Earth:List of Turkic dynasties and countries

From HandWiki
Short description: None

The following is a list of dynasties, states or empires which are Turkic-speaking, of Turkic origins, or both. There are currently six recognised Turkic sovereign states. Additionally, there are six federal subjects of Russia in which a Turkic language is a majority, and five where Turkic languages are the minority, and also Crimea, a disputed territory between Ukraine and Russia where Turkic languages are the indigenous minority. There have been numerous Turkic confederations, dynasties, and empires throughout history across Eurasia and North Africa.

World map with present-day independent recognised Turkic countries highlighted in red

Contemporary entities with at least one Turkic language recognised as official

Current independent states

Name Year of Independence
Turkey Turkey 1923 2016 – 70–75% Turkish[1]
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan 1991 2009 – 91.6% Azerbaijani, 0.4% Meskhetian Turk, 0.3% Tatar[2]
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan 1991 2020 – 68.5% Kazakh, 3.93% Uzbek, 1.5% Uyghur, 1.1% Tatar, 0.6% Meskhetian Turk, 0.6% Azerbaijani[3]
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan 1991 2021 – 73.8% Kyrgyz, 14.8% Uzbek, 0.9% Uyghur, 0.7% Meskhetian Turk, 0.6% Kazakh, 0.4% Tatar, 0.3% Azerbaijani[4]
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan 1991 2012 – 85.6% Turkmen, 5.8% Uzbek, 0.4% Kazakh[5]
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan 1991 2017 – 83.7% Uzbek, 2.5% Kazakh, 2.2% Karakalpak, 0.9% Kyrgyz, 0.6% Tatar, 0.6% Turkmen[6]

De facto states

Recognised only by Turkey.

Name Year of Independence
Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus 1983 2006 – 99.2% Turkish[7]

Federal subjects (Republics) of Russia

Name Total %
Federal subjects with Turkic majority or plurality
 Bashkortostan 57.3% 2021 – 31% Bashkir, 23.8% Tatar, 2% Chuvash, 0.5% other Turkic peoples[8]
 Chuvashia 60.4% 2021 – 57.7% Chuvash, 2.5% Tatar, 0.2% other Turkic peoples[8]
 Tatarstan 56.2% 2021 – 53% Tatars, 2.3% Chuvash, 0.3% Bashkir, 0.8% other Turkic peoples[8]
 Tuva 85.7% 2021 – 85.2% Tuvan, 0.5% other Turkic peoples[8]
Yakutia Sakha Republic 49.8% 2021 – 47.1% Yakut, 1.1% Kyrgyz, 0.4% Tatar, 0.4% Uzbek, 0.8% other Turkic peoples[8]
 Karachay-Cherkessia 48.5% 2021 – 43.8% Karachay, 3.7% Nogai, 1% other Turkic peoples[8]
Federal subjects with Turkic minority
 Altai Republic 44.7% 2021 – 38.1% Altai, 6% Kazakh, 0.6% other Turkic peoples[8]
 Dagestan 20.6% 2021 – 15.6% Kumyk, 3.7% Azerbaijani, 1.2% Nogai, 0.1% other Turkic peoples[8]
 Kabardino-Balkaria 15.9% 2021 – 13.7% Balkar, 1.9% Turkish, 0.7% other Turkic peoples[8]
Template:Country data Republic of Crimea 14.9% 2021 – 13% Crimean Tatar, 1.5% Tatar, 0.4% other Turkic peoples[8]
 Khakassia 12.1% 2021 – 10.3% Khakas, 0.4% Tuvans, 0.3% Tatars, 0.3% Shors, 0.8% other Turkic peoples[8]

Autonomous regions

Name Total Notes
Gagauzia Gagauzia in Moldova 83.8% 2014 – 83.8% Gagauz[9]
Template:Country data Karakalpakstan Karakalpakstan in Uzbekistan 98.2% 2021 – 40.4% Uzbek, 37% Karakalpak, 15.4% Kazakh, 5.4% Turkmen[10]
Azerbaijan Nakhchivan in Azerbaijan 99.6% 2009 – 99.6% Azerbaijani[11]
China
China Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 59.1% 2018 – 51.2% Uyghur, 6.9% Kazakh, 0.9% Kyrgyz[12]
↪ China Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture 92.54% 2018 – 66.2% Uyghur, 26.24% Kyrgyz[13]
↪ China Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture 45.9% 2018 – 27.2% Kazakh, 18% Uyghur[13]
↪ China Barköl Kazakh Autonomous County 36.5% 2018 – 36.3% Kazakh, 0.2% Uyghur[13]
↪ China Mori Kazakh Autonomous County 36.7% 2018 – 29.3% Kazakh, 6.1% Uyghur[13]
China Xunhua Salar Autonomous County 61.1% 2000 – 61.1% Salar
China Jishishan Bonan, Dongxiang and Salar Autonomous County ~5.8%[14][15] 2010 – 5.8% Salar
China Sunan Yugur Autonomous County 25% 1996 – 25% Yugur[16]
China Aksay Kazakh Autonomous County 41.3% 2005 – 41.3% Kazakh[17]

Historical Turkic confederations, dynasties, and states

Tribal confederations

Dingling Yenisei Kyrgyz Tiele Basmyl Chigils Alat Kutrigurs
Onogurs Utigurs Toquz Oghuz Kipchaks Kangly Cumans Yagma
Oghuz Sabirs Bulgars Shatuo Nushibi Duolu Xueyantuo
Khazars Bulaqs Saragurs Yabaku Karluks Chorni Klobuky Berendei

Royal clans

  • Ashina (First Turkic Khaganate, Western Turkic Khaganate, Eastern Turkic Khaganate, Khazars, Nushibi, Second Turkic Khaganate)
  • Ashide (Empress clan of Second Turkic Khaganate)
  • Yaglakar (Uyghur Khaganate, Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom)
  • Ädiz (Uyghur Khaganate)
  • Dulo clan (Volga Bulgaria)
  • Bulanid (Khazars)
  • House of Aba
  • House of Basarab
  • Osman (Ottoman Empire)
  • Bahri (Mamluk Sultanate)
  • Sarkar (Shirvan Khanate)
  • Javanshir (Karabakh Khanate)
  • Terterids (Second Bulgarian Empire)
  • House of Shishman
  • House of Seljuq (Seljuk Empire, Sultanate of Rum, Kerman Seljuk Sultanate)

Central Asia

Name Notes Years Capital map
First Turkic Khaganate Founded by Bumin Qaghan after breaking away from Rouran Khaganate. 552–603 Otuken
Western Turkic Khaganate 581–742 Navekat and Suyab
Eastern Turkic Khaganate 581–630
639–645 		Ordu Baliq
Xueyantuo 628–646
Kangar union 659–750 Located in Ulytau
Turk Shahi 665–850 Kabul
Second Turkic Khaganate Founded by Ilterish Qaghan. It was preceded by the First Turkic Khaganate (552–630) and then a period of Tang rule (630–682). 682–744 Otuken
Türgesh Türgesh were a Turkic tribal confederation of Dulu Turks believed to have descended from the Turuhe tribe situated along the banks of the Tuul River. They emerged as an independent power after the demise of the Western Turkic Khaganate and established a khaganate in 699. The Turgesh Khaganate lasted until 766 when the Karluks defeated them. 699–766 Balasagun
Kimek–Kipchak confederation 743–1220 Khagan-Kimek Imekia
Uyghur Khaganate 744–848 Ordu Baliq
Oghuz Yabgu State 750–1055 Yangikent
Karluk Yabgu State 756–940 Suyab later Balasagun
Kara-Khanid Khanate 840–1212 Balasagun, Kashgar, Samarkand
Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate 840–1207
Kingdom of Qocho 856–1335 Gaochang, Beshbalik
Pechenegs 860–1091
Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 894–1036 Zhangye
Cuman–Kipchak confederation[18][19] 900–1220
Yettishar A short lived emirate in Kashgar region.[20] 1865–1877 Kashgar

Europe

Name Notes Years Capital Map
Khazar Empire The Khazars were a semi-nomadic Turkic people, who created what for its duration was the most powerful polity to emerge from the break-up of the Western Turkic Kaganate.[21] 6th–11th century Balanjar 650–720 ca., Samandar (city) 720s–750, Atil 750-ca.965–969
Great Bulgaria 632–668 Phanagoria 632–665
First Bulgarian Empire Tengrist Turkic pre-Christianization;[22] became Slavic post-Christianization 681–1018 Pliska 681–893, Preslav 893–972, Skopje 972–992, Ohrid 992–1018
Volga Bulgaria Volga Bulgaria was a historic Bulgar state that existed around the confluence of the Volga and Kama River 7th century–1240s Bolghar, Bilär
Terter dynasty 1280–1323

Middle East and North Africa

Name Notes Years Capital Map
Tulunids The Tulunids were a dynasty of Turkic origin[23] and were the first independent dynasty to rule Islamic Egypt, as well as much of Syria. 868–905 Al-Qata'i
Ikhshidid dynasty Founded by a Turkic[24][25][26] slave soldier, was appointed governor by the Abbasid Caliph.[27] 935–969 Fustat
Anatolian Beyliks 11th–16th century Many such as Karaman, Sinop, Adana, Alanya, Kahramanmaraş
Ahmadilis 1122–1209 Maragha
Eldiguzids ca.1135–1225 Nakhchivan, Hamadan, Tabriz
Salghurids 1148–1282 Shiraz
Ottoman Empire Also known as the Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey, was an empire founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia 1299–1923 Söğüt (1299–1335), Bursa (1335–1413), Edirne (1413–1453), Istanbul (1453–1922)
Qara Qoyunlu Kara Koyunlu was a Turkmen tribal federation.[28] 1375–1468 Tabriz
Aq Qoyunlu Aq Qoyunlu was an tribal federation from Bayandur clan of the Oghuz Turks[29] 1378–1501 Diyarbakır (1453–1468), Tabriz (1468–6 January 1478)
Burid dynasty 1104–1154 Damascus
Zengid dynasty Dynasty of Oghuz Turk origin.[30] 1127–1250 Aleppo
Rasulid dynasty 1229–1454 Zabid
Bahri dynasty The first half of the Mamluk Sultanate was dominated by the Kipchak Turkic Bahri dynasty, after the Mongol conquest of the Kipchak steppes. 1250–1389 Cairo
Assaf dynasty Controlled region between Beirut and Byblos 1306–1591 Ghazir
Afsharid dynasty Dynasty of Oghuz Turkic origin 1736–1796 Mashhad
Qajar dynasty Dynasty of Oghuz Turkic origin 1789–1925 Tehran

Maghreb region

Name Notes Years Capital Map
Karamanli dynasty The Karamanli dynasty was an independent or quasi-independent,[31] who ruled from 1711 to 1835 in Tripolitania (Tripoli and its surroundings in present-day Libya). At their peak, the Karamanlis' influence reached Cyrenaica and Fezzan, covering most of Libya. The founder of the dynasty was Pasha Ahmed Karamanli, a descendant of the Karamanids. 1711–1835 Tripoli

Indian subcontinent

Name Notes Years Capital Map
Mamluk dynasty Mamluk Dynasty was directed into Northern India by Qutb al-Din Aibak, a Turkic Mamluk slave general from Central Asia. The Mamluk Dynasty ruled from 1206 to 1290.[32][33][34] 1206–1290 Lahore (1206–1210), Delhi (1210–1290)
Qarlughid Dynasty 1224–1266 Ghazna, Binban
Khalji dynasty A Turko-Pashtun Dynasty 1290–1320 Delhi
Tughlaq dynasty[35] 1320–1414 Delhi
Qutb Shahi dynasty 1518–1687 Golconda (1519–1591), Hyderabad (1591–1687)
Tarkhan dynasty 1554–1591 Sindh

Sinicized Turkic dynasties

The Shatuo Turks founded several sinicized dynasties in northern China during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The official language of these dynasties was Chinese and they used Chinese titles and names.

Name Notes Years Capital Map
Great Yan General An Lushan rebelled against Tang dynasty 756–763 Luoyang (756–757), Yecheng (757–759), Fanyang (759), Luoyang (759–762)
Later Tang 923–936 Daming (923), Luoyang (923–936)
Later Jin[36] The Later Jin founder, Shi Jingtang, claimed patrilineal Han Chinese ancestry. 936–947 Taiyuan (936), Luoyang (937), Kaifeng (937–947)
Later Han Sources conflict as to the origin of the Later Han and Northern Han Emperors; some indicate Shatuo ancestry while another claims that the Emperors claimed patrilineal Han Chinese ancestry.[37] 947–951 Kaifeng
Northern Han Same family as Later Han. Sources conflict as to the origin of the Later Han and Northern Han Emperors; some indicate Shatuo ancestry while another claims that the Emperors claimed patrilineal Han Chinese ancestry.[37] 951–979 Taiyuan

Turko-Persian states

The Turco-Persian tradition was an Islamic tradition of the interpretation of literary forms, practiced and patronized by Turkic rulers and speakers. Many Turko-Persian states were founded in modern-day Eastern Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.[38]

Name Notes Years Capital Map
Ghaznavid Empire Ruled by a thoroughly Persianized family of Turkic mamluk origin[39][40] 962–1186 Ghazna (977–1163), Lahore (1163–1186)
Seljuk Empire Ruled by Qiniq branch[41][42] of Oghuz Turks.[39][43][44][45] 1037–1194 Nishapur (1037–1043), Ray (1043–1051), Isfahan (1051–1118), Hamadan (Western capital, 1118–1194) Merv (Eastern capital, 1118–1153)
Kerman Seljuk Sultanate 1041–1187 Kerman
Sultanate of Rum Persianized Oghuz Turkic dynasty[46] 1077–1307 Nicaea (1077–1096), Iconium (1096–1308), Sebastia (1211–1220)
Khwarazmian dynasty Ruled by a family of Turkic mamluk origin.[47] 1077–1231/1256 Gurganj (1077–1212), Samarkand (1212–1220), Ghazna (1220–1221), Tabriz (1225–1231)

Turco-Mongol states

Turco-Mongol is a term describing the synthesis of Mongol and Turkic cultures by several states of Mongol origin throughout Eurasia. These states adopted Turkic languages, either among the populace or among the elite, and converted to Islam, but retained Mongol political and legal institutions.

Name Years Capital Notes Map
Tatar confederation 8th century-1202
Chagatai Khanate 1225–1340s Almaliq, Qarshi
Golden Horde 1240s–1502 Sarai Batu Founded as an appanage of the Mongol Empire, the Golden Horde gradually became Turkicized after the Empire's fragmentation
Sufids 1361–1379
Mughal Empire 1526–1857 Agra 1526–1571, Fatehpur Sikri 1571–1585, Lahore 1585–1598, Agra 1598–1648, Shahjahanabad/Delhi 1648–1857 Founded by Turco-Mongol ruler Babur, adopted the Persian language in later periods.[48][49][50][51]
Timurid Empire 1370–1506 Samarkand 1370–1505, Herat 1505–1507 Belonging to Barlas were a Mongol and later Turkicized nomadic confederation in Central Asia.
Shaybanid Khanate 1428–1599 Samarkand
Khanate of Kazan 1438–1552 Kazan
Crimean Khanate 1441–1783 Bakhchisaray Crimean Khanate was established by Hacı I Giray, a descendant of Toqa Temür, thirteenth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan.
Nogai Khanate 1440s–1634 Saray-Jük Founded by Nogay Khan, a direct descendant of Genghis Khan through Jochi, formed an army of the Manghits joined by numerous Turkic tribes. A century later the Nogays were led by Edigu, a commander of Manghit paternal origin and Jochid maternal origin.[52]
Kazakh Khanate 1456–1847 Turkistan Founded by Kerei Khan and Janibek Khan, descendants of the thirteenth son of Jochi, Toqa Timur.
Great Horde 1466–1502 Sarai
Astrakhan Khanate 1466–1556 Xacitarxan

Khanate of Sibir

1490–1598 Tyumen until 1493, Qashliq from 1493
Khanate of Bukhara 1500–1785 Bukhara
Khanate of Khiva Yadigarids: 1511–1804[53] Qungrats 1804–1920 Khiva
Yarkent Khanate 1514–1705 Yarkent
Arghun dynasty 1520–1554 Bukkur
Lesser Nogai Horde 1449 or 1557–1783 Voli Sarai
Budjak Horde 17th century–18th century
Khanate of Kokand 1709–1876 Kokand
Emirate of Bukhara 1785–1920 Bukhara

Vassal khanates

The following list is only of vassal khanates of Turkic origin, which were ruled by of another descent peoples.

Name Notes Years Capital Map
Qasim Khanate Turco-Mongol state 1452–1681 Kasimov
Kumul Khanate Turco-Mongol state 1696–1930 Hami City

Former Provisional Governments and Republics

Name Notes Years Capital Map
Comrat Republic 1906 Comrat
Provisional Government of Western Thrace later Independent Government of Western Thrace Republic of Western Thrace was a small, short-lived partially recognised republic established in Western Thrace from August 31 to October 25, 1913. It encompassed the area surrounded by the rivers Maritsa (Evros) in the east, Mesta (Nestos) in the west, the Rhodope Mountains in the north and the Aegean Sea in the south. Its total territory was c. 8.600 km2.[54] 1913 Komotini
Crimean People's Republic Crimean People's Republic existed from December 1917 to January 1918 in Crimea. Crimean People's Republic was the first Turkic and Muslim democratic republic in the history. 1917–1918 Bakhchysarai
Idel-Ural State 1917–1918
Alash Autonomy A provisional autonomous Kazakh-Kyrgyz administration. Later integrated into Soviet Union under Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic umbrella. 1917–1920 Semey
Karakorum-Altai Government or Confederated Republic of Altai 1918–1922
Republic of Aras 1918–1919 Nakhchivan (city)
Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus 1918–1919 Kars
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 1918–1920 Ganja, Azerbaijan until Sep 1918, Baku
Government of the Grand National Assembly Government of the Grand National Assembly, also called Ankara Government was a provisional and revolutionary Turkish government based in Ankara during the Turkish War of Independence. It was succeeded by Turkey after the Treaty of Lausanne. 1920–1923 Ankara
People's Republic of Tannu Tuva 1921–1944 Kyzyl
First East Turkestan Republic First East Turkestan Republic was a short-lived breakaway would-be Islamic republic founded in 1933. It was centered on the city of Kashgar in what is today the People's Republic of China-administered Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. 1933–1934 Kashgar
Republic of Hatay Hatay State, also known informally as the Republic of Hatay, was a transitional political entity that existed from September 7, 1938, to June 29, 1939, in the territory of the Sanjak of Alexandretta of the French Mandate of Syria. The state was transformed de jure into the Hatay Province of Turkey on July 7, 1939, de facto joining the country on July 23, 1939. 1938–1939 Antakya
East Turkistan Republic 1944–1949 Ghulja
Azerbaijan People's Government Established in Iranian Azerbaijan, the APG's capital was the city of Tabriz. Its establishment and demise were a part of the Iran crisis, which was a precursor to the Cold War. 1945–1946 Tabriz
Turkish Cypriot General Committee[55] 1963–1967 Nicosia
Provisional Cypriot Turkish Administration[55] 1967–1974 Nicosia
Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration 1974–1975 Nicosia
Turkish Federated State of Cyprus Was declared in 1975 and existing until 1983. It was not recognised by the international community. It was succeeded by the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. 1975–1983 Nicosia
Gagauz Republic 1990–1994 Komrat

Soviet Republics

Name Notes Years Map Capital
Khorezm People's Soviet Republic 1920–1924 Khiva
Bukharan People's Soviet Republic 1920–1924 Bukhara
Azerbaijan SSR 1920–1991 Baku
Uzbek SSR 1924–1991 Samarkand 1924–1930, Tashkent 1930–1991
Turkmen SSR 1924–1991 Ashgabat
Kazakh SSR 1936–1991 Almaty
Kyrgyz SSR 1936–1991 Bishkek

Autonomous Soviet Republics

Name Notes Years Map Capital
Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1918–1924 Tashkent
Bashkir ASSR 1919–1990 Ufa
Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic 1920–1925 Orenburg
Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1920–1990 Kazan
Yakut ASSR 1922–1991 Yakutsk
Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1921–1924 Vladikavkaz
Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1921–1990 Nakhchivan (city)
Kazak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic 1925–1936 Almaty
Chuvash ASSR 1925–1992 Cheboksary
Karakalpak ASSR 1932–1992 Nukus
Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1936–1991 Nalchik
Kabardin Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1944–1957
Crimean ASSR 1921–1945 Simferopol
Tuvan ASSR 1961–1992
Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1990–1992 Gorno-Altaysk

Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union

Name Notes Years Map Capital
Chuvash Autonomous Oblast 1920–1925 Cheboksary
Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Oblast 1921–1936 Nalchik
Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast 1922–1926 Cherkessk
Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast 1922–1991
Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast 1924–1936 Bishkek
Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast 1925–1932 To‘rtko‘l
Karachay Autonomous Oblast 1926–1957 Mikoyan Shakhar
Khakassian Autonomous Oblast 1930–1992
Tuvan Autonomous Oblast 1944–1961 Kyzyl

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Turkey" (in en). Central Intelligence Agency. 8 March 2022. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey-turkiye/#people-and-society. 
  2. ↑ "Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009". http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm. 
  3. ↑ "Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на начало 2020 года". Комитет по статистике Министерства национальной экономики Республики Казахстан. https://www.stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT355258. 
  4. ↑ "Total population by nationality (assessment at the beginning of the year, people)" (in en). Bureau of Statistics of Kyrgyzstan. 2021. http://www.stat.kg/en/opendata/category/312/. 
  5. ↑ "The results of census in Turkmenistan | Chronicles of Turkmenistan". 6 October 2016. http://www.chrono-tm.org/en/2015/02/the-results-of-census-in-turkmenistan/. 
  6. ↑ "Statistika qo'mitasi – DEMOGRAPHIC SITUATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN". 22 August 2018. https://www.stat.uz/en/press-center/news-committee/435-analiticheskie-materialy-en1/2075-demographic-situation-in-the-republic-of-uzbekistan. 
  7. ↑ "Tablo – 8 : Yaş Grubu, Milliyet ve Cinsiyete Göre Sürekli İkamet Eden (de-jure) KKTC Vatandaşı Nüfus. TOPLAM". http://nufussayimi.devplan.org/Nufus-nitelikleri_main.html. 
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 "Национальный состав населения". Federal State Statistics Service. https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx. Retrieved 30 December 2022. 
  9. ↑ Statistics, National Bureau of. "// Population and Housing Census in 2014" (in en). https://statistica.gov.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=479&. 
  10. ↑ "Permanent population by national and / or ethnic group, urban / rural place of residence". Open Data Portal. https://data.egov.uz/eng/data/6117a05996188a0f14ac917b. 
  11. ↑ "NAXÇIVAN MUXTAR RESPUBLİKASI rəsmi portal". http://www.nakhchivan.az/portal-en/index-22.htm. 
  12. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". http://www.xjtj.gov.cn/sjcx/tjnj_3415/2016xjtjnj/rkjy/201707/t20170714_539451.html/. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 "3–7 各地、州、市、县(市)分民族人口数". http://tjj.xinjiang.gov.cn/tjj/rkjyu/202006/3b1eef1049114b0c9cf9e81bf18433ef.shtml. 
  14. ↑ Salar population in Gansu province with respect to population of Jishishan county. 13,517 in 231,800 per 2010 census.
  15. ↑ "Population by Prefecture,County". http://tjj.gansu.gov.cn/tjnj/2010/table/02/07.html. 
  16. ↑ "肃南裕固族自治县历史沿革_行政区划网(区划地名网) www.xzqh.org". http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/gs/29497.html. 
  17. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in zh). 2016-06-27. http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/gs/30366.html. 
  18. ↑ Encyclopedia of European peoples, Vol.1, Ed. Carl Waldman, Catherine Mason, (Infobase Publishing Inc., 2006), 475; "The Kipchaks were a loose tribal confederation of Turkics...".
  19. ↑ Vásáry, István, Cumans and Tatars: Oriental military in the pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 6; "..two Turkic confederacies, the Kipchaks and the Cumans, had merged by the twelfth century.".
  20. ↑ Dillon, Michael (August 2014). Xinjiang and the Expansion of Chinese Communist Power: Kashgar in the Early Twentieth Century. ISBN 9781317647218. https://books.google.com/books?id=J2MtBAAAQBAJ&q=emirate+of+kashgar&pg=PA13. 
  21. ↑ Sneath 2007, p. 25.
  22. ↑ Peter Sarris (2011). Empires of Faith: The Fall of Rome to the Rise of Islam, 500–700. p. 308. 
  23. ↑ The Emergence of Muslim Rule in India: Some Historical Disconnects and Missing Links, Tanvir Anjum, Islamic Studies, Vol. 46, No. 2 (Summer 2007), 233.
  24. ↑ Abulafia, David (2011). The Mediterranean in History. p. 170. 
  25. ↑ Haag, Michael (2012). The Tragedy of the Templars: The Rise and Fall of the Crusader States. https://archive.org/details/tragedyoftemplar00haag. 
  26. ↑ Bacharach, Jere L. (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: A-K, index. p. 382. 
  27. ↑ C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties, (Columbia University Press, 1996), 62.
  28. ↑ [1] Kara Koyunlu, also spelled Qara Qoyunlu, Turkish Karakoyunlular, English Black Sheep, Turkmen tribal federation that ruled Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Iraq from about 1375 to 1468.
  29. ↑ C.E. Bosworth and R. Bulliet, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual , Columbia University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-231-10714-5, p. 275.
  30. ↑ C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties, (Columbia University Press, 1996), 191.
  31. ↑ Marshall Cavendish (2006). World and Its Peoples. p. 1213. ISBN 9780761475712. https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C&q=karamanli+dynasty&pg=PA1213. 
  32. ↑ Walsh, pp. 68–70
  33. ↑ Anzalone, p. 100
  34. ↑ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 72–80. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4. 
  35. ↑ William Hunter (1903), A Brief History of the Indian Peoples, p. 124, at Google Books, 23rd Edition, pp. 124–127
  36. ↑ Wudai Shi, ch. 75. Considering the father was originally called Nieliji without a surname, the fact that his patrilineal ancestors all had Chinese names here indicates that these names were probably all created posthumously after Shi Jingtang became a "Chinese" emperor. Shi Jingtang actually claimed to be a descendant of Chinese historical figures Shi Que and Shi Fen, and insisted that his ancestors went westwards towards non-Han Chinese area during the political chaos at the end of the Han Dynasty in the early 3rd century.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 According to Old History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 99, and New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 10. Liu Zhiyuan was of Shatuo origin. According to Wudai Huiyao, vol. 1 Liu Zhiyuan's great-great-grandfather Liu Tuan (劉湍) (titled as Emperor Mingyuan posthumously, granted the temple name of Wenzu) descended from Liu Bing (劉昞), Prince of Huaiyang, a son of Emperor Ming of Han
  38. ↑ Lewis, Bernard. "Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire", p29. Published 1963, University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1060-0.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 M.A. Amir-Moezzi, "Shahrbanu", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK ): "... here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..."
  40. ↑ Muhammad Qāsim Hindū Šāh Astarābādī Firištah, "History Of The Mohamedan Power In India", Chapter I, "Sultān Mahmūd-e Ghaznavī", p.27: "... "Sabuktegin, the son of Jūkān, the son of Kuzil-Hukum, the son of Kuzil-Arslan, the son of Fīrūz, the son of Yezdijird, king of Persia. ..."
  41. ↑ Jonathan Dewald, "Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World", Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 24
  42. ↑ Jackson, P. (2002). "Review: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens". Journal of Islamic Studies (Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies) 13 (1): 75–76. doi:10.1093/jis/13.1.75. 
  43. ↑ K.A. Luther, "Alp Arslān" in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK): "... Saljuq activity must always be viewed both in terms of the wishes of the sultan and his Khorasanian, Sunni advisors, especially Nezām-al-molk ..."
  44. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, "Seljuq", Online Edition, (LINK): "... Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship ..."
  45. ↑ O.Özgündenli, "Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK )
  46. ↑ 1.Bernard Lewis, Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire, 29; "Even when the land of Rum became politically independent, it remained a colonial extension of Turco-Persian culture which had its centers in Iran and Central Asia","The literature of Seljuk Anatolia was almost entirely in Persian...".
  47. ↑ M. Ismail Marcinkowski, Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India and Early Ottoman Turkey, with a foreword by Professor Clifford Edmund Bosworth, member of the British Academy, Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2003, ISBN 9971-77-488-7.
  48. ↑ Thackston 1996
  49. ↑ Findley 2005
  50. ↑ Saunders 1970, p.177
  51. ↑ "The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Tamarind Empire)". Ucalgary.ca. https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/timurid.html. ; "The Islamic World to 1600: Rise of the Great Islamic Empires (The Mughal Empire)". Ucalgary.ca. https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/mughals/. 
  52. ↑ Khodarkovsky, Russia's Steppe Frontier p. 9
  53. ↑ Compiled after Y. Bregel, ed. (1999), Firdaws al-iqbal; History of Khorezm. Leiden: Brill.
  54. ↑ "Panayotis D. Cangelaris – The Western Thrace Autonomous Government "Muhtariyet" Issue (1913) Philatelic Exhibit". http://www.cangelaris.com/exmuh.htm. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 [2] KIBRIS'TA ESKİ YÖNETİMLER

Further reading




Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Earth:List_of_Turkic_dynasties_and_countries&oldid=1063648"