The Toolebuc Formation is a geological formation that extends from Queensland across South Australia and the Northern Territory in Australia, whose strata date back to the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous. Dinosaurs,[1] pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs, protostegid turtles, sharks, chimaeroids and bony fish remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.
Description
Deposition occurred in a cool to temperate inland sea setting and the present lithology is dominantly made up of limey shales with abundant Inoceramus bivalve shells. Ichthyosaurs and protostegid turtles were the most common marine reptiles at this time in the Eromanga Sea, in contrast to older Aptian deposits such as the Bulldog Shale of South Australia, which show that plesiosaurs were previously more abundant and also more diverse. The Toolebuc Formation is one of the richest known sources of Mesozoic vertebrate fossils in Australia, with notable collecting areas situated around the towns of Richmond, Julia Creek, Hughenden and Boulia.
Fossil content
Possible indeterminate ankylosaurid remains are present in Queensland, Australia.[1] Indeterminate ornithopod remains have also been found in Queensland, Australia.[1]
Animals
Dinosaurs (including birds)
|
Genus |
Species |
Presence |
Notes |
Images
|
Kunbarrasaurus
|
K. ieversi
|
Queensland
|
[1]
|
|
cf. Kunbarrasaurus sp.
|
Intermediate
|
Queensland
|
[2]
|
|
Muttaburrasaurus
|
Indeterminate
|
Queensland
|
[1]
|
|
Nanantius
|
N. eos
|
Queensland
|
"Tibiotarsi and vertebra"[1][3]
|
|
Arthropods
|
Genus |
Species |
Presence |
Notes |
Images
|
Brunnaega
|
B. tomhurleyi
|
|
An isopod, over 130 fossil individuals found infesting a Pachyrhizodus marathonensis carcass.[18]
|
|
See also
- List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
- Paja Formation, Kronosaurus and Platypterygius Lagerstätte in Colombia
- Sierra Madre Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of Mexico
- Santana Group, contemporaneous Lagerstätte in northeastern Brazil
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Weishampel et al., 2004, pp.573-574
- ↑ "New Ankylosaurian Cranial Remains From the Lower Cretaceous (Upper Albian) Toolebuc Formation of Queensland, Australia". Frontiers in Earth Science 10: Article 803505. 2022. doi:10.3389/feart.2022.803505.
- ↑ "Table 11.1," in Weishampel et al., 2004, p.213
- ↑ Pentland, Adele H.; Poropat, Stephen F.; White, Matt A.; Rigby, Samantha L.; Bevitt, Joseph J.; Duncan, Ruairidh J.; Sloan, Trish; Elliott, Robert A. et al. (2022-03-28). "The osteology of Ferrodraco lentoni, an anhanguerid pterosaur from the mid-Cretaceous of Australia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 41 (5). doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.2038182. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ↑ "A new species of crested pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea, Anhangueridae) from the Lower Cretaceous (upper Albian) of Richmond, North West Queensland, Australia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 41 (3): e1946068. 2021. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1946068. Bibcode: 2021JVPal..41E6068R.
- ↑ "Kronosaurus Korner - Penny the Plesiosaur". https://www.kronosauruskorner.com.au/museum/collections/penny-the-plesiosaur.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kear, Benjamin P. (2011). Dinosaurs in Australia: Mesozoic life from the Southern Continent. Robert J. Hamilton-Bruce, CSIRO Publishing. Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Pub. pp. 88. ISBN 978-0-643-10169-2. OCLC 692219338.
- ↑ Kear, Benjamin P. (2007-12-12). "First record of a pachycormid fish (Actinopterygii: Pachycormiformes) from the Lower Cretaceous of Australia" (in en). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (4): 1033–1038. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[1033:FROAPF2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0272-4634. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1671/0272-4634%282007%2927%5B1033%3AFROAPF%5D2.0.CO%3B2.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Museum, c=AU; co=Queensland Government; ou=Queensland. "An Early Cretaceous (late Albian) halecomorph (? Ionoscopiformes) fish from the Toolebuc Formation of the Eromanga Basin, Queensland". https://www.qm.qld.gov.au/About+Us/Publications/Memoirs+of+the+Queensland+Museum/MQM+Vol+59/mqmn-59-bartholomai.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Berrell, Rodney W.; Boisvert, Catherine; Trinajstic, Kate; Siversson, Mikael; Alvarado-Ortega, Jesús; Cavin, Lionel; Salisbury, Steven W.; Kemp, Anne (2020-04-02). "A review of Australia’s Mesozoic fishes" (in en). Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 44 (2): 286–311. doi:10.1080/03115518.2019.1701078. ISSN 0311-5518. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03115518.2019.1701078.
- ↑ Mikael Siverson (2012). Lamniform Sharks: 110 Million Years of Ocean Supremacy. Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology. Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15.
- ↑ Bazzi, Mohamad; Kear, Benjamin P.; Siversson, Mikael (2022-03-01). "Southern higher-latitude lamniform sharks track mid-Cretaceous environmental change" (in en). Gondwana Research 103: 362–370. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2021.10.012. ISSN 1342-937X. Bibcode: 2022GondR.103..362B.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Lionel Cavin; Rodney Berrell (May 2019). "Revision of Dugaldia emmilta (Teleostei, Ichthyodectiformes) from the Toolebuc Formation, Albian of Australia, with comments on the jaw mechanics". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39 (1): e1576049. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1576049. Bibcode: 2019JVPal..39E6049C.
- ↑ Bartholomai, Alan.; Bartholomai, Alan (2010). "A new Albian teleost, Euroka dunravenensis gen. et sp. nov. and a new family, Eurokidae, from the Eromanga Basin of Queensland". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 55 (1): 69–85. ISSN 0079-8835. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/243692.
- ↑ Bartholomai, A. (2010). "Revision of Flindersichthys denmeadi Longman 1932, a marine teleost from the Lower Cretaceous of the Great Artesian Basin, Queensland". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Museum, c=AU; co=Queensland Government; ou=Queensland. "New Teleosts (Elopomorpha: Albuliformes) from the Lower Cretaceous (Late Albian) of the Eromanga Basin, Queensland, Australia". https://mtq.qm.qld.gov.au/About+Us/Publications/Memoirs+of+the+Queensland+Museum/MQM+Vol+58/mqmn-58-batholomai-teleosts.
- ↑ Bartholomai, A. (17 February 2012). "The pachyrhizodontid teleosts from the marine Lower Cretaceous (latest mid to late Albian) sediments of the Eromanga Basin, Queensland, Australia". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum – Nature 56 (1): 119–148. https://theworkshops.qm.qld.gov.au/About+Us/Publications/Memoirs+of+the+Queensland+Museum/MQM+Vol+56/mqmn56-1-bartholomai.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Wilson, George D. F.; Paterson, John R.; Kear, Benjamin P. (2011). "Fossil isopods associated with a fish skeleton from the Lower Cretaceous of Queensland, Australia - direct evidence of a scavenging lifestyle in Mesozoic Cymothoida". Palaeontology 54 (5): 1053–1068. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01095.x. Bibcode: 2011Palgy..54.1053W.
- ↑ Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; University, Monash (1991). Vertebrate palaeontology of Australasia. Lilydale, Vic: Pioneer Design Studio in cooperation with the Monash University Publications Committee, Melbourne. ISBN 978-0-909674-36-6. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/60647.
- ↑ Adnet, Sylvain; Cappetta, Henri (2001). "A palaeontological and phylogenetical analysis of squaliform sharks (Chondrichthyes: Squaliformes) based on dental characters" (in en). Lethaia 34 (3): 234–248. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2001.tb00052.x. ISSN 0024-1164. https://www.idunn.no/doi/10.1111/j.1502-3931.2001.tb00052.x.
- ↑ Rozefelds, Andrew C. (27 November 2008). "Lower Cretaceous Anacoracidae? (Lamniformes: Neoselachii); vertebrae and associated dermal scales from Australia". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 17 (3): 199–210. doi:10.1080/03115519308619604. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03115519308619604.
- ↑ Benjamin P Kear; Robert J Hamilton-Bruce (2011). Dinosaurs in Australia: Mesozoic Life from the Southern Continent. Collingwood Australia: CSIRO PUBLISHING. p. 87. ISBN 978-0643100459.
- ↑ Bartholomai, A. (2004). "The large aspidorhynchid fish, Richmondichthys sweeti (Etheridge Jnr and Smith Woodward, 1891) from Albian Marine deposits of Queensland, Australia". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Kear, Benjamin P. (2011). Dinosaurs in Australia: Mesozoic life from the Southern Continent. Robert J. Hamilton-Bruce, CSIRO Publishing. Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Pub. pp. 85. ISBN 978-0-643-10169-2. OCLC 692219338.
- ↑ Fuchs, Dirk; Iba, Yasuhiro; Heyng, Alexander; Iijima, Masaya; Klug, Christian; Larson, Neal L.; Schweigert, Günter (2020). Brayard, Arnaud. ed. "The Muensterelloidea: phylogeny and character evolution of Mesozoic stem octopods" (in en). Papers in Palaeontology 6 (1): 31–92. doi:10.1002/spp2.1254. ISSN 2056-2799. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/spp2.1254.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Robin I. Knight; Noel J. Morris; Jonathan A. Todd; Lauren E. Howard; Alexander D. Ball (13 May 2013). "Exceptional preservation of a novel gill grade in large Cretaceous inoceramids: systematic and palaeobiological implications". Palaeontology 57 (1): 37–54. doi:10.1111/pala.12046.
Bibliography
- Leahey, Lucy G.; Molnar, Ralph E.; Carpenter, Kenneth; Witmer, Lawrence M.; Salisbury, Steven W. (2015). "Cranial osteology of the ankylosaurian dinosaur formerly known as Minmi sp. (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Lower Cretaceous Allaru Mudstone of Richmond, Queensland, Australia". PeerJ 3: e1475. doi:10.7717/peerj.1475. PMID 26664806.
- Weishampel, David B., ed (2004). The Dinosauria, 2nd edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24209-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZFDb_iw40C. Retrieved 2019-02-21.
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