Earth:Los Rastros Formation

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Los Rastros Formation
Stratigraphic range: Carnian
234.91–234.03 Ma
↓
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofAgua de la Peña Group
UnderliesIschigualasto Formation
OverliesChañares Formation
ThicknessUp to 1,000 m (3,300 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryClaystone, sandstone
OtherMudstone
Location
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 29°06′S 69°06′W / 29.1°S 69.1°W / -29.1; -69.1
Paleocoordinates [ ⚑ ] 45°48′S 34°54′W / 45.8°S 34.9°W / -45.8; -34.9
RegionLa Rioja Province
San Juan Province
CountryArgentina
ExtentIschigualasto-Villa Unión Basin
Los Rastros Formation is located in Argentina
Los Rastros Formation
Los Rastros Formation (Argentina)

The Los Rastros Formation is a mid-Carnian fossiliferous formation of the Agua de la Peña Group, in the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin of northwestern Argentina . Fossil archosaur tracks,[1] as well as many insects,[2] fish,[3] bivalves, crustaceans and plants have been reported from the formation.[4]

Geology

The formation overlies the Chañares Formation (and/or the Ischicuca Formation), and is overlain by the Ischigualasto Formation.[5] The formation belongs to the Agua de la Peña Group of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin, where it is exposed in the Ischigualasto Provincial Park, a World Heritage Site in Argentina.[6] The up to 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) thick formation of claystones, mudstones and sandstones was deposited in a deltaic to lacustrine environment during the first post-rift sequence in the basin.[5][4][7][8]

A CA-TIMS U-Pb zircon age of 234.47 ± 0.44 Ma from the lower Los Rastros Formation was published in 2020. The acquired age demonstrates that most of the overlying lacustrine strata within the basin were deposited during or after the Carnian Pluvial Event (CPE).[9]

Paleobiota

The only tetrapod body fossil reported from the Los Rastros Formation is a poorly-preserved temnospondyl amphibian.[10][4]

Ichnofossils

Tetrapod footprints are a conspicuous type of ichnofossils (trace fossils) found in the Los Rastros Formation, particularly at the Quebrada de Ischichuca locality near Cerro Bola.[1][11][12] Most of the trackways are symmetrical prints created by animals with a narrow bipedal stance, three toes contacting the ground, and a raised fourth toe. They were presumably early dinosaurs or dinosauromorphs,[12] with a hip height exceeding 75 cm. These prints are found in deltaic sandbars, parallel to the lakeshore.[11] While some sources tentatively interpret these as theropod footprints,[13] the generalized nature of Triassic dinosaurs and their relatives prevent a precise referral.[12] Some of the tridactyl trackways also preserve hand prints, with quadrupedal pseudosuchians or other archosaurs as likely trackmakers.[12] Named reptile ichnotaxa from the Los Rastros Formation include Rhynchosauroides sp. (sphenodonts or other small reptiles) and Rigalites ischigualastianus (large quadrupedal pseudosuchians).[1][14]

Another form of trackway consists of numerous non-overlapping sets of broad rounded depressions on a heavily trampled wackestone surface. They may have been left by a herd of dicynodonts walking down to the lakeshore. Palaeophycus tubularis invertebrate burrows are also abundant.[11]

Fish

Actinopterygians (ray-finned fish) of the Los Rastros Formation
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Challaia C. elongata Agua de la Peña Creek (San Juan Province) A very large (>70 cm) specimen which is mostly complete, missing the tail and the front of the skull. A late-surviving acrolepid, also known from the Cuyo Basin. Previously referred to Myriolepis.[3]
Gualolepis[3] G. carinaesquamosa[3] Cañón del Gualo (La Rioja Province) Two specimens, each representing portions of the skull and anterior torso. A probable chondrostean (distantly related to modern sturgeons and paddlefish) with similarities to the family Peipiaosteidae.
Rastrolepis[3] R. latipinnata[3] Cañón del Gualo (La Rioja Province) A large (>39 cm) specimen which is mostly complete, missing the rear of the tail and the front of the skull. An indeterminate actinopterygian similar to redfieldiiforms
R. riojaensis[3] Cañón del Gualo (La Rioja Province) A large (>54 cm) specimen which is mostly complete. An indeterminate actinopterygian similar to redfieldiiforms

Invertebrates

The Los Rastros Formation has produced many insect fossils, with most new species belonging to blattopterans (cockroaches and kin), coleopterans (beetles and kin), or hemipterans (true bugs).[2] Among Triassic formations of South America, the Los Rastros Formation's insect diversity is only rivaled by the Potrerillos Formation in the Cuyo Basin. Other invertebrate fossils from the Los Rastros Formation include Lioestheria ("conchostracans" or clam shrimp) and Paleomutella (freshwater mussels).[1]

Blattoptera

Blattoptera (cockroaches and relatives) of the Los Rastros Formation
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Argentinoblatta[15] A. herbsti[15] Río Gualo (La Rioja Province)
Argentinoblattula[15] A. revelata[15] Río Gualo (La Rioja Province)
Condorblatta[15] C. lutzae[15] Río Gualo,[15] Los Chañares[16] (La Rioja Province)
Hermosablatta[15] H. crassatella[15] Río Gualo, Picos Gemelos (La Rioja Province)
H. pectinata[15] Río Gualo (La Rioja Province)
Lariojablatta[15] L. chanarensis[15] Los Chañares (La Rioja Province)
Mancusoblatta[15] M. pulchella[15] Río Gualo (La Rioja Province)
Pulchellablatta[15] P. nana[15] Río Gualo (La Rioja Province)
Samaroblatta S. corrientesina[15] Río Gualo (La Rioja Province)
S. gualoensis[15] Río Gualo (La Rioja Province)
Triassoblatta T. argentina[15] Picos Gemelos (La Rioja Province)

Coleoptera

Coleoptera (beetles and relatives) of the Los Rastros Formation
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Ademosyne A. arcucciae[17] An ademosynid
A. elongatus[17] An ademosynid
A. hexacostata[17] An ademosynid
A. punctuada[17] An ademosynid
Argentinocupes[17] A. abdalai[17] A cupedid (reticulated beetle)
A. pulcher[17] Río Gualo, Los Chañares[16] (La Rioja Province) A cupedid (reticulated beetle)
Argentinosyne[17] A. bonapartei[16] Los Chañares (La Rioja Province) A permosynid
A. frenguellii[17] A permosynid
A. gonaldiae[17] A permosynid
A. gualoensis[17] A permosynid
A. losrastroensis[17] A permosynid
A. rugosa[17] A permosynid
Cardiosyne[17] C. elegans[17] A possible elaterid (click beetle)
C. obesa[17] A possible elaterid (click beetle)
Gemelina[17] G. triangularis[17] A possible elaterid (click beetle)

Hemiptera

Indeterminate corixids (water boatmen) are also known from the Gualo locality.[18]

Hemipterans (true bugs) of the Los Rastros Formation
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Apheloscyta A. mayae[18] Gualo (La Rioja Province) A scytinopterid cicadomorph (a type of true bug related to leafhoppers and cicadas). Previously given the name Gualoscytina mayae.[19]
Dysmorphoptiloides D. losrastroensis[18] Gualo (La Rioja Province) A dysmorphoptilid auchenorrhynchan
Fulgobole F. arcucciae[18] Gualo (La Rioja Province) A mesojabloniid cicadomorph. Previously given the name Australocicada arcucciae.[20][21][19]
Gallegomorphoptila[19] G. acostai[20][22] Gualo (La Rioja Province) A dysmorphoptilid auchenorrhynchan, formerly referred to the genus Dysmorphoptiloides.[20][21][19]
G. breviptera[19] Gualo (La Rioja Province) A dysmorphoptilid auchenorrhynchan
G. gigantea[22] Gualo (La Rioja Province) A dysmorphoptilid auchenorrhynchan, formerly referred to the genus Dysmorphoptiloides.[21][19]
G. pulcherrima[22] Gualo (La Rioja Province) A dysmorphoptilid auchenorrhynchan, formerly referred to the genus Dysmorphoptiloides.[21][19]
Gualoscarta[18] G. obscura[18] Gualo (La Rioja Province) A dysmorphoptilid auchenorrhynchan
Mesoscytina M. forsterae[18] Gualo (La Rioja Province) A scytinopterid cicadomorph. Previously given the name Argentinopheloscyta forsterae.[19]
Popovigocimex[19] P. yurii[19] Gualo (La Rioja Province) Forewing A progonocimicid coleorrhynchan (moss bug)
Saaloscytina S. carmonae[23] Los Chañares,[16] Gualo[18] (La Rioja Province) A saaloscytinid cicadomorph.[23][18] Fossils of this species were formerly given the names Chanarelytrina nana and Chanarescytina carmonae.[16]
Yurigocimex[19] Y. popovi[19] Gualo (La Rioja Province) Forewing A progonocimicid coleorrhynchan (moss bug)

Other insects

Other insects of the Los Rastros Formation
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Argentinoglosselytrina[21] A. pulchella[21] Gualo (La Rioja Province) A polycytellid glosselytrodean[21][19]
Argentinoperlidium[19] A. rogersi[19] Gualo (La Rioja Province) Forewing fragment A gripopterigid plecopteran (stonefly).
Frenguelliphlebia[19] F. labandeirai[19] Gualo (La Rioja Province) Forewing fragment An indeterminate odonatopteran (a relative of dragonflies and damselfies)
Miomina[20] M. riojana[16] Los Chañares (La Rioja Province) A miomopteran
Notopamphagopsis N. spp.[20][19] Gualo (La Rioja Province) Wing fragments Three[19] unnamed species of haglid ensiferans (cricket-like insects)

Plants

A wide variety of plant fossils are known from the Los Rastros Formation, including both microfossils[4][8] and macrofossils.[24][25][26][8]

Most species from the formation have been listed by Lutz et al. (2011)[24] and Pedernera et al. (2020).[25]


Seed ferns

"Seed fern" macrofossils of the Los Rastros Formation
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Dejerseya D. lobata Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province)[24] Frond fragments A possible peltasperm
D. lunensis Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province)[24] Frond fragments A possible peltasperm
Dicroidium D. argenteum Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province)[24] Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
D. crassum Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province)[24] Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
D. dubium Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province),[24] Ischichuca Creek[25] Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
D. lancifolium Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province),[24] Ischichuca Creek[25] Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
D. lineatum Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province)[24] Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
D. nondichotoma Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province)[24] Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
D. obtusifolium Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province)[24] Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
D. odontopteroides Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province),[24] Gualo (La Rioja Province),[25] Ischichuca Creek[25] Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
D. pinnis-distantibus Ischichuca Creek[25] An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
Johnstonia J. coriacea Agua de la Peña Creek,[25] Ischichuca Creek[25] Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
J. dutoitii Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province)[24] Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
J. stelzneriana Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province),[24] Gualo (La Rioja Province)[25] Ischichuca Creek[25] Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
Matatiella M. roseta Seed cones[27] A seed fern of uncertain affinities, possibly a peltasperm or umkomasialean
Pachydermophyllum P. papillosum Agua de la Peña Creek.[25] Frond fragments A peltasperm
P. praecordillerae Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province)[24] Frond fragments A peltasperm
Peltaspermum P. monodiscum Agua de la Peña Creek.[25] Seed cones[27] A peltasperm
Rhexoxylon R. sp. Ischichuca Creek[25] Fossil wood An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
Rochipteris R. alexandriana Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province)[24] Frond fragments A possible petriellalean
Umkomasia U. macleanii Strobili (seed cones)[27] An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
Xylopteris X. argentina Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province),[24] Gualo (La Rioja Province),[25] Ischichuca Creek[25] Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
X. densifolia Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province)[24] Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
X. elongata Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province),[24] Gualo (La Rioja Province),[25] Ischichuca Creek[25] Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
X. rigida Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province)[24] Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
Zuberia Z. brownii Ischichuca Creek[25] An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
Z. feistmantelii Gualo (La Rioja Province)[25] Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
Z. sahnii Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province),[24] Ischichuca Creek[25] Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)
Z. zuberi Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province),[24] Ischichuca Creek[25] Frond fragments An umkomasialean (or corystosperm)

Other gymnosperms

Gymnosperm macrofossils of the Los Rastros Formation
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Acevedoa[28] A. rastroensis[27] Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province) Female fructifications Reproductive structures of a gymnosperm of uncertain affinities.[28] Initially described under the (preoccupied) name Andersonia.[27]
Baiera B. africana Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province)[24] Leaf fragments A ginkgoalean.
B. pontifolia Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province),[24] Gualo (La Rioja Province)[25] Leaf fragments A ginkgoalean.
B. schenkii Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province)[24] Leaf fragments A ginkgoalean.
Cordaicarpus C. sp. Gualo (La Rioja Province)[25] Seeds Cordaitalean conifer seeds.
Cycadocarpium C. andium Agua de la Peña Creek.[25]
Czekanowskia C. rigali Agua de la Peña Creek.[25] A czekanowskialean.
Desmiophyllum D. sp. Agua de la Peña Creek.[25]
Dordrectites D. elongatus Ischichuca Creek[25]
Harringtonia H. argentinica Agua de la Peña Creek.[25]
Heidiphyllum H. clarifolium
H. elongatum Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province),[24] Gualo (La Rioja Province)[25] Leaf fragments A voltzialean conifer.
H. minutifolium
Kurtziana K. cachuetensis Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province)[24] Frond fragments Possible cycads.
Pelourdea P. polyphylla Agua de la Peña Creek.[25]
P. problematica Agua de la Peña Creek.[25]
Phoenicopsis P. sp. Ischichuca Creek[25]
Pterorrachis P. ambigua Agua de la Peña Creek.[25]
Rissikia R. media Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province),[24] Gualo (La Rioja Province)[25] Leaf fragments A podocarp conifer.
Samaropsis S. sp. Gualo (La Rioja Province)[25] Seeds Cordaitalean conifer seeds.
Sphenobaiera S. argentinae Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province)[24] Leaf fragments A ginkgoalean.
S. sp. cf. S. argentinae Gualo (La Rioja Province)[25] Leaf fragments A ginkgoalean.
S. insecta Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province)[24] Leaf fragments A ginkgoalean.
S. sectina Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province)[24] Leaf fragments A ginkgoalean.
Sphenopteris S. sp. Ischichuca Creek[25]
Telemachus T. elongatus Ischichuca Creek[25] Seed cones.[27] A voltzialean conifer.
Yabeiella Y. brackebuschiana Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province)[24] Leaf fragments A gymnosperm of uncertain affinities.
Y. mareyesiaca A gymnosperm of uncertain affinities.
Y. spathulata A gymnosperm of uncertain affinities.

Other plants

Non-gymnosperm plant macrofossils of the Los Rastros Formation
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Cladophlebis C. kurtzi Agua de la Peña Creek.[25] Osmundacean ferns
C. mendozaensis Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province),[24] Agua de la Peña Creek.[25] Frond fragments[24] Osmundacean ferns
C. mesozoica Agua de la Peña Creek.[25] Osmundacean ferns
C. sp. cf. C. mesozoica Gualo (La Rioja Province)[25] Frond fragments Osmundacean ferns
Equisetites E. fertilis Agua de la Peña Creek.[25] Small equisetales (horsetails)
Neocalamites N. carrerei Ischichuca Creek.[25] Large equisetales (horsetails)
N. ischigualasti Agua de la Peña Creek.[25] Large equisetales (horsetails)
N. ramaccionii Agua de la Peña Creek.[25] Large equisetales (horsetails)
N. sp. Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan Province),[24] Gualo (La Rioja Province),[25] Ischichuca Creek.[25] Stalk impressions Large equisetales (horsetails)
Nododendron N. sp. Ischichuca Creek.[25] Equisetales (horsetails)
Phyllotheca P. australis Agua de la Peña Creek.[25] Small equisetales (horsetails)
Pleuromeia P. sp. Ischichuca Creek.[25] Small lycopods.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Leonardi, 1994, p.20
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mancuso, Adriana C.; Gallego, Oscar F.; Martins-Neto, Rafael G. (2007). "The Triassic insect fauna from the Los Rastros Formation (Bermejo Basin), La Rioja Province (Argentina): its context, taphonomy and paleobiology". Ameghiniana 44 (2): 337–348. http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0002-70142007000200006&script=sci_arttext. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 López-Arbarello, A.; Rogers, R.; Puerta, P. (2006-08-01). "Freshwater actinopterygians of the Los Rastros Formation (Triassic), Bermejo Basin, Argentina". Fossil Record 9 (2): 238–258. doi:10.5194/fr-9-238-2006. ISSN 2193-0074. https://fr.copernicus.org/articles/9/238/2006/fr-9-238-2006.pdf. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Mancuso, A. C.; Marsicano, C. A. (2008-08-01). "Paleoenvironments and taphonomy of a Triassic lacustrine system (Los Rastros Formation, central-western Argentina)" (in en). PALAIOS 23 (8): 535–547. doi:10.2110/palo.2007.p07-064r. ISSN 0883-1351. Bibcode: 2008Palai..23..535M. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250083027. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Aceituno Cieri, 2015, p.60
  6. ↑ Kent, Dennis V.; Santi Malnis, Paula; Colombi, Carina E.; Alcober, Oscar A.; Martínez, Ricardo N. (2014-05-19). "Age constraints on the dispersal of dinosaurs in the Late Triassic from magnetochronology of the Los Colorados Formation (Argentina)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (22): 7958–7963. doi:10.1073/pnas.1402369111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 24843149. Bibcode: 2014PNAS..111.7958K. 
  7. ↑ Mancuso, Adriana Cecilia (2009). "Taphonomic analysis in lacustrine environments: Two different contexts for Triassic lake paleofloras from Western Gondwana (Argentina)" (in en). Sedimentary Geology 222 (1–2): 149–159. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.05.017. Bibcode: 2009SedG..222..149M. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0037073809001511. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Mancuso, Adriana C.; Irmis, Randall B.; Pedernera, Tomás E.; Gaetano, Leandro C.; Benavente, Cecilia A.; Breeden III, Benjamin T. (2022-06-13). "Paleoenvironmental and Biotic Changes in the Late Triassic of Argentina: Testing Hypotheses of Abiotic Forcing at the Basin Scale". Frontiers in Earth Science 10. doi:10.3389/feart.2022.883788. ISSN 2296-6463. Bibcode: 2022FrEaS..10.3788M. 
  9. ↑ Mancuso, Adriana C.; Benavente, Cecilia A.; Irmis, Randall B.; Mundil, Roland (2020). "Evidence for the Carnian Pluvial Episode in Gondwana: New multiproxy climate records and their bearing on early dinosaur diversification" (in en). Gondwana Research 86: 104–125. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2020.05.009. Bibcode: 2020GondR..86..104M. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1342937X20301635. 
  10. ↑ Mancuso, A.C (2003). "Continental fish taphonomy: a case study in the Triassic of Argentina" (in en). Journal of South American Earth Sciences 16 (4): 275–286. doi:10.1016/S0895-9811(03)00069-5. Bibcode: 2003JSAES..16..275M. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895981103000695. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Marsicano, Claudia Alicia; Mancuso, Adriana Cecilia; Palma, Ricardo Manuel; Krapovickas, Verónica (2010). "Tetrapod tracks in a marginal lacustrine setting (Middle Triassic, Argentina): Taphonomy and significance" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 291 (3–4): 388–399. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.03.009. Bibcode: 2010PPP...291..388M. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018210001379. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Marsicano, Claudia A.; Domnanovich, Nadia S.; Mancuso, Adriana C. (2007). "Dinosaur origins: evidence from the footprint record". Historical Biology 19 (1): 83–91. doi:10.1080/08912960600866920. ISSN 0891-2963. Bibcode: 2007HBio...19...83M. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40662980. 
  13. ↑ Weishampel et al., 2004, pp. 528
  14. ↑ Melchor, Ricardo N.; De Valais, Silvina (2006). "A Review of Triassic Tetrapod Track Assemblages from Argentina" (in en). Palaeontology 49 (2): 355–379. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00538.x. ISSN 0031-0239. Bibcode: 2006Palgy..49..355M. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00538.x. 
  15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 15.17 15.18 Martins-Neto, Rafael Gioia; Mancuso, Adriana; Gallego, Oscar Florencio (2005). "The Triassic Insect Fauna from Argentina. Blattoptera from the Los Rastros Formation (Bermejo Basin), La Rioja Province". Ameghiniana 42 (4): 705–723. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262223596. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 Martins-Neto, Rafael Gioia; Brauckmann, Carsten; Gallego, Oscar F.; Carmona, Maria J. (2006). "The Triassic insect fauna from Argentina. – Blattoptera, Glosselytrodea, Miomoptera, Auchenorrhyncha, and Coleoptera from the Los Rastros Formation (Bermejo Basin), Los Chañares locality (La Rioja Province)". Clausthaler Geowissenschaften 5: 1–9. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242692158. 
  17. ↑ 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 17.10 17.11 17.12 17.13 17.14 17.15 17.16 17.17 Martins-Neto, Rafael Gioia; Gallego, Oscar F.; Mancuso, Adriana C. (2006). "The Triassic insect fauna from Argentina. Coleoptera from the Los Rastros Formation (Bermejo Basin), La Rioja Province". Ameghiniana 43 (3): 591–609. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242601052. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 Lara, María B.; Bustos-Escalona, Evelyn L.; Mancuso, Adriana C.; Arcucci, Andrea (2021). "Upper Triassic hemipterans from the south-western Gondwana: taxonomical, paleobiological, and paleogeographical implications" (in en). Journal of South American Earth Sciences 107: 103119. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.103119. Bibcode: 2021JSAES.10703119L. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895981120306611. 
  19. ↑ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 19.12 19.13 19.14 19.15 19.16 19.17 19.18 Martins-Neto, Rafael Gioia; Gallego, Oscar Florencio; Melchor, Ricardo Nestor (2003). "The Triassic insect fauna from South America (Argentina, Brazil and Chile): a checklist (except Blattoptera and Coleoptera) and descriptions of new taxa". Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 46: 229–256. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267235322. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 Martins-Neto, Rafael Gioia; Gallego, Oscar Florencio (1999). "The Triassic insect fauna from Argentina. I. Auchenorrhyncha, Miomoptera and Ensifera". Spanish Journal of Palaeontology 14 (2): 191. doi:10.7203/sjp.23772. ISSN 2660-9568. https://eari.uv.es/index.php/sjpalaeontology/article/view/23772/20277. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 Martins-Neto, Rafael Gioia; Gallego, Oscar Florencio (2001). "The Triassic Insect Fauna from Argentina. IV. Glosselytrodea and complements on Auchenorrhyncha". Acta Geologica Leopoldensia 24 (42/53): 105–114. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281535456. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Martins-Neto, Rafael Gioia; Gallego, Oscar Florencio (2006). "Review of Dysmorphoptilidae Handlirsch (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha) from the Argentinean Triassic, with description of a new subfamily, and a new species". Polish Journal of Entomology 75: 185–197. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242220229. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 SHCHERBAKOV, DMITRY E. (2011-04-28). "New and little-known families of Hemiptera Cicadomorpha from the Triassic of Central Asia—early analogs of treehoppers and planthoppers". Zootaxa 2836 (1): 1. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2836.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287010378. 
  24. ↑ 24.00 24.01 24.02 24.03 24.04 24.05 24.06 24.07 24.08 24.09 24.10 24.11 24.12 24.13 24.14 24.15 24.16 24.17 24.18 24.19 24.20 24.21 24.22 24.23 24.24 24.25 24.26 24.27 24.28 24.29 24.30 24.31 24.32 24.33 24.34 Lutz, Alicia; Gnaedinger, Silvia; Mancuso, Adriana; Crisafulli, Alexandra (2011). "Paleoflora de la Formación los Rastros (Triásico Medio), Provincia de San Juan, Argentina. Consideraciones Taxonómicas y Tafonómicas" (in es). Ameghiniana 48 (4): 568–588. doi:10.5710/AMGH.v48i4(348). ISSN 0002-7014. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262223945. 
  25. ↑ 25.00 25.01 25.02 25.03 25.04 25.05 25.06 25.07 25.08 25.09 25.10 25.11 25.12 25.13 25.14 25.15 25.16 25.17 25.18 25.19 25.20 25.21 25.22 25.23 25.24 25.25 25.26 25.27 25.28 25.29 25.30 25.31 25.32 25.33 25.34 25.35 25.36 25.37 25.38 25.39 25.40 25.41 25.42 25.43 25.44 25.45 25.46 25.47 25.48 25.49 25.50 25.51 Pedernera, Tomás E.; Mancuso, Adriana C.; Ottone, Eduardo G.; Benavente, Cecilia A. (2020). "Paleobotany of the Upper Triassic Los Rastros Formation, Ischigualasto–Villa Unión Basin, La Rioja, Argentina" (in en). Journal of South American Earth Sciences 102: 102660. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102660. Bibcode: 2020JSAES.10202660P. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895981120302030. 
  26. ↑ Cariglino, Bárbara; Moisan, Philippe; Lara, María Belén (2021). "The fossil record of plant-insect interactions and associated entomofaunas in Permian and Triassic floras from southwestern Gondwana: A review and future prospects" (in en). Journal of South American Earth Sciences 111: 103512. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103512. Bibcode: 2021JSAES.11103512C. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0895981121003588. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 Arce, Federico Exequiel; Lutz, Alicia Isabel (2010). "Fructificaciones de la Formación Los Rastros, Triásico Superior, Provincia de San Juan, Argentina". Revista mexicana de ciencias geológicas 27 (1): 32–42. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43139178. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Arce, Federico Exequiel; Lutz, Alicia Isabel (2014). "Acevedoa nom. nov., a replacement name for Andersonia Arce & Lutz 2010 (Insertae sedis), preoccupied by Andersonia R.Br. 1810 (Plantae, Magnoliophyta, Ericaceae)". Revista mexicana de ciencias geológicas 31 (1): 138–139. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262733540. 

Bibliography

  • Aceituno Cieri, P.; M.E. Zeballos; R.J. Rocca; R.D. Martino, and C. Carignano. 2015. Condicionantes geológicos en el cruce de la sierra de Valle Fértil. San Juan - Geological constraints at the crossing of sierra Valle Fertil. San Juan. Revista de Geología Aplicada a la Ingeniería y al Ambiente 35. 57–69.
  • Leonardi, Giuseppe. 1994. Annotated Atlas of South America Tetrapod Footprints (Devonian to Holocene) with an appendix on Mexico and Central America, 1–248. Ministerio de Minas e Energia - Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais, Geological Service of Brazil. Accessed 2019-03-25.
  • Weishampel, David B.; Peter Dodson, and Halszka Osmólska (eds.). 2004. The Dinosauria, 2nd edition, 1–880. Berkeley: University of California Press. Accessed 2019-02-21.ISBN:0-520-24209-2



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