390/d13110561.
- ↑ Klein, Hendrik; Milàn, Jesper; Clemmensen, Lars B.; Frobøse, Nicolaj; Mateus, Octávio; Klein, Nicole; Adolfssen, Jan S.; Estrup, Eliza J. et al. (2015-12-16). "Archosaur footprints (cf.Brachychirotherium) with unusual morphology from the Upper Triassic Fleming Fjord Formation (Norian–Rhaetian) of East Greenland". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 434 (1): 71–85. doi:10.1144/sp434.1. ISSN 0305-8719. https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/2008371.
- ↑ Szczygielski, Tomasz; Dróżdż, Dawid (2026-03-27). "Triassic turtles (Testudinata: Proterochersidae and Proganochelyidae) of Greenland" (in en). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 206 (3). doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlag011. ISSN 0024-4082.
- ↑ Prothero, D. R. (2015). The Story of Life in 25 Fossils: Tales of Intrepid Fossil Hunters and the Wonders of Evolution. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-53942-5.
- ↑ Tomasz Sulej; Grzegorz Krzesiński; Mateusz Tałanda; Andrzej S. Wolniewicz; Błażej Błażejowski; Niels Bonde; Piotr Gutowski; Maksymilian Sienkiewicz et al. (2020). "The earliest-known mammaliaform fossil from Greenland sheds light on origin of mammals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117 (43): 26861–26867. doi:10.1073/pnas.2012437117. PMID 33046636. Bibcode: 2020PNAS..11726861S.
Bibliography
- Kent, D. V.; Clemmensen, L. B. (2021). "Northward dispersal of dinosaurs from Gondwana to Greenland at the mid-Norian (215–212 Ma, Late Triassic) dip in atmospheric pCO2". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118 (8). doi:10.1073/pnas.2020778118. PMID 33593914. Bibcode: 2021PNAS..11820778K.
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