Earth:List of submarine topographical features

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Short description: Oceanic landforms and topographic elements.
Depiction of the abyssal zone in relation to other major oceanic zones.

This is a list of submarine topographical features, oceanic landforms and topographic elements.

Abyssal plain

An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) and 6,000 meters (20,000 ft). Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth.[1] Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone. Abyssal plains cover more than 33% of the ocean floor (about 23% of Earth's surface),[2] but they are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process.[1][3][4]

The abyssal plain is formed when the lower oceanic crust is melted and forced upwards by the asthenosphere layer of the upper mantle. As this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges, it forms new oceanic crust. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited from turbidity currents that have been channeled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments.

Use of a continuously recording fathometer enabled Tolstoy & Ewing in the summer of 1947 to identify and describe the first abyssal plain.[1][5] This plain, located to the south of Newfoundland, is now known as the Sohm Abyssal Plain.[5] Following this discovery many other examples were found in all the oceans.[6][7][8][9][10]

List of abyssal plains and oceanic basins

Following is a list of named abyssal plains and oceanic basins:[1][11][12]

Name Alternate name Ocean Coordinates[11]
Adriatic Abyssal Plain (Adriatic Basin) Mediterranean [ ⚑ ] 43°0′N 15°0′E / 43°N 15°E / 43; 15
Agulhas Bank[13] (Agulhas Basin) South Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 35°30′S 21°00′E / 35.5°S 21°E / -35.5; 21
Alaska Plain (Alaskan Abyssal Plain, Alaskan Plain) North Pacific Ocean [ ⚑ ] 55°0′N 143°0′W / 55°N 143°W / 55; -143
Alborán Plain (Alboran Abyssal Plain) Alboran Sea (Mediterranean Sea) [ ⚑ ] 35°55′N 3°50′W / 35.917°N 3.833°W / 35.917; -3.833
Aleutian Basin (Aleutskaya Kotlovina, Bering Abyssal Plain, Bering Basin, Bering Sea Basin) North Pacific Ocean [ ⚑ ] 57°0′N 177°0′E / 57°N 177°E / 57; 177
Amerasia Basin (Central Polar Basin; consists of the Canada Basin and the Makarov Basin)
Amundsen Basin (Amundsen Basin) Arctic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 89°0′N 80°0′E / 89°N 80°E / 89; 80
Amundsen Plain (Amundsen Abyssal Plain) Southern Ocean [ ⚑ ] 65°0′S 125°0′W / 65°S 125°W / -65; -125
Angola Plain[14][15][16]

[17]

(Angola Abyssal Plain, Angola Basin) South Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 15°0′S 2°0′E / 15°S 2°E / -15; 2
Argentine Abyssal Plain (Argentine Plain, Argentine Basin) South Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 47°30′S 50°0′W / 47.5°S 50°W / -47.5; -50
Atlantic-Indian Basin[18][19] Indian Ocean [ ⚑ ] 60°0′S 15°0′E / 60°S 15°E / -60; 15
Balearic Abyssal Plain Mediterranean Sea [ ⚑ ] 40°00′N 01°30′E / 40°N 1.5°E / 40; 1.5
Baffin Basin (Baffin Bay Basin) North Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 73°15′N 67°0′W / 73.25°N 67°W / 73.25; -67
Barracuda Plain (Barracuda Abyssal Plain) North Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 17°0′N 56°30′W / 17°N 56.5°W / 17; -56.5
Bauer Basin
Bellingshausen Plain (Bellingshausen Abyssal Plain) Southern Ocean [ ⚑ ] 64°0′S 90°0′W / 64°S 90°W / -64; -90
Biscay Plain[20] (Biscay Abyssal Plain) North Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 45°0′N 7°15′W / 45°N 7.25°W / 45; -7.25
Blake Basin (Blake Abyssal Plain) North Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 29°30′N 76°4′W / 29.5°N 76.067°W / 29.5; -76.067
Boreas Plain (Boreas Abyssal Plain) Arctic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 77°0′N 1°0′E / 77°N 1°E / 77; 1
Burdwood Abyssal Plain South Atlantic Ocean
Canada Plain[21] (Canada Abyssal Plain, Canada Basin, Canada Deep, Canadian Plain, Kanadskaya Abissal'naya Ravnina Kanadskaya). One of two sub-basins of the Amerasia Basin. Arctic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 80°0′N 140°0′W / 80°N 140°W / 80; -140
Canary Basin
Cape Plain[14] (Cape Abyssal Plain, Cape Basin) South Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 34°45′S 6°0′E / 34.75°S 6°E / -34.75; 6
Cape Verde Plain[22] (Cape Verde Abyssal Plain) North Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 23°0′N 26°0′W / 23°N 26°W / 23; -26
Cascadia Plain (Cascadia Abyssal Plain, Cascadia Basin, Bassin Cascadia, Great Trough) North Pacific Ocean [ ⚑ ] 47°0′N 127°30′W / 47°N 127.5°W / 47; -127.5
Ceará Plain (Brazil Basin, Ceara Abyssal Plain) North Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 0°0′N 36°30′W / 0°N 36.5°W / 0; -36.5
Central Pacific Basin
Ceylon Plain (Ceylon Abyssal Plain) Indian Ocean [ ⚑ ] 4°0′S 82°0′E / 4°S 82°E / -4; 82
Chile Basin
Chukchi Plain[21] (Chukchi Abyssal Plain) Arctic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 77°0′N 172°0′W / 77°N 172°W / 77; -172
Cocos Abyssal Plain (Cocos Basin) Indian Ocean
Colombian Plain (Colombia Abyssal Plain, Colombian Abyssal Plain) Caribbean (Atlantic Ocean) [ ⚑ ] 13°0′N 76°0′W / 13°N 76°W / 13; -76
Comoro Plain (Comores Abyssal Plain) Mozambique Channel (Indian Ocean) [ ⚑ ] 13°45′S 44°30′E / 13.75°S 44.5°E / -13.75; 44.5
Cuvier Plain (Cuvier Abyssal Plain) Indian Ocean [ ⚑ ] 22°0′S 111°0′E / 22°S 111°E / -22; 111
Demerara Plain (Demerara Abyssal Plain) North Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 10°0′N 48°0′W / 10°N 48°W / 10; -48
Dibble Basin Southern Ocean [ ⚑ ] 65°20′S 133°0′E / 65.333°S 133°E / -65.333; 133
Dumshaf Plain (Dumshaf Abyssal Plain) Arctic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 68°0′N 5°0′E / 68°N 5°E / 68; 5
Enderby Plain[23][24] (Enderby Abyssal Plain, East Abyssal Plain) Southern Ocean [ ⚑ ] 60°0′S 40°0′E / 60°S 40°E / -60; 40
Eratosthenes Abyssal Plain[25][26] (Eratosthenes Seamount) Mediterranean Sea [ ⚑ ] 33°40′N 32°40′E / 33.667°N 32.667°E / 33.667; 32.667
Eurasian Basin (Norway Abyssal Plain, Norwegian Basin; consists of the Amundsen Basin and the Nansen Basin) Arctic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 80°N 90°E / 80°N 90°E / 80; 90
Euxine Abyssal Plain[27][28][29] Black Sea
Fernando de Noronha Plain (Fernando de Noronha Abyssal Plain, Planicie Abissal de Fernando de Noronha) South Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 3°0′S 31°0′W / 3°S 31°W / -3; -31
Ferradura Plain (Ferradura Abyssal Plain, Planicie Abissal da Ferradura) North Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 36°0′N 10°45′W / 36°N 10.75°W / 36; -10.75
Fletcher Plain (Abissal’naya Ravnina Fletchera) Arctic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 86°0′N 179°59′W / 86°N 179.983°W / 86; -179.983
Florida Plain (Florida Abyssal Plain) Gulf of Mexico (Atlantic Ocean) [ ⚑ ] 25°30′N 86°0′W / 25.5°N 86°W / 25.5; -86
Fram Basin[21] (Barents Abyssal Plain, Barents Plain) One of two sub-basins of the Eurasian Basin. Arctic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 83°0′N 35°0′E / 83°N 35°E / 83; 35
Gambia Plain (Gambia Abyssal Plain, Gambia Basin) North Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 12°0′N 28°0′W / 12°N 28°W / 12; -28
Gascoyne Plain (Exmouth Abyssal Plain, Gascogne Plain, Gascoyne Abyssal Plain) Indian Ocean [ ⚑ ] 16°0′S 110°0′E / 16°S 110°E / -16; 110
Greenland Plain (Greenland Abyssal Plain, Iceland Basin, Plaine du Groenland) Arctic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 75°0′N 3°0′W / 75°N 3°W / 75; -3
Grenada Abyssal Plain Caribbean Sea (Atlantic Ocean)
Guiana Basin
Guinea Plain[14] (Guinea Abyssal Plain) North Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 1°0′N 3°0′W / 1°N 3°W / 1; -3
Hatteras Plain (Hatteras Abyssal Plain) North Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 31°0′N 71°0′W / 31°N 71°W / 31; -71
Herodotus Basin (Herodotus Abyssal Plain, Herodotus Plain) Levantine Sea (Mediterranean Sea) [ ⚑ ] 33°0′N 28°0′E / 33°N 28°E / 33; 28
Hellenic Trench (Metapan Deep System) Ionian Sea [ ⚑ ] 36°23′N 22°38′E / 36.383°N 22.633°E / 36.383; 22.633
Hispaniola Plain (Hispaniola Abyssal Plain) North Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 20°18′N 71°35′W / 20.3°N 71.583°W / 20.3; -71.583
Horseshoe Plain (Horseshoe Abyssal Plain) North Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 35°40′N 12°20′W / 35.667°N 12.333°W / 35.667; -12.333
Iberian Plain[30][31] (Iberia Abyssal Plain, Iberian Abyssal Plain) North Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 43°45′N 13°30′W / 43.75°N 13.5°W / 43.75; -13.5
Jamaican Abyssal Plain Caribbean Sea (Atlantic Ocean)
Japan Plain (Japan Abyssal Plain) Sea of Japan (Pacific Ocean) [ ⚑ ] 41°30′N 135°0′E / 41.5°N 135°E / 41.5; 135
JOIDES Basin Southern Ocean [ ⚑ ] 74°30′S 174°0′E / 74.5°S 174°E / -74.5; 174[32]
Labrador Basin (Labrador Sea Basin) North Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 53°0′N 48°0′W / 53°N 48°W / 53; -48
Laurentian Abyss North Atlantic Ocean
Lichte Trough Antarctica Ocean [ ⚑ ] 76°25′S 30°0′W / 76.417°S 30°W / -76.417; -30
Madeira Abyssal Plain (Madeira Plain) North Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 32°0′N 21°0′W / 32°N 21°W / 32; -21
Makarov Basin one of two sub-basins of the Amerasia Basin. Arctic Ocean
Mascarene Plain[33] (Madagascar Basin, Malagasy Abyssal Plain, Seychelles-Mauritius Plateau) Indian Ocean [ ⚑ ] 19°0′S 52°0′E / 19°S 52°E / -19; 52
Melanesian Basin
Mendeleyev Plain[21] (Mendeleyev Abyssal Plain) Arctic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 81°0′N 170°0′W / 81°N 170°W / 81; -170
Mid Indian Abyssal Plain (Mid-Indian Basin) Indian Ocean
Mornington Abyssal Plain South Pacific Ocean
Namibia Abyssal Plain South Atlantic Ocean
Nansen Basin One of two sub-basins of the Eurasian Basin. Arctic Ocean
Nares Plain (Fosse Nares, Nares Abyssal Plain, Nares Deep, Nares Tiefe) North Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 23°30′N 63°0′W / 23.5°N 63°W / 23.5; -63
Natal Basin
Newfoundland Basin North Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 43°30′N 45°0′W / 43.5°N 45°W / 43.5; -45
North Australian Basin (Argo Abyssal Plain, Bassin Nord de l' Australie, Severo-Avstralijskaja Kotlovina) Indian Ocean [ ⚑ ] 14°30′S 116°30′E / 14.5°S 116.5°E / -14.5; 116.5
North Polar Basin (consists of the Amerasia Basin and the Eurasian Basin)
Northwest Pacific Basin
Northwind Plain USCGC Northwind (WAGB-282) (Northwind Abyssal Plain) Arctic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 76°0′N 161°0′W / 76°N 161°W / 76; -161
Okhotsk Abyssal Plain Sea of Okhotsk (western Pacific Ocean)
Oman Plain (Arabian Basin, Oman Abyssal Plain) Arabian Sea (Indian Ocean) [ ⚑ ] 23°0′N 61°0′E / 23°N 61°E / 23; 61
Panama Plain (Clark Abyssal Plain) Caribbean Sea (Atlantic Ocean) [ ⚑ ] 11°0′N 79°0′W / 11°N 79°W / 11; -79
Papua Plain (Papua Abyssal Plain) South Pacific Ocean [ ⚑ ] 14°0′S 151°30′E / 14°S 151.5°E / -14; 151.5
Para Abyssal Plain North Atlantic Ocean
Penrhyn Basin
Pernambuco Plain (Pernambuco Abyssal Plain) South Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 7°30′S 27°0′W / 7.5°S 27°W / -7.5; -27
Perth Plain[34] (Perth Abyssal Plain, Perth Basin, West Australian Basin) Indian Ocean [ ⚑ ] 28°30′S 110°0′E / 28.5°S 110°E / -28.5; 110
Peru Basin
Pole Plain (Central Polar Basin, Pole Abyssal Plain) Arctic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 89°0′N 45°0′E / 89°N 45°E / 89; 45
Porcupine Abyssal Plain[35][36] (Porcupine Plain, West European Plain) North Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 49°0′N 16°0′W / 49°N 16°W / 49; -16
Raukumara Abyssal Plain South Pacific Ocean
Rhodes Basin (Rhodes Abyssal Plain, Ró2dhos Basin) Sea of Crete (Mediterranean Sea) [ ⚑ ] 35°55′N 28°30′E / 35.917°N 28.5°E / 35.917; 28.5
Roggeveen Basin
Sardino-Balearic Plain (Algerian Plain, Balearic Abyssal Plain, Balearic Plain, Sardino-Balearic Abyssal Plain) Mediterranean Sea [ ⚑ ] 39°0′N 6°20′E / 39°N 6.333°E / 39; 6.333
Seine Plain (Seine Abyssal Plain) North Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 34°0′N 12°15′W / 34°N 12.25°W / 34; -12.25
Siberian Abyssal Plain[21] Arctic Ocean
Sicilia Plain (Messina Abyssal Plain, Sicily Plain) Mediterranean Sea [ ⚑ ] 36°0′N 18°0′E / 36°N 18°E / 36; 18
Sierra Leone Plain (Sierra Leone Abyssal Plain, Sierra Leone Basin) North Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 5°0′N 17°0′W / 5°N 17°W / 5; -17
Sigsbee Deep (Mexico Basin, Sigsbee Abyssal Plain, Sigsbee Deep, Sigsbee Basin) Gulf of Mexico (Atlantic Ocean) [ ⚑ ] 23°30′N 93°0′W / 23.5°N 93°W / 23.5; -93
Silver Plain (Silver Abyssal Plain) North Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 22°30′N 69°30′W / 22.5°N 69.5°W / 22.5; -69.5
Sirte Basin[37] (Ionian Abyssal Plain, Sidra Abyssal Plain, Sidra Plain, Sirte Abyssal Plain, Surt Plain) Libyan Sea (Mediterranean Sea) [ ⚑ ] 34°10′N 19°22′E / 34.167°N 19.367°E / 34.167; 19.367
Sohm Abyssal Plain[5] (Fosse de Suhm, Plaine Sohm, Sohm Deep, Sohm Plain, Suhm Abyssal Plain, Suhm Deep, Suhm Plain) North Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 36°0′N 55°0′W / 36°N 55°W / 36; -55
Somali Plain (Somali Abyssal Plain, Somali Basin) Indian Ocean [ ⚑ ] 1°0′N 51°30′E / 1°N 51.5°E / 1; 51.5
South Australian Plain (Eyre Abyssal Plain, Great Bight Abyssal Plain, South Australian Abyssal Plain) Indian Ocean [ ⚑ ] 37°30′S 130°0′E / 37.5°S 130°E / -37.5; 130
South China Basin (South China Sea Abyssal Plain) South China Sea (Pacific Ocean) [ ⚑ ] 15°0′N 115°0′E / 15°N 115°E / 15; 115
Southeast Pacific Basin
South Fiji Basin
South Indian Plain (South Indian Abyssal Plain, South Indian Basin, South Indian Ocean Plain) Southern Ocean [ ⚑ ] 59°0′S 125°0′E / 59°S 125°E / -59; 125
South West Pacific Abyssal Plain[38][39][40] (South West Pacific Basin) South Pacific Ocean
Tagus Abyssal Plain (Tagus Plain) North Atlantic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 37°30′N 12°0′W / 37.5°N 12°W / 37.5; -12
Tasman Plain (Tasman Abyssal Plain, Tasman Apron, Tasman Basin) Tasman Sea (South Pacific Ocean) [ ⚑ ] 34°30′S 153°15′E / 34.5°S 153.25°E / -34.5; 153.25
Town Abyssal Plain South Atlantic Ocean
Tsushima Basin (Ulleung Basin) Korea Strait (Sea of Japan, Pacific Ocean) [ ⚑ ] 36°35′N 131°48′E / 36.583°N 131.8°E / 36.583; 131.8
Tufts Plain (Tufts Abyssal Plain) North Pacific Ocean [ ⚑ ] 47°0′N 140°0′W / 47°N 140°W / 47; -140
Tyrrhenian Plain (Tyrrhenian Abyssal Plain) Tyrrhenian Sea (Mediterranean Sea) [ ⚑ ] 40°0′N 12°45′E / 40°N 12.75°E / 40; 12.75
Valdivia Abyssal Plain Southern Ocean [ ⚑ ] 62°30′S 70°0′E / 62.5°S 70°E / -62.5; 70
Venezuelan Plain (Venezuela Abyssal Plain) Caribbean Sea (Atlantic Ocean) [ ⚑ ] 14°0′N 67°0′W / 14°N 67°W / 14; -67
Vidal Abyssal Plain North Atlantic Ocean
Weddell Plain[41] (Weddell Abyssal Plain) Southern Ocean [ ⚑ ] 65°0′S 20°0′W / 65°S 20°W / -65; -20
Wrangellia Terrane[21][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] (Wrangel Abyssal Plain) Arctic Ocean [ ⚑ ] 81°0′N 160°0′E / 81°N 160°E / 81; 160
Yamato Basin Sea of Japan (Pacific Ocean) [ ⚑ ] 37°30′N 135°0′E / 37.5°N 135°E / 37.5; 135
Yucatán Abyssal Plain (Guatemala Basin) Caribbean Sea (Atlantic Ocean)

Oceanic trenches

Location of the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench

Oceanic trenches are long, narrow topographic depressions of the seabed. They are the deepest parts of the ocean floor, and they define one of the most important natural boundaries on the Earth's solid surface: the one between two lithospheric plates. Trenches are a distinctive morphological feature of plate boundaries. Trenches are found in all oceans with the exception of the Arctic Ocean and they are most common in the North and South Pacific Oceans.[2]

There are three types of lithospheric plate boundaries: 1.) divergent (where lithosphere and oceanic crust is created at mid-ocean ridges), 2.) convergent (where one lithospheric plate sinks beneath another and returns to the mantle), and 3.) transform (where two lithospheric plates slide past each other).

An oceanic trench is a type of convergent boundary at which two oceanic lithospheric slabs meet; the older (and therefore denser) of these slabs flexes and subducts beneath the other slab. Oceanic lithosphere moves into trenches at a global rate of about a tenth of a square meter per second. Trenches are generally parallel to a volcanic island arc, and about 200 km from a volcanic arc. Oceanic trenches typically extend 3 to 4 km (1.9 to 2.5 mi) below the level of the surrounding oceanic floor. The greatest ocean depth to be sounded is in the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench, at a depth of 10,911 m (35,798 ft) below sea level.

List of oceanic trenches

Main page: Earth:Oceanic trench

The following is a list of the deepest parts of the Earth's oceans and seas (all depths are measured from sea level):

Name Location Depth (meters) Depth (feet) Depth (miles)
1 Challenger Deep Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc, Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean 11,034 36,197 6.86
2 Tonga Trench Pacific Ocean 10,882 35,702 6.76
3 Galathea Depth Philippine Trench, Pacific Ocean 10,545 34,580 6.54
4 Kuril–Kamchatka Trench Pacific Ocean 10,542 34,449 6.52
5 Kermadec Trench Pacific Ocean 10,047 32,963 6.24
6 Izu–Ogasawara Trench Pacific Ocean 9,810 32,087 6.08
7 Japan Trench Pacific Ocean 9,000 29,527 5.59
8 Puerto Rico Trench Atlantic Ocean 8,605 28,232 5.35
9 Yap Trench Pacific Ocean 8,527 27,976 5.30
10 Richards Deep Peru–Chile Trench, Pacific Ocean 8,065 26,456 5.01
11 Diamantina Deep Diamantina Fracture Zone, Indian Ocean 8,047 26,401 5.00
12 Romanche Trench Atlantic Ocean 7,760 25,460 4.82
13 Cayman Trough Caribbean 7,687 25,238 4.78
14 Aleutian Trench Pacific Ocean 7,679 25,194 4.77
15 Java Trench Indian Ocean 7,455 24,460 4.63
16 Weber Deep Banda Sea 7,351 24,117 4.56
17 South Sandwich Trench Atlantic Ocean 7,431 24,380 4.62
18 Dordrecht Deep Indian Ocean 7,019 23,028 4.36
19 Middle America Trench Pacific Ocean 6,669 21,880 4.14
20 Puysegur Trench Pacific Ocean 6,300 20,700 3.9
21 Vityaz Trench Pacific Ocean 6,150 20,177 3.8
22 Sulu Trench South China Sea 5,600 18,400 3.48
23 Litke Deep Eurasian Basin*, Arctic Ocean 5,450 17,881 3.39
24 Manila Trench South China Sea 5,400 17,700 3.36
25 Calypso Deep Hellenic Trench, Mediterranean 5,267 17,280 3.27
26 Ryukyu Trench Pacific Ocean 5,212 17,100 3.24
27 Murray Canyon* Southern Ocean, Australia 5,000 16,400 3.1

^* Entries marked are the deepest parts of their respective water bodies, but are not oceanic trenches.

Oceanic plateau

An oceanic plateau is a large, relatively flat submarine region that rises well above the level of the ambient seabed.[50] While many oceanic plateaus are composed of continental crust, and often form a step interrupting the continental slope, some plateaus are undersea remnants of large igneous provinces. Continental crust has the highest amount of silicon (such rock is called felsic). Oceanic crust has a smaller amount of silicon (mafic rock).

The anomalous volcanism associated with the formation of oceanic plateaux at the time of the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary (90.4 million years) ago may have been responsible for the environmental disturbances that occurred at that time. The physical manifestations of this were elevated atmospheric and oceanic temperatures, a significant sea-level transgression, and a period of widespread anoxia, leading to the extinction of 26% of all genera.[51] These eruptions would also have resulted in the emission of large quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, leading to global warming. Additionally, the emission of sulfur monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, and halogens into the oceans would have made seawater more acidic resulting in the dissolution of carbonate, and further release of CO
2. This runaway greenhouse effect was probably put into reverse by the decline of the anomalous volcanic activity and by increased CO
2-driven productivity in oceanic surface waters, leading to increased organic carbon burial, black shale deposition, anoxia and mass extinction in the ocean basins.[51]

Map of the Zealandia microcontinent, showing Alpine Fault, Bounty Trough, Campbell Plateau, Challenger Plateau, Chatham Rise, Havre Trough, Hikurangi Plateau, Kermadec Trench, Lord Howe Rise, Louisville Ridge, New Caledonia Basin, Norfolk Ridge, South Fiji Basin, South West Pacific Basin, and Tasman Basin.

List of oceanic plateaus

Main page: Earth:Oceanic plateau

Mid-ocean ridges

A mid-ocean ridge is a general term for an underwater mountain system that consists of various mountain ranges (chains), typically having a valley known as a rift running along its spine, formed by plate tectonics. This type of oceanic ridge is characteristic of what is known as an oceanic spreading center, which is responsible for seafloor spreading.

List of mid-ocean ridges

Main page: Earth:Mid-ocean ridge

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 P.P.E. Weaver; J. Thomson; P. M. Hunter (1987). Geology and Geochemistry of Abyssal Plains. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. p. x. ISBN 978-0-632-01744-7. http://sp.lyellcollection.org/cgi/issue_pdf/frontmatter_pdf/31/1.pdf. Retrieved 27 June 2010. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Harris P.T., MacMillan-Lawler M., Rupp J., Baker E.K. (2014). "Geomorphology of the oceans". Marine Geology 352: 4–24. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2014.01.011. Bibcode: 2014MGeol.352....4H. 
  3. ↑ Craig R. Smith; Fabio C. De Leo; Angelo F. Bernardino; Andrew K. Sweetman; Pedro Martinez Arbizu (2008). "Abyssal food limitation, ecosystem structure and climate change". Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23 (9): 518–528. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2008.05.002. PMID 18584909. http://cmbc.ucsd.edu/Students/Current_Students/SIO277/Smith%20et%20al.%20TREE%202008.pdf. Retrieved 27 June 2010. 
  4. ↑ N.G. Vinogradova (1997). "Zoogeography of the Abyssal and Hadal Zones". The Biogeography of the Oceans. Advances in Marine Biology. 32. pp. 325–387. doi:10.1016/S0065-2881(08)60019-X. ISBN 978-0-12-026132-1. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Ivan Tolstoy; Maurice Ewing (October 1949). "North Atlantic hydrography and the mid-Atlantic Ridge". Geological Society of America Bulletin 60 (10): 1527–40. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1949)60[1527:NAHATM2.0.CO;2]. Bibcode: 1949GSAB...60.1527T. 
  6. ↑ Bruce C. Heezen, Maurice Ewing and D.B. Ericson (December 1951). "Submarine topography in the North Atlantic". Geological Society of America Bulletin 62 (12): 1407–1417. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1951)62[1407:STITNA2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0016-7606. Bibcode: 1951GSAB...62.1407H. 
  7. ↑ Bruce C. Heezen, D.B. Ericson and Maurice Ewing (July 1954). "Further evidence for a turbidity current following the 1929 Grand banks earthquake". Deep-Sea Research 1 (4): 193–202. doi:10.1016/0146-6313(54)90001-5. Bibcode: 1954DSR.....1..193H. 
  8. ↑ F.F. Koczy (1954). "A survey on deep-sea features taken during the Swedish deep-sea expedition". Deep-Sea Research 1 (3): 176–184. doi:10.1016/0146-6313(54)90047-7. Bibcode: 1954DSR.....1..176K. 
  9. ↑ Bruce C. Heezen; Marie Tharp; Maurice Ewing (1962). "The Floors of the Oceans. I. The North Atlantic. Text to Accompany the Physiographic Diagram of the North Atlantic". in H. Caspers. Heezen, Bruce C., Marie Tharp, and Maurice Ewing: The Floors of the Oceans. I. The North Atlantic. Text to Accompany the Physiographic Diagram of the North Atlantic. With 49 fig., 30 plates. – New York, N.Y.: The Geological Society of America, Special Paper 65, 1959. 122 p. $10.00. 47. Weinheim: WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Company. 487. doi:10.1002/iroh.19620470311. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/114044381/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0. Retrieved 26 June 2010. 
  10. ↑ Bruce C. Heezen; A.S. Laughton (1963). "Abyssal plains". in M.N. Hill. The Sea. 3. New York: Wiley-Interscience. pp. 312–64. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Marc Wick (16 June 2010). "Record search for "abyssal plain"". Switzerland: GeoNames geographical database. http://www.geonames.org/search.html?q=abyssal+plain&country=. 
  12. ↑ "Viewing the Earth from space". DK Millennium World Atlas: A Portrait of the Earth in the Year 2000. New York: Dorling Kindersley Publishing. 1 October 1999. pp. xvi–xvii. ISBN 978-0-7894-4604-6. 
  13. ↑ Gabriele Uenzelmann‐Neben, Karsten Gohl, Axel Ehrhardt, Michael Seargent (1999). "Agulhas Plateau, SW Indian Ocean: New Evidence for Excessive Volcanism". Geophysical Research Letters 26 (13): 1941–1944. doi:10.1029/1999GL900391. Bibcode: 1999GeoRL..26.1941U. http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1999/1999GL900391.shtml. Retrieved 27 June 2010. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Frank Scheckenbach; Klaus Hausmann; Claudia Wylezich; Markus Weitere; Hartmut Arndt (5 January 2010). "Large-scale patterns in biodiversity of microbial eukaryotes from the abyssal sea floor". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (1): 115–120. doi:10.1073/pnas.0908816106. PMID 20007768. Bibcode: 2010PNAS..107..115S. 
  15. ↑ Pedro Martínez Arbizu; Horst Kurt Schminke (18 February 2005). "DIVA-1 expedition to the deep sea of the Angola Basin in 2000 and DIVA-1 workshop 2003". Organisms Diversity & Evolution 5 (Supplement 1): 1–2. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2004.11.009. 
  16. ↑ Schmid, C., Brenke, N. & J.W. Wägele (2002). "On abyssal isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellota) from the Angola Basin: Eurycope tumidicarpus n.sp. and redescription of Acanthocope galathea Wolff, 1962". Organisms Diversity & Evolution 2 (1): 87–88. doi:10.1078/1439-6092-00030. 
  17. ↑ Mursch, A., Brenke, N. & J.W. Wägele (2008). "Results of the DIVA-1 expedition of RV "Meteor" (Cruise M48:1): Three new species of Munnopsidae Sars, 1864 from abyssal depths of the Angola Basin (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellota)". Bringing light into deep-sea biodiversity (Zootaxa 1866). Auckland, New Zealand: Magnolia Press. pp. 493–539. ISBN 978-1-86977-260-4. http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/zt01866p539.pdf. Retrieved 27 June 2010. 
  18. ↑ Affholder, M.; Valiron, F. (2001). Descriptive Physical Oceanography. CRC Press. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-203-96927-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=2NC3JmKI7mYC&pg=PA317. 
  19. ↑ "Antarctica Detail". https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:0::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17182. 
  20. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica (2010). "Blake Plateau". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/68816/Blake-Plateau. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 P.D.N. Hebert (Professor, Department of Zoology). "Towering Mountains". Canada's Aquatic Environments. Guelph, Ontario, Canada: CyberNatural Software, University of Guelph. http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/oceans/ArticOceanWeb/Features/Toweringmts.htm. 
  22. ↑ I.G. Priede; P.M. Bagley; S. Way; P.J. Herring; J.C. Partridge (July 2006). "Bioluminescence in the deep sea: Free-fall lander observations in the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Verde". Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 53 (7): 1272–1283. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2006.05.004. Bibcode: 2006DSRI...53.1272P. 
  23. ↑ "Enderby Plain". United States Geological Survey. https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17159. 
  24. ↑ Template:Cite aadcgaz
  25. ↑ Mart, Yossi and Robertson, Alastair H. F. (1998). Eratosthenes Seamount: an oceanographic yardstick recording the Late Mesozoic-Tertiary geological history of the Eastern Mediterranean, in Robertson, A.H.F., Emeis, K.-C., Richter, C., and Camerlenghi, A. (eds.), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 160, Chapter 52, 701–708.
  26. ↑ Kempler, Ditza (1998). Eratosthenes Seamount: the possible spearhead of incipient continental collision in the Eastern Mediterranean, in Robertson, A.H.F., Emeis, K.-C., Richter, C., and Camerlenghi, A. (eds.), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 160, Chapter 53, 709–721.
  27. ↑ David A. Ross; Elazar Uchupi; Kenneth E. Prada; Joseph C. MacIlvaine (1974). "Bathymetry and Microtopography of Black Sea: Structure". Volume M 20: The Black Sea — Geology, Chemistry, and Biology (AAPG Special Volumes ed.). American Association of Petroleum Geologists. pp. 1–10. http://search.datapages.com/data/open/offer.do?target=%2Fspecpubs%2Fsedimen1%2Fdata%2Fa145%2Fa145%2F0001%2F0000%2F0001.htm. Retrieved 27 June 2010. 
  28. ↑ Dumitru Dorogan; Diaconeasa Danut (2002). "The Black Sea Romanian coastal zone: a general survey of the erosion process". in Richard C. Ragaini. International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies: 26th Session. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company. pp. 145–164. ISBN 978-981-238-092-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=VS5Warw4G-UC&pg=PA145. 
  29. ↑ Vittorio Barale (2008). "The European marginal and enclosed seas: an overview". Remote Sensing of the European Seas. Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 3–22. ISBN 978-1-4020-6771-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=9B3D5-HBTzkC&pg=PA17. 
  30. ↑ Bernd Andeweg (2002). Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Iberian Peninsula, causes and effects of changing stress fields (PhD Thesis). Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  31. ↑ "8. Cretaceous to Paleogene benthic foraminifers from the Iberia abyssal plain". Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program 149: 203–216. 1996. doi:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.149.254.1996. http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/149_SR/VOLUME/CHAPTERS/SR149_08.PDF. Retrieved 27 June 2010. 
  32. ↑ "JOIDES Basin". United States Geological Survey. https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17147. 
  33. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica (2010). "Seychelles-Mauritius Plateau". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/537259/Seychelles-Mauritius-Plateau. 
  34. ↑ Geoscience Australia: Naturaliste Plateau . Retrieved 18 June 2010.
  35. ↑ OceanLab (2000). "The Porcupine Seabight and Abyssal Plain". Newburgh, Aberdeenshire, UK: University of Aberdeen. http://www.oceanlab.abdn.ac.uk/esonet/porcupine.php. 
  36. ↑ "Porcupine Abyssal Plain". Horta, Azores: University of the Azores. 18 November 2004. http://www.horta.uac.pt/projectos/marbef/DSOORS/FinalFiles/PAP.pdf. 
  37. ↑ Thomas S. Ahlbrandt (2001) The Sirte Basin Province of Libya—Sirte-Zelten Total Petroleum System. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2202–F, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior. Accessed on 27 June 2010.
  38. ↑ Nick Mortimer; Dave Parkinson (1996). "Hikurangi Plateau: A Cretaceous large igneous province in the southwest Pacific Ocean". Journal of Geophysical Research 101 (B1): 687–696. doi:10.1029/95JB03037. Bibcode: 1996JGR...101..687M. http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1996/95JB03037.shtml. Retrieved 27 June 2010. 
  39. ↑ Kaj Hoernle; Reinhard Werner; Folkmar Hauff; Paul van den Bogaard (2005). "The Hikurangi Oceanic Plateau: A Fragment of the Largest Volcanic Event on Earth". IFM – GEOMAR Yearbook 2002–2004. Kiel, Germany: Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences at Kiel University (IFM-GEOMAR). pp. 51–54. http://www.ifm-geomar.de/fileadmin/ifm-geomar/allgemein/avillwock/jb_pdfs/chapter3_12_hikurangi.pdf. Retrieved 27 June 2010. 
  40. ↑ Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand (4 March 2010). Hikurangi Plateau. Wellington, New Zealand: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. ISBN 978-0-478-18451-8. http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/sea-floor-geology/5/3. Retrieved 27 June 2010. 
  41. ↑ De Broyer, C., Nyssen, F. & P. Dauby (July–August 2004). "The crustacean scavenger guild in Antarctic shelf, bathyal and abyssal communities". Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 51 (14–16): 1733–1752. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.06.032. Bibcode: 2004DSRII..51.1733D. http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/handle/2268/34147. 
  42. ↑ Daniel Sarewitz (November 1983). "Seven Devils terrane: Is it really a piece of Wrangellia?". Geology 11 (11): 634–637. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1983)11<634:SDTIIR>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0091-7613. Bibcode: 1983Geo....11..634S. 
  43. ↑ WESLEY K. WALLACE, CATHERINE L. HANKS and JOHN F. ROGERS (November 1989). "The southern Kahiltna terrane: Implications for the tectonic evolution of southwestern Alaska". Geological Society of America Bulletin 101 (11): 1389–1407. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<1389:TSKTIF>2.3.CO;2. Bibcode: 1989GSAB..101.1389W. 
  44. ↑ ROGERS, Robert K.; SCHMIDT, Jeanine M. (May 15, 2002). "METALLOGENY OF THE WRANGELLIA TERRANE IN THE TALKEETNA MOUNTAINS, SOUTHERN ALASKA". Cordilleran Section – 98th Annual Meeting Alaskan Tectonics, Structure, and Stratigraphy. http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2002CD/finalprogram/abstract_34713.htm. Retrieved 27 June 2010. 
  45. ↑ Greene, A.R., Scoates, J.S., Weis, D. and Israel, S. (2005). "Flood basalts of the Wrangellia Terrane, southwest Yukon: Implications for the formation of oceanic plateaus, continental crust and Ni-Cu-PGE mineralization". Yukon Exploration and Geology. Yukon Geological Survey. pp. 109–120. http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/R71-41-2004E(11).pdf. Retrieved 27 June 2010. 
  46. ↑ WARREN J. NOKLEBERG, DAVID L. JONES and NORMAN J. SILBERLING (1985). "Origin and tectonic evolution of the Maclaren and Wrangellia terranes, eastern Alaska Range, Alaska". Geological Society of America Bulletin 96 (10): 1257–1270. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<1251:OATEOT>2.0.CO;2. Bibcode: 1985GSAB...96.1251N. 
  47. ↑ Geological Society of America Bulletin 114 (6): 693–717. June 2002. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0693:MSBDOT>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606. Bibcode: 2002GSAB..114..693T. 
  48. ↑ ISRAEL, Steve A.; MORTENSEN, James K. (8 May 2009). "STRATIGRAPHIC AND TECTONIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE PALEOZOIC PORTION OF WRANGELLIA". Cordilleran Section Meeting – 105th Annual Meeting Paleozoic Paleogeography of Cordilleran Terranes III. http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2009CD/finalprogram/abstract_157497.htm. Retrieved 27 June 2010. 
  49. ↑ A.R. Greene, J.S. Scoates; D. Weis (2005). "Wrangellia Terrane on Vancouver Island, British Columbia: Distribution of Flood Basalts with Implications for Potential Ni-Cu-PGE Mineralization in Southwestern British Columbia". British Columbia Geological Survey Geological Fieldwork 2004: 209–220. http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/public/pubdocs/bcdocs/96990/2004/paperrr02.pdf. Retrieved 27 June 2010. 
  50. ↑ oceanic plateau. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved June 27, 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Andrew C. Kerr (July 1998). "Oceanic plateau formation: A cause of mass extinction and black shale deposition around the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary?". Journal of the Geological Society 155 (4): 619–626. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.155.4.0619. ISSN 0016-7649. Bibcode: 1998JGSoc.155..619K. https://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.155.4.0619. Retrieved 27 June 2010. 
  52. ↑ Uenzelmann-Neben, G., K. Gohl, A. Ehrhardt, and M. Seargent (1999). Agulhas Plateau, SW Indian Ocean: New Evidence for Excessive Volcanism, Geophysical Research Letters, 26(13), 1941–1944.

Further reading

  • Böggemann M.; Purschke G. (2005). "Abyssal benthic Syllidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Angola Basin". Organisms Diversity & Evolution 5 (Supplement 1): 221–226. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2004.11.006. 
  • Bohn, J.M. (2005). "On two rare abyssal Myriotrochidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida) new to the South Atlantic: Siniotrochus myriodontus Gage and Billet, 1986 and Lepidotrochus parvidiscus angolensis subsp. nov". Organisms Diversity & Evolution 5 (Supplement 1): 231–238. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2004.11.008. 
  • Brandt A.; Brenke N.; Andres H.-G.; Brix S.; Guerrero-Kommritz J.; Mühlenhardt-Siegel U.; Wägele J.-W. (2005). "Diversity of peracarid crustaceans (Malacostraca) from the abyssal plain of the Angola Basin". Organisms Diversity & Evolution 5: 105–112. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2004.10.007. 
  • Gad G. (2005). "Giant Higgins-larvae with paedogenetic reproduction from the deep sea of the Angola Basin- evidence for a new life cycle and for abyssal gigantism in Loricifera?". Organisms Diversity & Evolution 5 (Supplement 1): 59–76. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2004.10.005. 
  • Gill Adrian E. (1982). Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-283520-9. 
  • Gooday A.J.; Nomaki H.; Kitazato H. (2008). "Modern deep-sea benthic foraminifera: a brief review of their morphology-based biodiversity and trophic diversity". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 303 (1): 97–119. doi:10.1144/SP303.8. Bibcode: 2008GSLSP.303...97G. 
  • Gooday A.J., Kamenskaya O.E.; Cedhagen T. (2007). "New and little-known Komokiacea (Foraminifera) from the bathyal and abyssal Weddell Sea and adjacent areas". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151 (2): 219–251. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00326.x. 
  • Gooday A.J.; Malzone G. (2004). "Hyperammina micaceus sp. nov.: a new foraminiferan species (Protista) from the Porcupine Abyssal Plain, Northeast Atlantic". Journal of Micropalaeontology 23 (2): 171–179. doi:10.1144/jm.23.2.171. Bibcode: 2004JMicP..23..171G. 
  • Janussen D.; Tendal O.S. (2007). "Diversity and distribution of Porifera in the bathyal and abyssal Weddell Sea and adjacent areas". Deep-Sea Research Part II 54 (16–17): 1864–1875. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.07.012. Bibcode: 2007DSRII..54.1864J. 
  • Markhaseva E.L.; Schulz K. (2006). "Sensiava longiseta (Copepoda, calanoidea): a new genus and species from the abyssal of the Weddell Sea". Zootaxa 1368: 1–18. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1368.1.1. 
  • Mühlenhardt-Siegel U. (2008). "Phalloleucon abyssalis, a new cumacean genus and species (Crustacea: Peracarida: Leuconidae) from the Peru Basin". Zootaxa (1829). pp. 61–68. 
  • Nozawa F.; Kitazato H.; Tsuchiya M.; Gooday A.J. (2006). "'Live' benthic foraminifera at an abyssal site in the equatorial Pacific nodule province: abundance, diversity and taxonomic composition". Deep-Sea Research Part I 53 (8): 1406–1422. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2006.06.001. Bibcode: 2006DSRI...53.1406N. 
  • Sabbatini A.; Morigi C.; Negri A.; Gooday A.J. (2007). "Distribution and Biodiversity of Stained Monothalamous Foraminifera from Tempelfjord, Svalbard". Journal of Foraminiferal Research 37 (2): 93–106. doi:10.2113/gsjfr.37.2.93. 
  • Schrödl M., Linse K.; Schwabe E. (2006). "Review on the distribution and biology of Antarctic Monoplacophora, with first abyssal record of Laevipilina antarctica". Polar Biology 29 (9): 721–727. doi:10.1007/s00300-006-0132-7. 
  • Schwabe E.; Bohn J.M.; Engl W.; Linse K.; Schrödl M. (2007). "Rich and rare – first insights into species diversity and abundance of Antarctic abyssal Gastropoda (Mollusca)". Deep-Sea Research Part II 54 (16–17): 1831–1847. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.07.010. Bibcode: 2007DSRII..54.1831S. 
  • Sebastian S.; Raes M.; De Mesel I.; Vanreusel A. (2007). "Comparison of the nematode fauna from the Weddell Sea Abyssal Plain with two North Atlantic abyssal sites". Deep-Sea Research Part II 54 (16–17): 1727–1736. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.07.004. Bibcode: 2007DSRII..54.1727S. 
  • Seifried S., Plum Ch.; Schulz M. (2007). "A new species of Parabradya Lang, 1944 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Ectinosomatidae) from the abyssal plain of the Angola Basin". Zootaxa 1432: 1–21. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1432.1.1. 
  • Robert H. Stewart (2007). Introduction to Physical Oceanography. College Station: Texas A&M University. ISBN 978-1-61610-045-2. OCLC 169907785. http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/ocng_textbook/PDF_files/book.pdf. 
  • Willen E. (2005). "A new species of Paranannopus Lang, 1936 (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Pseudotachidiidae) with atrophic mouthparts from the abyssal of the Angola Basin". Organisms Diversity & Evolution 5 (Supplement 1): 19–27. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2004.10.002. 
  • Yasuhara M., Cronin T.M.; Martinez Arbizu P. (2008). "Abyssal ostracods from the South and Equatorial Atlantic Ocean: biological and paleoceanographic implications". Deep-Sea Research Part I 55 (4): 490–497. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.01.004. Bibcode: 2008DSRI...55..490Y. 

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